Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts

The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) and galangal (Alpinia galanga) extracts were investigated. Two different methods (disc diffusion and agar dilution methods) were employed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts were found to be 13.97 and 0.78 mg/ml and the minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) values were 13.97 and 2.34 mg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts, which were evaluated by the β-carotene bleaching method, were 86.4% and 70.3%, respectively. The total phenolic contents of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts, as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, were 290.4±0.7 and 40.9±0.2 mg/g plant extract (in GAE), respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed that the main compounds of galangal extract are 1,8-cineole (20.95%), β-bisabolene (13.16%), β-caryophyllene (17.95%) and β-selinene (10.56%). On the other hand, the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection indicated many compounds within the Indian gooseberry extract.     

大麦提取物的体外抗氧化活性研究

以脱脂大麦粉为原料,分别以70%的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮为溶剂进行提取。通过还原能力、清除DPPH自由基能力及抑制亚油酸氧化三种抗氧化体系的测定比较三种不同提取物的抗氧化性。结果表明,不同提取物在三个体系中都具有较强的抗氧化性质,抗氧化能力的大小顺序为:70%丙酮提取物>70%乙醇提取物>70%甲醇提取物,并且抗氧化能力的大小与提取物中总酚和原花青素的含量高低相一致。     

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of natural extracts: application in beef meatballs

The antioxidant and antibacterial effect of rosemary, orange and lemon extracts was investigated in cooked Swedish-style meatballs. Activity in a lard system was established for all the extracts and further determination of the development of rancidity as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances consistently showed that about 50% of the rancidity can be controlled by the citrus preparations. Two of the rosemary extracts (water soluble and oil soluble) were more effective with practically complete elimination of rancidity (TBA values) after a period of 12 days. Rosemary extract activity against lactic acid bacteria and Listeria but not Brochothrix thermosphacta was demonstrated in an agar diffusion test, but in the product only lactic acid bacteria counts were slightly reduced. Sensory analysis results, particularly aroma and acceptability scores, indicated the significant advantages in using rosemary and citrus extracts in rancidity-susceptible meat products.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant activities and nutritional properties of ten edible plant extracts and their application to fresh ground beef

In this study, we assessed the antioxidant efficacy and nutritional value of 10 leafy edible plants and evaluated their potential as natural antioxidants for meat preservation. We measured total phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and vitamin C, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents of 70% ethanol and water extracts of the edible plants. Based on these results, we investigated the effects of butterbur and broccoli extracts on lipid oxidation in ground beef patties. Plant extracts and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were individually added to patties at both 0.1% and 0.5% (w/w) concentrations. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values and color parameters were tested periodically during 12 days of refrigerated storage. TBARS levels were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the samples containing plant extracts or BHT than the non-treated control. In addition, the beef patties formulated with the selected plant extracts showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better color stability than those without antioxidants. These results indicate that edible plant extracts are promising sources of natural antioxidants and can potentially be used as functional preservatives in meat products.     

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from natural and cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps sinensis, one of the best known traditional Chinese medicines and health foods, has been highly valued for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and reported to have antioxidant properties. In the present study, the antioxidant activities of hot-water extracts from natural and cultured mycelia of C. sinensis were investigated and evaluated using six in vitro assays, including inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation; scavenging abilities on DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals; the reducing power and the chelating ability on ferrous ions. Among these assays, the extracts showed the best effect on the inhibition of linoleic peroxidation with the lowest IC50 values and with an inhibition rate over 90% at concentration of 0.8-1.6 mg/ml, more stable than that of α-tocopherol, a recognised natural antioxidant. The scavenging activities on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals of the two extracts were slightly lower than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. DPPH scavenging activities of both extracts reached over 80% inhibition at 4-8 mg/ml. Both extracts showed moderate reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity. The IC50 value of the extract from cultured mycelia in all the tests, except for linoleic acid peroxidation, was significantly lower than that of natural mycelia. There was no evident correlation between the antioxidant activity and the content of protein, polysaccharides and mannitol of extracts from C. sinensis; the antioxidant activity may be due to a combined effect of these or some other compounds. These results suggested that both the extracts from cultured and natural mycelia have direct and potent antioxidant activities and that the cultured mycelia of the fungus could be used for the antioxidant activity to reduce the human demands on the natural resources of the fungus, an endangered species.     

蓝色和紫色小麦多酚提取物的体外抗氧化活性评价

为研究蓝色和紫色小麦多酚的体外抗氧化活性,该研究以蓝色和紫色小麦为原料,普通小麦为对照,分别提取游离酚和结合酚,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明:蓝色和紫色小麦游离酚含量分别高于对照31. 9%、25. 3%,其结合酚含量分别高于对照30. 0%、17. 4%。小麦多酚提取物对自由基清除效果存在差异,当麦粉浓度为40 mg/mL时,蓝色和紫色小麦的游离酚对ABTS清除率分别高于结合酚24. 9%、22. 4%;结合酚对羟自由基清除效率较游离酚高,蓝色和紫色小麦结合酚对羟自由基的清除率分别高于游离酚41. 8%、38. 1%;三种小麦体外抗氧化能力整体表现为:蓝色小麦紫色小麦普通小麦。综上,蓝色和紫色小麦富含酚类,体外抗氧化活性较强,可作为抗氧化功能食品进行开发。     

Antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activities of Garcinia extracts

The effect of hexane and chloroform extracts from the fruit rinds of Garcinia cowa and Garcinia pedunculata on the growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus was studied using peanut powder as a model food system. The growth of A. flavus was completely inhibited by the hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa and chloroform extract from G. pedunculata at 3000 ppm concentration, which was considered as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC for the hexane extract of G. pedunculata was at 4000 ppm. Both the extracts from G. cowa inhibited aflatoxin B1 production upto 100% at a lower concentration of 2000 ppm. It was observed that, at lower concentration of the extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata, the degree of inhibition of aflatoxin production was much higher than the inhibition of fungal growth. The hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata were also studied for their antioxidant capacity by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex at 100 ppm concentration and reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method at various concentrations. Hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa showed higher antioxidant capacity than G. pedunculata extracts. Similarly, both the extracts from G. cowa showed higher reducing power than the extracts from G. pedunculata. The antiaflatoxigenic activities of the extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata may be due to their effective antioxidative properties, which could suppress the biosynthesis of aflatoxin.     

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of carvacrol microencapsulated in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin

Carvacrol is a hydrophobic compound that exhibits high antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Cyclodextrins are used to increase solubility and dissolution through water-insoluble compounds inclusion into their hydrophobic cavities. Hence, this study aimed to characterize carvacrol inclusion complexes with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) by establishing the physico-chemical properties and evaluate their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Inclusion complexes were prepared by kneading (KN) and freeze-drying (FD) methods. Entrapment efficiency was 78.09 ± 1.24% for KN, and 83.74 ± 1.15% for FD. Polydispersity index was greater than 0.2 for both methods. Particle size for KN and FD were 0.360 ± 0.003 and 0.377 ± 0.007 μm, respectively. Carvacrol–HPBCD antimicrobial activity was higher (P < 0.05) than for free carvacrol for both bacteria, Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2, indicating that HPBCD increased water solubility and consequently increased contact between carvacrol and bacteria in medium. Antioxidant activity was lower (P < 0.05) for inclusion complexes indicating HPBCD makes carvacrol less available to react with free radical. The stability study indicated that light did not affect (P > 0.05) degradation, indicating that the microparticles were stable throughout storage. Therefore, carvacrol–HPBCD complexes may have important applications in the food industry as stable antimicrobial systems.     

In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activities in fruit extracts from citron and blood orange

Consumers are increasingly aware of diet related health problems and therefore demanding natural ingredients which are expected to be safe and health-promoting. Recently, number of studies on health benefits associated with citrus phytochemicals have been demonstrated. In the present study, an attempt has been made to isolate antioxidant fractions from two different citrus species such as Citron (Citrus medica) and blood orange (C. sinensis). Antioxidant fractions were extracted from mature, ripe fruits using five different solvents using a Soxhlet extractor. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method. MeOH:water (80:20) extract of citron and acetone extract of blood orange was found to contain maximum phenolics. The dried fractions were screened for their antioxidant activity potential using in vitro model systems such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), phosphomolybdenum method and as well as by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test at different concentrations. The MeOH:water (80:20) fraction of citron showed highest radical scavenging activity 42.5%, 77.8% and 92.1% at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively, while MeOH:water (80:20) fraction of blood orange showed lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity at all the tested concentrations. Furthermore, all the fractions showed remarkable antioxidant capacity by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex. In addition, superoxide radical scavenging activity was assayed using non-enzymatic (NADH/phenaxine methosulfate) superoxide generating system. All the extracts showed variable radical scavenging activity. The data obtained in the in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of citrus fruit extracts. However, comprehensive studies need to be conducted to ascertain the in vivo safety of such extracts in experimental animal models. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on antioxidant activity of citron and blood orange varieties of citrus fruits.     

草菇子实体GC-MS分析及不同极性部位体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究草菇乙醇提取物不同极性部分的抗氧化活性及子实体GC-MS分析。方法:用95%的乙醇回流提取草菇,依次用有机溶剂萃取获得石油醚层、氯仿层、乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层4个不同极性部位。以2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚（BHT）为对照,分别考察其总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基清除活性、铁离子还原能力、ABTS自由基清除活性,比较草菇乙醇提取物不同极性部位的抗氧化作用。结果:通过GC-MS分析,分析出49个化合物,以烷烃类、脂肪酸类、醛类、酯类、酮类为主,含量分别为22.54%、19.94%、15.38%、13.08%、7.33%。通过四种体外抗氧化能力的测定,草菇乙醇提取物的不同极性部位均有抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层表现出较好的抗氧化活性,氯仿层的抗氧化活性最弱。在所设定浓度范围内,其乙酸乙酯层的总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基清除率、铁离子还原能力明显高于其它层（p<0.05）。在ABTS自由基清除体系中,正丁醇层的ABTS自由基清除率高于乙酸乙酯层,但差异不显著（p>0.05）。结论:通过对草菇子实体GC-MS分析及抗氧化活性测试,草菇提取物的乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层的抗氧化作用强,是天然抗氧化剂的良好来源,应对其进一步分离纯化。      

