裂缝各向异性对纵波叠加地震资料的影响

裂缝分布模式的差别导致了介质速度属性的不同，带来了共中心点道集的动校正剩余时差，进而影响了共中心点道集的叠加效果，增加了资料处理和解释的复杂性。而这些复杂性包含了裂发布特征的信息，通过不 同的处理方式提取和解释这些复杂性包含的信息，使得利用纵波地震资料寻找有利裂缝发育带成为可能。     

利用多种地震方法预测百色潜山裂缝性油气储层

百色古潜山的形成，主要经历了印支期的褶皱抬升、燕山期持续隆升剥蚀和喜马拉雅期的块断及埋藏等3个阶段。在这种背景下发育了三种类型的潜山：断块型(花茶潜山)、剥蚀型(朔元潜山)和剥蚀断块型(上法潜山)。利用最大振幅属性提取、地震方差分析、地震吸收系数分析、Jason测井约束地震反演、3Dmove构造正反演裂缝预测等属性／参数方法对上法、花茶和朔元古潜山油藏的灰岩裂缝型储层进行预测，结果表明：储层总体上受构造形态所控制，构造高部位，地层倾角变化大的部位裂缝储层发育；但不同类型的潜山，储层发育的控制因素和分布规律不同，对其进行预测的有效方法或参数也有所不同。     

利用全三维纵波资料进行裂缝检测

裂缝性油气藏预测是当今世界石油界公认的难题。出了多方位角二维分形技术检测裂缝方位和密度方法。本文根据裂缝系统的自相似性，针对全三维纵波资料提其处理流程为：①扩大面元处理，形成超级512次CMP道集；②形成9个方位道集；③分别进行NMO校正；④按方位进行振幅标定及AVO叠加；⑤按方位进行属性检测和分析。对实际资料的应用结果表明，此方法用于裂缝检测具有稳定性好和分辨率高的优点，在油气勘探开发领域具有良好的应用前景。     

用VSP数据研究裂缝性储层的纵波和横波衰减

本项研究中所用的P波和S波的VSP数据是在一个碳酸盐岩裂隙性油藏的一口直井中150米(492英尺)区段上采集的。通过时窗和通带效应的对比来检验衰减测量结果的可靠性。结果表明,与裂缝方向正交的入射平面有关的P波,其衰减更为强烈。P波的衰减效应实际上强于快横波与慢横波的相对衰减。     

利用地震信息预测储层裂缝发育带

针对裂缝性油气田民经成为今后油气勘探开发的主攻目标,尝试了利用地震资料识别和预测储层裂缝发育带的４种方法技术,即（１）叠后三维地震数据相干体分析技术：（２）叠后三维地震数据体沿层构造属性分析技术：（３）叠后三维地震数据体目标层介质平均吸收参数分析技术;（４）叠前三维地震数据体的ＡＶＯ及ＡＶＡ分析技术。实践表明,利用地震资料研究储层裂缝及其发育带确实有较大的难度,但在资料信噪比较高的前提下,充分利用     

应用地震技术研究天然裂缝性含气储层

犹他州Ｂｌｕｅｂｅｌｌ－Ａｌｔａｍｏｎｔ气田的绿河组上部是一套致密的含气砂岩储层，其中的商业性生产仅仅维持在高度天然裂缝化的地区。１９９４年，在该气田实施了一个实验地震计划来证实如何通过综合使用地震技术更有效地开发和表征天然裂缝性含气储层。在该地震勘探之前的野外露头、测井记录以及区域应力标与研究展示了该气田主裂缝的走向有一个非常占优势的方向。地震勘查是由两条交叉的九分量地面地震测线和一个九分量垂直     

通过地震检测裂缝性储层中的饱和度变化

在地球物理文献中发表了与裂缝性储层内饱和度变化（例如从含盐水饱和度到含气饱和度）有关的P-波和S-波地震异常。这些观测受到了裂缝物理强度的限制。此外，报道的垂直传播的S-波分裂异常不总是在同一个方向。利用适用于裂缝以及Brown和Korringa（1975年）流体置换结果的干岩石模型能够解释观测的P-波和S-波异常。     

