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1.
Karl H.E. Kroemer 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2001,1(2):99-160
This bibliography covers the period from 1878 through 1999. It contains, in chronological order, a thorough sampling of the
literature concerning the design and use of keyboards. The sources are selected and annotated to reflect the status of engineering
and technology know-how, and knowledge about ergonomic aspects of the use of the keyboards with, first, mechanical typewriters,
then electric typewriters and finally, from the 1960s on, computers. The bibliography illustrates the origin of Sholes’ 1878
QWERTY keyboard and its continued use in spite of its many shortcomings, which may be – at least partially – the reason for
cumulative trauma disorders in yesteryear’s typists and today’s keyboarders.
Published online: 6 September 2001 相似文献
2.
With over thirty million individuals with disabilities being reported in the United States, and with information systems permeating
nearly every aspect of society, there is a growing urgency to ensure that everyone has equal access to technology. To render
information technologies universally accessible, researchers must have at their disposal an accurate and reliable user model.
Through the use of the conceptual framework presented here, accurate assumptions can be generated from knowledge of an individual’s
impairments, and functional abilities to influence the creation of a user profile. Ultimately, user profiles serve as a vital
attribute of user models applied to the design of technology in an effort to achieve universal access.
Published online: 18 May 2001 相似文献
3.
4.
This paper has pointed out the necessity of careful decision making by nuclear power plant (NPP) operators based on the critical
parameters of an NPP, to maintain safety when these parameters are out of range. Yet under strong time pressure, it is virtually
impossible to make optimal decisions in these conditions. The automation of recovery actions may therefore be needed. Considering
the requirements for such automation, the paper proposes an autonomous system in collaboration with the human (i.e., an agent
system) that will remain effective even during unforeseen conditions. The numerical simulation study showed the effectiveness
of the proposed system. The desired relationship between human–machine as the joint system based on a new concept was also
proposed. 相似文献
5.
This article offers a research update on a 3-year programme initiated by the Kamloops Art Gallery and the University College
of the Cariboo in Kamloops, British Columbia. The programme is supported by a ‘Community–University Research Alliance’ grant
from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the collaboration focuses on the cultural future of
small cities – on how cultural and arts organisations work together (or fail to work together) in a small city setting. If
not by definition, then certainly by default, ‘culture’ is associated with big city life: big cities are equated commonly
with ‘big culture’; small cities with something less. The Cultural Future of Small Cities research group seeks to provide
a more nuanced view of what constitutes culture in a small Canadian city. In particular, the researchers are exploring notions
of social capital and community asset building: in this context, ‘visual and verbal representation’, ‘home’, ‘community’ and
the need to define a local ‘sense of place’ have emerged as important themes. As the Small Cities programme begins its second
year, a unique but key aspect has become the artist-as-researcher.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: L. Dubinsky, Kamloops Art Gallery, 101–465 Victoria Street, Kamloops, BC V2C 2A9 Canada. Tel.: 250-828-3543; Email: ldubinsky@museums.ca 相似文献
6.
In this paper we describe the fundamental principles that guide our work process at 5050 Ltd, in developing concepts and
prototypes for personal technology devices. We maintain that in designing personal devices it is critical to address the social
interaction elements of the user experience. We introduce the term “social functionality” to refer to those aspects of a device
that are specifically designed to elicit sociability and serendipity. It also refers to those aspects which enable users to
communicate or represent individuating characteristics through the use of their device. Social functionality is seen as a
critical success factor in the design of future personal devices. Introducing social functionality in personal technology
devices requires a multidisciplinary approach. Design and technology are seen as inseparable elements of the development process.
The mbracelet1, a wearable prototype we developed for, and in association with, NCR’s The Knowledge Lab, is used as a case in point. 相似文献
7.
