喷丸处理对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接残余应力的影响

对2219铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和喷丸处理，采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测量了搅拌摩擦焊和喷丸产生的残余应力，分析了残余应力的分布特征，研究了弹丸直径、弹丸材料、喷射距离等参数对搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力分布的影响。结果表明：焊接后，焊缝附近存在较大的残余拉应力，焊缝中心线±20 mm范围内的平均应力高达100.9 MPa,而远离焊缝的母材区域接近零应力状态；喷丸后，试样残余应力分布发生显著变化，表层残余应力表现为压应力，并且该压应力数值随着深度的增加先增大后减小，最后保持为拉应力；增大弹丸直径可提高最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度，但当弹丸直径继续增大至1.2 mm时，最大残余压应力值不再继续增大；选用合适的弹丸材料可获得理想的残余压应力分布情况；随着喷射距离的增大，最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度先增大后减小。     

率相关材料在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的行为分析

为研究金属粘性效应时的搅拌摩擦焊接材料流动行为,采用率相关本构描述搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料行为,并与非率相关材料模型的计算结果进行了对比.结果显示,由于考虑了金属的粘性效应.用率相关材料模型模拟搅拌摩擦焊接过程能更好地反映材料流动行为的本质.在搅拌摩擦焊接中,材料沿搅拌头切向方向的运动构成了搅拌摩擦焊接构件材料流动的主要形式.焊接构件-搅拌头接触面上的接触压力在搅拌头前方较大,在搅拌头后方较小,这一规律在率相关模型中更为明显.搅拌头前方材料在搅拌头的挤压之下向远离搅拌头的方向运动,而搅拌头后方的材料要填充由于搅拌头的移动而留下的空间,这一过程是保证搅拌摩擦焊接顺利完成的一个主要因素.因此,用率相关模型模拟搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料力学行为更为接近真实情况.     

转速对搅拌摩擦焊接搅拌区晶粒尺寸影响

基于搅拌摩擦焊接的完全热力耦合模型,跟踪材料物质点运动轨迹,划分出不同搅拌头转速下搅拌区域边界。沿材料物质点迹线提取出真实应变与温度历程,可进一步计算Zener-Hollomon参数并利用经验公式预测搅拌区晶粒尺寸。经计算发现较大转速工况下,搅拌区尺寸较大。搅拌区晶粒尺寸随焊接温度的增加而增加,随应变率的增加而减小。随着搅拌头转速的增加,焊接区材料温度与等效应变率均有明显增长,但是温度影响更为明显,平均晶粒尺寸随搅拌头转速的增加而增加。     

螺纹搅拌针直径对铝/钢填丝搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

目的 采用填丝搅拌摩擦焊方法 ,研究螺纹搅拌针直径对6061铝合金/304不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织及性能的影响.方法 通过使用3种不同直径的螺纹搅拌头,观察不同结构搅拌头对焊缝成形及接头微观形貌的演变规律,并对其进行力学性能测试,研究搅拌头结构对接头性能强化的影响.结果 随着螺纹搅拌针直径由M4增加到M6,焊缝表面成...     

搅拌摩擦焊接件内部残余应力无损测试研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊是近年来发展的一种新型焊接技术,目前国内主要着力于搅拌摩擦焊工艺及应用方面的研究,但由于测试方法和相关设备的限制,关于搅拌摩擦焊接件内部残余应力的研究几乎是空白,而国外利用其先进的中子衍射和高能同步辐射装置已经开展了较多搅拌摩擦焊接件内部残余应力的无损测试。综述了近10余年来国外搅拌摩擦焊接件内部残余应力测试的研究进展,讨论了影响残余应力测试结果的各种因素;最后介绍了国内用短波长X射线衍射仪测试材料内部残余应力的探索,对未来准确、高效、经济而无损地测试搅拌摩擦焊接件内部残余应力的研究方向进行了展望。     

铝合金氩弧焊与搅拌摩擦焊残余应力对比分析

铝合金材料由于其重量轻、耐腐蚀等优点被广泛应用于石油海洋工程中。铝合金的焊接及焊接接头的性能,备受关注。不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺产生的焊接残余应力对接头的疲劳寿命影响极大。以氩弧焊和搅拌摩擦焊工艺,选用不同的铝合金材料,采用小盲孔法测试焊接残余应力。比较了两种焊接方法、工艺所产生的接头焊接残余应力值,为今后铝合金焊接接头中,疲劳性能的计算提供初步的数据。试验结果表明,在铝合金的氩弧焊和搅拌摩擦焊对接接头中,残余应力的最大值均出现在焊缝中心到热影响区的范围内,随着与焊缝中心距离的增加,残余应力的数值逐渐减小。     

转速对 7075-T651 铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接件内部残余应力分布的影响