三维地震纵波叠前资料裂缝检测方法及应用效果

利用叠前纵波振幅随方位角的变化进行椭圆拟合估算裂缝发育方向和密度已得到广泛应用。提出"基圆"思想,利用裂缝不发育的标志层反射将不同方位的反射振幅校正到一个"基圆"上,从而消除由于观测方位角分布不均匀、偏移距分布不均匀及地表变化引起的椭圆拟合不适定性,提高裂缝参数的计算精度。实际资料处理表明,过井处的参数与裂缝测井的吻合度较高。     

缝洞型油气藏物理模拟试验方法研究

在钻完井、调剖堵水、重复压裂等各种工艺措施实施前,一般都要在室内对各种工作流体进行物理模拟试验来评价其应用性能,以完善工作液的配方和施工工艺,而裂缝性油气藏裂缝的产状、开度、方位等参数对工程实施效果有直接影响。因此,在室内对岩心造缝使之能更真实地模拟地层显得尤为重要。介绍了各种岩心造缝方法,分析了各自的优缺点,最后结合建立碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏物理模型的难点,提出了一种新颖的缝洞微观物理模型,并进行了微观物理模拟试验,结果表明,该模型可较好地描绘凝胶堵水后水驱残余油的动态过程,这对认识缝洞性油气藏的封堵机理和研究水驱提高采收率的机理具有一定的指导意义。      

超浅层油气藏地震勘探方法--以泌阳凹陷北部斜坡外带为例

在泌阳凹陷北部斜坡外带,勘探目的层极浅,断层发育.为落实小构造、识别小断层以及开展岩性解释研究工作,寻找超浅层油气藏,项目研究采用地震勘探采集、处理和解释一体化的思路,以面向地下目标对象的地震采集为设计方针,通过基于地质地球物理模型科学论证三维采集观测系统,研制开发新的资料处理软件;应用先进的地质解释方法,所采集的资料在保证信噪比的基础上,大大提高了分辨率,改善了地震资料的反射品质,实现了高精度成像.在新发现的圈闭上部署了一批地质浅井,首次发现地层不整合油气藏,到见到良好的油气显示,整体达到新增探明和控制2138×104t的规模储量,大大拓展了泌阳凹陷北部斜坡带的勘探领域.     

裂缝性油气储层保护技术研究

从储层保护的角度把裂缝性储层分成两大类,即中小裂缝储层和大裂缝储层。分析了在钻井过程中两类储层的主要伤害机理,在此基础上提出:以中小裂缝为主的储层,应选择常规钻井工艺下的屏蔽暂堵钻井技术保护储层;对于以大裂缝为主的储层,应选择负压欠平衡钻井工艺保护储层,简要给出了实施各种工艺的技术要点。     

确定裂缝性火山岩储集层孔隙容积的油藏工程实用方法

提出了应用试油阶段压力恢复试井和产量、流压矿场测试资料,采用Pollard-Pirson 方法和影响函数法,确定裂缝性火山岩油藏单井泄流范围内的裂缝、基质孔隙容积。提出的方法有效弥补了非均质性十分严重的裂缝性火山岩油藏现有确定裂缝、基质孔隙容积方法所存在的理论和技术上的局限性,对于进一步研究裂缝性火山岩油藏地质、油藏工程和产能特性有较好的理论和实际应用意义。     

裂缝性储层保护技术与钻井完井液

综述了裂缝性储层保护技术与钻井完井液方面国内外的研究进展,论题包括裂缝性油气藏分类,应力敏感性评价、裂缝宽度预测、损害机理、暂堵机理、钻井完井液。指出许多问题有待探索：①应力敏感性和闭合滞后效应评价方法;②有效应力条件下裂缝宽度的实用性预测模型;③损害机理和保护机理;④保护裂缝性储层的切实可行的钻井完井液体系。参51。     

Improving Matrix Recovery Using Chemicals and Thermal Methods in Fractured Heavy-Oil Reservoirs