Edward E. Cobb 《The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases》1997,6(3):173-190
Businesses today are searching for information solutions that enable them to compete in the global marketplace. To minimize
risk, these solutions must build on existing investments, permit the best technology to be applied to the problem, and be
manageable. Object technology, with its promise of improved productivity and quality in application development, delivers
these characteristics but, to date, its deployment in commercial business applications has been limited. One possible reason
is the absence of the transaction paradigm, widely used in commercial environments and essential for reliable business applications.
For object technology to be a serious contender in the construction of these solutions requires:
– technology for transactional objects. In December 1994, the Object Management Group adopted a specification for an object
transaction service (OTS). The OTS specifies mechanisms for defining and manipulating transactions. Though derived from the X/Open distributed
transaction processing model, OTS contains additional enhancements specifically designed for the object environment. Similar
technology from Microsoft appeared at the end of 1995.
– methodologies for building new business systems from existing parts. Business process re-engineering is forcing businesses
to improve their operations which bring products to market. Workflow computing, when used in conjunction with “object wrappers” provides tools to both define and track execution of business processes which leverage existing applications and infrastructure.
– an execution environment which satisfies the requirements of the operational needs of the business. Transaction processing
(TP) monitor technology, though widely accepted for mainframe transaction processing, has yet to enjoy similar success in
the client/server marketplace. Instead the database vendors, with their extensive tool suites, dominate. As object brokers
mature they will require many of the functions of today's TP monitors. Marrying these two technologies can produce a robust
execution environment which offers a superior alternative for building and deploying client/server applications.
Edited by Andreas Reuter, Received February 1995 / Revised August 1995 / Accepted May 1996 相似文献
8.
V. P. Kharbanda 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):89-99
In the present scenario of globalisation, knowledge has become the prime factor of production for competitive advantage.
This calls for acquisition and utilisation of knowledge for innovation and technical change on a constant basis, which is
only possible in a ‘learning organisation’. Innovative activities of a learning organisation are influenced by three main
factors: (1) internal learning; (2) external learning; and (3) the innovation strategies decided upon by the enterprise management.
An assumption has been made that, particularly in developing countries, absorption and adaptation of technologies, i.e. indigenisation,
take place through a process of ‘learning by doing’. Taking this into consideration, this paper focuses on a few case studies
carried out at NISTADS, New Delhi, India, on small enterprises in the formal as well as traditional sectors, highlighting
the learning process in an organisational context and how it brings in innovation and technological change at enterprise level.
The study demonstrates that the learning environment in an organisational context is an indispensable process to be innovative
and building up capabilities for technological change. This in turn also calls for strong networking of the enterprises with
academia, R&D institutions and other enterprises, to create knowledge clusters. This builds up a strong case for a network
approach of learning organisations not only at the regional level but also at the cross-cultural level for constant innovation
and technical change. 相似文献
9.
Ellen Olbertz 《AI & Society》2002,16(3):224-242
All economic processes are increasingly being networked across the globe. This economic globalisation has become possible
through the globalisation of information and communication technology networks. In view of such growing globalisation of economic
processes, the region and its enterprises can only sustain competitiveness on the basis of continuous innovation processes,
i.e., through continuous learning. The question, however, is which kind of economic framework – established by regional or transregional politics – is needed to support such innovation and learning processes
in the region. In this paper, some aspects of this framework and its structural change processes are described, leading to
the strategy to implement the concept of a Learning Region. The Learning Region is characterised in that it recognises its own needs for change and to accept these challenges, leading
to its own learning processes within its cooperative networks. 相似文献
10.
The elicitation or communication of user requirements comprises an early and critical but highly error-prone stage in system
development. Socially oriented methodologies provide more support for user involvement in design than the rigidity of more
traditional methods, facilitating the degree of user–designer communication and the ‘capture’ of requirements. A more emergent
and collaborative view of requirements elicitation and communication is required to encompass the user, contextual and organisational
factors. From this accompanying literature in communication issues in requirements elicitation, a four-dimensional framework
is outlined and used to appraise comparatively four different methodologies seeking to promote a closer working relationship
between users and designers. The facilitation of communication between users and designers is subject to discussion of the
ways in which communicative activities can be ‘optimised’ for successful requirements gathering, by making recommendations
based on the four dimensions to provide fruitful considerations for system designers. 相似文献
11.