目的掌握铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接板内部残余应力的分布,为控制焊接残余应力、改进焊接工艺和提高焊接件质量。方法以13.6 mm厚的7075-T651铝合金为研究对象,用短波长X射线衍射技术,对在不同搅拌头转速下搅拌摩擦焊接板内部的残余应力进行了无损测试,并对焊接接头在板厚中心层上的微观组织和显微硬度进行了研究。结果在垂直于焊缝截面上的显微硬度均呈"W"型分布,焊核区的显微硬度高于其两侧的热机械影响区和热影响区,但低于母材区的硬度;随着转速的增大,接头硬度的最小值减小,低硬度区的范围越大。横向残余应力绝对值整体小于焊接方向;焊核区为正应力,热机械影响区残余应力减小且变化梯度最大;残余应力的极大值位于热影响区和热机械影响区的交界处;残余应力极大值与硬度最小值的位置重合。结论通过残余应力的无损检测分析,不仅可以直接获得加工件内部应力分布,还可以间接获得加工件内部的加工缺陷情况,为改进加工工艺、提高成形精度提供依据。     

轨道车辆型材结构搅拌摩擦焊残余状态研究

目的 研究轨道车辆中典型的箱型和V筋结构型材搅拌摩擦焊残余状态。方法 采用顺序热力耦合方法进行了搅拌摩擦焊残余应力及变形的仿真研究。结果 给出了上下壁板焊缝区域的残余应力大小及分布规律,阐述了两种结构的横向和纵向残余变形特征。对V筋结构型材,分析了不同筋板角度对焊接残余状态的影响。结论 残余应力方面,主要表现为纵向残余应力,上下壁板两条焊缝的残余应力峰值相近,高应力分布区域宽度差别较大。残余变形方面,箱型结构呈马鞍形,V筋型材呈下凹形。V筋型材筋板夹角的变化对残余应力没有显著影响。筋板角度增大,纵向残余变形减小而横向残余变形增大。     

轴肩结构对搅拌摩擦焊过程中材料流动的影响

考虑材料参数随温度的变化关系以及搅拌头的实际结构形式,利用ANSYS FLUENT软件对搅拌摩擦焊过程中材料的流动行为进行了数值分析,研究了轴肩结构分别为平面、内凹与同心圆时的材料流动规律.研究表明,当轴肩结构发生变化时,焊件表面及内部的材料流动趋势基本相同;靠近焊件表面的材料流动速度在轴肩结构为同心圆时最大,在轴肩结构为平面时最小.从避免搅拌摩擦焊根部缺陷的角度看,同心圆轴肩的搅拌头优于内凹轴肩,这一规律得到了试验证实.     

镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数优化

为了优化镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数,对5 mm厚镁合金AZ31B板材的搅拌摩擦焊接技术进行了试验研究,利用SN比实验设计,对镁合金AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数进行了方差分析,优化了搅拌头的材料、结构,最终确定搅拌头的材料为W6Mo5Cr4V2,结构为凹面圆台形.轴肩尺寸为12 mm.探针的根部直径为5.5 mm,端部直径为2.5 mm,长度为4.7 mm.获得镁合金AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数显著性顺序为旋转速度、横向速度和压力;确定了镁合金AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊的最优工艺参数为1500 r/min、47.5 mm/min、3kN.     

Taguchi optimization and ultrasonic measurement of residual stresses in the friction stir welding

The main goal of this study is optimization of residual stresses produced by friction stir welding (FSW) of 5086 aluminum plates. Taguchi method is employed as statistical design of experiment (DOE) to optimize welding parameters including feed rate, rotational speed, pin diameter and shoulder diameter. The optimization process depends on effect of the welding parameters on longitudinal residual stress, which is measured by employing ultrasonic technique. The ultrasonic measurement method is based on acoustoelasticity law, which describes the relation between acoustic waves and internal stresses of the material. In this study, the ultrasonic stress measurement is fulfilled by using longitudinal critically refracted (L_CR) waves which are longitudinal ultrasonic waves propagated parallel to the surface within an effective depth. The ultrasonic stress measurement results are also verified by employing the hole-drilling standard technique. By using statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA), it has been concluded that the most significant effect on the longitudinal residual stress peak is related to the feed rate while the pin and shoulder diameter have no dominant effect. The rotational speed variation leads to changing the welding heat input which affects on the residual stress considerably.     

Numerical Modeling of Friction Stir Welding Process by Using Rate-dependent Constitutive Model

Rate-dependent constitutive model was used to simulate the friction stir welding process. The effect of the viscosity coefficient and the process parameters on the material behaviors and the stress distributions around the pin were studied. Results indicate that the stress in front of the pin is larger than that behind the pin. The difference between the radial/circumferential stress in front of the pin and that behind it becomes smaller when the material gets closer to the top surface. This difference increases with increasing the viscosity coefficient and becomes smaller when the welding speed decreases. The variation of the angular velocity does not significantly affect the difference.     