To increase the effectiveness of heavy-oil recovery from matrix by capillary imbibition, surfactant and polymer solutions or hot water can be used as an aqueous phase. The effect of them on the matrix fracture transfer performance was investigated in this article. The observations and analysis of the laboratory scale experimentation on these three methods were reported. Experiments were conducted on water-wet (Berea sandstone) and oil-wet samples (Indiana limestone) using engine oil and heavy crude oil. Different boundary conditions were created so that both co and counter-current type matrix-fracture transfers took place. Performances were compared in terms of ultimate recovery, recovery rate and the cost of the process. It was observed that all three aqueous phases yielded higher and faster recovery compared to waterflooding with some exceptions. This difference was more prominent for counter-current capillary imbibition. The exceptional cases were scrutinized and the possible reasons were discussed. Based on these observations, suggestions were made for the most suitable aqueous phase yielding the best performance for different rock wettabilities and oil types.     

Improving Matrix Recovery Using Chemicals and Thermal Methods in Fractured Heavy-Oil Reservoirs

Abstract

To increase the effectiveness of heavy-oil recovery from matrix by capillary imbibition, surfactant and polymer solutions or hot water can be used as an aqueous phase. The effect of them on the matrix fracture transfer performance was investigated in this article. The observations and analysis of the laboratory scale experimentation on these three methods were reported. Experiments were conducted on water-wet (Berea sandstone) and oil-wet samples (Indiana limestone) using engine oil and heavy crude oil. Different boundary conditions were created so that both co and counter-current type matrix-fracture transfers took place. Performances were compared in terms of ultimate recovery, recovery rate and the cost of the process. It was observed that all three aqueous phases yielded higher and faster recovery compared to waterflooding with some exceptions. This difference was more prominent for counter-current capillary imbibition. The exceptional cases were scrutinized and the possible reasons were discussed. Based on these observations, suggestions were made for the most suitable aqueous phase yielding the best performance for different rock wettabilities and oil types.     

Analytical Production Modeling for Hydraulically Fractured Gas Reservoirs

This article presents a complete analytical method to efficiently generate gas production profiles from hydraulically fractured reservoirs. Equations for production rates are first developed incorporating fracture parameters in the diffusivity-based drawdown solutions for transient as well as pseudo steady-state flow conditions. Some important considerations for modeling the key propped-fracture parameter—dimensionless fracture conductivity—are detailed for realistic production prediction. A time-step algorithm is then discussed to apply the rate equations to generate production profiles over a period of time. Analytical equations are presented to update declining reservoir pressure and resulting rock and gas properties in every time-step as functions of cumulative gas productions. Finally, a simple new equation is developed through a series of parametric applications of the two rate equations, to determine the time to switch from the transient rate equation to the pseudo steady-state equation, particularly in low-permeability reservoirs. To establish confidence in the predictability of the model, results are verified by a numerical reservoir simulator. Thus, the model is a high potential for efficient repetitive computation in early-stage design optimization of hydraulic fracture treatments for gas reservoirs.     

裂缝性砂岩储层表皮因数分解方法研究

研究了单相不可压缩流体在裂缝性砂岩储层中作单向线性渗流时总系统表皮因数与裂缝系统表皮因数、基质系统表皮因数之间的关系。裂缝系统的表皮因数与总系统表皮因数、基质系统表皮因数、总系统渗透率、基质系统渗透率及面缝率有关。当裂缝发育时,总表皮因数与裂缝系统的表皮因数近似相等。即总表皮因数只取决于裂缝系统的表皮因数,而与基质系统表皮因数大小无关。当裂缝发育时,酸化解堵等措施只需针对裂缝系统来进行,不需考虑基质系统污染情况。该文研究为正确评价和改造裂缝性砂岩油气层提供了理论依据。     

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裂缝系统中流体性质的变化，必然引起地震波特征的变化；裂缝系统中含气或含水对纵横波的影响是不相同的，譬如，含气时纵波速度明显降低，而横波速度保持不变或略有降低，纵横波速度比和泊松比则明显降低。利用在四川灵音寺地区采集得到的多分量地震资料，处理得到纵波和转换波剖面，并反演出纵横波速度等信息；经过纵横波剖面的直接对比、以及对道积分、速度剖面的综合对比解释，预测出了该区试验测线范围内的含气分布，预测结果与实钻吻合较好。初步实践表明，利用多波资料直接检测油气是一种有效方法。