Gabriel Taubin 《The Visual computer》2002,18(5-6):357-367
inverse subdivision algorithms , with linear time and space complexity, to detect and reconstruct uniform Loop, Catmull–Clark, and Doo–Sabin subdivision
structure in irregular triangular, quadrilateral, and polygonal meshes. We consider two main applications for these algorithms.
The first one is to enable interactive modeling systems that support uniform subdivision surfaces to use popular interchange
file formats which do not preserve the subdivision structure, such as VRML, without loss of information. The second application
is to improve the compression efficiency of existing lossless connectivity compression schemes, by optimally compressing meshes
with Loop subdivision connectivity. Our Loop inverse subdivision algorithm is based on global connectivity properties of the
covering mesh, a concept motivated by the covering surface from Algebraic Topology. Although the same approach can be used for other subdivision schemes, such as Catmull–Clark, we
present a Catmull–Clark inverse subdivision algorithm based on a much simpler graph-coloring algorithm and a Doo–Sabin inverse
subdivision algorithm based on properties of the dual mesh. Straightforward extensions of these approaches to other popular
uniform subdivision schemes are also discussed.
Published online: 3 July 2002 相似文献
12.
This paper investigates how organisations – as joint cognitive systems – deal with change. This is explored in a case study
into the use of web-based technology in an organisation and the ways in which its current and future use may be influenced
by the local concerns of the actors with it. The paper looks at some of the factors that need to be taken into account for
improving technology, and more specifically, in intranet development. In particular, the paper discusses the case experience
in the light of previous research in IT-enabled organisational transformation and contributes to our understanding of human
interaction with network technologies in an organisational context. 相似文献
13.
The convergence of mobile communications and handheld computers offers the opportunity to develop technology that will assist
individuals and groups to learn anytime, anywhere. We describe the theory-informed design, implementation and evaluation of
a handheld learning device. It is intended to support children to capture everyday events such as images, notes and sounds,
to relate them to web-based learning resources, to organise these into a visual knowledge map, and to share them with other
learners and teachers. A working prototype system, for children aged 9–11, is discussed and evaluated, as an exemplar of personal
mobile systems for life-long learning. 相似文献
14.
Hartmann Genrich Robert Küffner Klaus Voss 《International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)》2001,3(4):394-404
Computer-assisted simulation of biochemical processes is a means to augment the knowledge about the control mechanisms of
such processes in particular organisms. This knowledge can be helpful for the goal-oriented design of drugs. Normally, continuous
models (differential equations) are chosen for modelling such processes. The application of discrete event systems such as
Petri nets has been restricted in the past to low-level modelling and qualitative analysis. To demonstrate that Petri nets
are indeed suitable for simulating metabolic pathways, the glycolysis and citric acid cycle are selected as well-understood
examples of enzymatic reaction chains (metabolic pathways). The paper discusses the steps that lead from gaining necessary
knowledge about the involved enzymes and substances, to establishing and tuning high-level net models, to performing a series
of simulations, and finally to analysing the results. We show that the consistent application of the Petri net view to these
tasks has certain advantages, and – using advanced net tools – reasonable simulation times can be achieved.
Published online: 24 August 2001 相似文献
15.
C. Stary 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2001,1(1):16-30
This paper addresses user modelling for “Design for All” in a model-based approach to Human-Computer Interaction, paying particular
attention to placing user models within organisational role- and task-related contexts. After reviewing a variety of user
modelling approaches, and deriving requirements for user modelling related to Design for All, the paper proposes a role-driven
individualised approach. Such an approach is based on a model-based representation schema and a unifying notation that keeps
the user’s models and the contextual information transparent and consistent. Individualisation is achieved by coupling symbolic
model specifications with neural networking on synchronisation links between symbolic representation elements. As a result,
user modelling for Design for All is achieved not by stereotypical user properties and functional roles, but by accommodating
the actual users’ behaviour.