The simulation of material behaviors in friction stir welding process by using rate-dependent constitutive model

Friction stir welding is a new solid state joining technology, which is suitable for joining some hard-to-weld materials, such as aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, etc. The modeling of material flows can provide an efficient method for the investigation on the mechanism of friction stir welding. So, 3D material flows under different process parameters in the FSW process of 1018 steel are studied by using rate-dependent constitutive model. Numerical results indicate that the border of the shoulder can affect the material flow near the shoulder–plate interface. The mixture of the material in the lower half of the friction stir weld can benefit from the increase in the angular velocity or the decrease in the welding speed. But flaws may occur when the angular velocity is very high or the translational velocity is very small. When the angular velocity applied on the pin is small or the welding speed is high, the role of the extrusion of pin on transport of the material in FSW becomes more important. Swirl or vortex occurs in the tangent material flow and may be easier to be observed with the increase in the angular velocity of the pin.     

Design features for bobbin friction stir welding tools: Development of a conceptual model linking the underlying physics to the production process

The effects of different pin features and dimensions of scrolled shoulder bobbin friction stir welding were tested for welding marine grade aluminium, Al6082-T6. Welds were created in longitudinal and transverse plate extrusion directions in thin plate aluminium clamped and supported at one side. Measured outcomes included visual inspection, plate distortion, mechanical properties, metallurgical examination, and hardness test. This study shows that tool features cannot be directly transferable from conventional friction stir welding technology without comprising process variables and tool part functionality. Process setting such as clamps, support arrangements, shoulder gap and welding direction create compression, vibration and heat distribution hence influence the weld quality. The best joint was produced by four flats tool pin followed by threaded tool pin with three flats. These findings were used to develop a conceptual theory representing the underlying physics of the friction stir welding process. The effects of pin features, specifically threads and flats, are identified. This model is useful for direct linking welding factors towards the expected consequences.     

Modeling of friction stir welding process for tools design

A three-dimensional friction stir welding (FSW) process model has been developed based on fluid mechanics. The material transport in the welding process has been regarded as a laminar, viscous, and non-Newtonian liquid that flows past a rotating pin. A criterion to divide the weld zone has been given on the basis of cooperation of velocity field and viscosity field. That is, the η₀-easy-flow zone that existed near the tool pin corresponded to the weld nugget zone; the area between the η₀-easy-flow zone and η₁-viscosity band is corresponded to the thermal-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ). The model gives some useful information to improve the understanding of material flow in FSW through the simulation result of velocity distribution. In order to appraise the friction stir pin design, three kinds of pin geometry, one is column pin, the second is taper pin, and the last one is screw threaded taper pin, were used in the model. The pin geometry seriously affected the simulation result of velocity distribution in the η₀-easy-flow zone. The velocity distribution in the η₀-easy-flow zone can be considered as the criterion of optimizing friction stir tool design. This study will benefit to direct the friction stir tool design.     

Formation and retention of local melted films in AZ91 friction stir spot welds

The formation of local melted films during friction stir spot welding of as-cast AZ91D and thixomolded AZ91 material is investigated. The average temperatures close to the tip of the rotating pin vary from 438 to 454 °C during the dwell period in friction stir spot welding. These measured temperature values are higher than the melting temperature of α-Mg + Mg₁₇Al₁₂ eutectic (437 °C). It is suggested that the temperature in the stir zone during the dwell period is determined by the relative proportions of α-Mg and (α-Mg + Mg₁₇Al₁₂) eutectic material, which are incorporated during friction stir spot welding. Based on the stir zone temperature measurements and a detailed examination of material located at the root of the pin thread it is suggested that material is moved downwards via the pin thread and into the stir zone during the dwell period in friction stir spot welding. Evidence of local melted film formation is observed in the stir zone of AZ91 spot welds. It is suggested that melted films are retained since their dissolution rate is much slower in the high temperature stir zone than it is when melted films is formed in the stir zone during Al 7075-T6 friction stir spot welding. The spontaneous melting temperature, solute diffusion rate and the thermodynamic driving force for droplet dissolution are much higher during Al 7075-T6 friction stir spot welding.     

焊接参数对搅拌摩擦焊接质量的影响

采用基于固体力学的有限元方法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维数值模型,研究了在焊接参数不同的情况下搅拌摩擦焊接过程中力学特征的变化．数值模拟结果和试验结果都表明,等效塑性应变能近似地反映焊接构件焊缝区域材料显微结构的演化,较高的搅拌头转速和较低的焊速有利于提高焊缝的质量．焊接构件特定的等效塑性应变等值线可以较好的对应不同焊接区域的边界．随着搅拌头转速的提高,等效塑性应变随之增大,但搅拌探针与焊接构件交界面上的接触压力随之减小．等效塑性应变随着搅拌头平移速度的增大而减小．