Published online: 18 May 2001 相似文献
16.
The paper describes CIRAS (Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System), a confidential reporting system developed
by the authors in collaboration with ScotRail, the Health and Safety Executive, Railtrack and the (now defunct) British Rail
Board. After a two-year pilot/developmental study with ScotRail during 1995–97, the system is now subscribed to by all but
one of the major train operating companies, rail infrastructure and maintenance companies with a presence in Scotland; plus
a developing profile in the rest of the UK. CIRAS gathers data in three ways: (i) from an initial report form or telephone
call, (ii) from a structured follow-up telephone questionnaire, and (iii) from an in-depth interview with a researcher (telephone
or face-to-face, according to priority). The interviews bring to light details of personal motive, and of intended/unintended
actions, which are not commonly found on company-run databases because of their association with disciplinary procedures.
Information is processed through a human factors model and fed back to the companies involved, in disidentified form, to take
corrective action. The basic structure of the human-factors model is described; data are presented on reports received to
date which have been processed through this model. The system has recently been recommended by a UK Parliamentary Committee
and by Railtrack Safety and Standards Directorate for extension to the UK network as a whole. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents an ethnographically informed investigation into the use of an organisational memory, focusing in particular
on how information was used in the performance of work. We argue that understanding how people make use of distributed knowledge
is crucial to the design of an organisational memory. However, we take the perspective that an ‘organisational memory’ is
not technology dependent, but is an emergent property of group interaction. In this sense, the technology does not form the
organisational memory, but provides a novel means of augmenting the co-ordination of collaborative action. The study examines
the generation, development and maintenance of knowledge repositories and archives. The knowledge and information captured
in the organisational memory enabled the team members to establish a common understanding of the design and to gain an appreciation
of the issues and concerns of the other disciplines. The study demonstrates why technology should not be thought of in isolation
from its contexts of use, but also how designers can make use of the creative flexibility that people employ in their everyday
activities. The findings of the study are therefore of direct relevance to both the design of knowledge archives and to the
management of this information within organisations. 相似文献
18.
19.
B. Riera 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2001,3(1):53-65
Supervision of highly automated processes is an interdisciplinary research area. Knowledge in the fields of automation, process
knowledge, machine engineering, ‘work post’ ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics, working psychology, sociology and so on is necessary
to design efficient supervisory systems. This is because supervision is an activity in which man, despite the increasing automation
of recent years, is still present. Our research concerns monitoring tasks and diagnosis tasks in continuous processes. In
this paper we propose specifications for an advanced human-adapted supervisory system (AHASS) integrating representation characteristics
of the production system, such as functional, structural and behavioural aspects based on cognitive engineering models, with
the use of advanced algorithms of detection and location. The main idea is to design a supervisory system well balanced between
human and technical aspects. Indeed, man–machine system-centred approaches can deal to another extreme like purely technical
approaches. These specifications have been used to design an AHASS for a nuclear fuel reprocessing system that has been evaluated
through experiments with experienced operators. The results show that the approach is interesting because the boarder between
support and assistantship is never crossed. 相似文献
20.
In the light of the developing discourse on the relative merits of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ approaches to information systems development,
we present a case study application of a methodology which attempts to dissolve such dualities. Personal Construct Psychology
(PCP) offers, as a unity, the construing person who is both biology and culture. PCP argues that both the world and the person’s
construct system are phenomenologically real and that the viability of any particular construct system depends only on its
usefulness to the construing person. In this study, we used PCP to explore the organisational context of information use and
distribution in a large hospital. We used repertory grids, a PCP technique, to elicit from 16 members of staff their personal
construals of information from different sources in the hospital. The results highlight the relationship between meaningful
information and meaningfully active relationships, a theme which we discuss in terms of the development of the hospital information
system and in terms of the value of PCP in dissolving hard–soft dichotomies. 相似文献