Utilization of electron beam irradiated almond skin powder as a natural antioxidant in ground top round beef

ABSTRACT:  Defatted Carmel variety almond skin powder (ASP) irradiated at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy was mixed with ground top round beef at 0.5% (w/w) and stored at 4 °C. Color stability, peroxide values (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and hexanal were determined periodically over a 2-wk period. The L values were not affected by time or treatment. Initially, the redness ( a value) was higher for both the negative control with no ASP ( a value of 21.83) and positive control with 0.01% BHT ( a value of 22.33) compared to samples that contained the ASP ( a values from 17.70 to 20.17) on day 1. This decrease in redness was attributed to the presence of the ASP. Similar to day 1, the a values were not significantly different between the 2 controls over the duration of the study. All the samples with ASP exhibited lower lipid oxidation when compared to the negative control, with greatest oxidation retardation observed at 20 and 30 kGy. Over the treatment period, a 13% to 85% reduction in PV and a 40% to 80% reduction in TBARS were observed in the sample with 30 kGy ASP compared to the negative control. Generally, PV and TBARS of samples with ASP decreased with an increase in irradiation dose. While a difference due to irradiation dose was not observed in CD and hexanal content, the values were significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than the controls over time. This study demonstrates that almond skin power could be used to extend the shelf life of refrigerated ground raw beef.     

The use of natural herbal extracts for improving the lipid stability and sensory characteristics of irradiated ground beef

Ground Longissimus dorsi of beef were treated with herbal extracts of marjoram, rosemary and sage at concentration of 0.04% (v/w), radiation (2 or 4.5 kGy) or their combination. Treated samples were stored at 5 °C and analyzed periodically for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), sensory characteristics and psychrotrophic bacterial counts during storage for 41 and 48 days for samples treated at 2 and 4.5 kGy respectively. Results demonstrated a significant benefit of the addition of herbal extracts to the ground beef prior to irradiation. All three extracts significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the TBARS values and off-odor scores and significantly (P < 0.05) increased color and acceptability scores in all samples with marjoram being the most effective. The combination treatment with herbal extracts plus irradiation resulted in extension of the shelf life of samples treated with 2 kGy by one week and samples treated with 4.5 kGy by two weeks, over that treated with irradiation alone. In conclusion, the addition of herbal extracts can minimize lipid oxidation, improve color and decrease off-odor production in irradiated ground beef.     

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller (Lamiaceae)

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts (prepared by using solvents of varying polarity) of Salvia tomentosa (Miller). The essential oil was particularly found to possess strong antimicrobial activity while other non-polar extracts and subfractions showed moderate activities while polar extracts remained almost inactive. GC and GC/MS analyses of the oil resulted in the identification of 44 compounds, representing 97.7% of the oil; β-pinene (39.7%), α-pinene (10.9%) and camphor (9.7%) were the main components. The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, the free radical scavenging activity of aqueous methanol extract (MW) was superior to all other extracts (IC₅₀=18.7 μg/ml). Polar extracts exhibited stronger activities than non-polar extracts. In the case of the linoleic acid system, oxidation of the linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by the polar subfraction of the MW extract, while the oil was less effective. The MW extract showed 90.6% inhibition, that is close to the synthetic antioxidant BHT.     

雨生红球藻提取物皂化前后体外抗氧化活性的研究

将雨生红球藻藻粉经过乙醇和乙酸乙酯的混合溶剂提取后,经过皂化,得到虾青素提取物,测定了提取物皂化前后的抑制油脂过氧化能力、清除DPPH·自由基能力和还原力,结果表明,雨生红球藻提取物皂化前后在三种评价方法中都表现出了较强的抗氧化活性.     

In vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of five Allium species from Turkey

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of five Allium species, namely Allium nevsehirense, A. sivasicum, A. dictyoprosum, A. scrodoprosum subsp. rotundum and A. atroviolaceum; the former two are endemic for the Turkish flora. The extracts were screened for their possible antioxidant activities by two complementary tests; DPPH free radical-scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays. In the first case, non-polar subfractions of the extracts did not show any antioxidant potential, while the polar subfractions exhibited marked activity. Among the polar ones, the most active one was A. atroviolaceum with an IC₅₀ of 79.0 ± 2.75 μg/ml. In the β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, the inhibition ratios of the oxidation of linoleic acid by A. atroviolaceum and A. dictyoprosum were too close to each other (71.2 ± 2.20% and 72.3 ± 1.20%, respectively), while that of the synthetic antioxidant, BHT, was 96%.     

没食子酸的体外抑菌作用研究

研究了没食子酸对常见食源性致病菌和腐败菌的抑菌作用。采用液体二倍稀释法和牛津杯法测定了没食子酸的最小抑菌浓度及抑菌活性;采用酶标仪测定了细菌生长曲线的变化;采用扫描电镜观察了单增李斯特菌的形态变化。结果表明,没食子酸对单增李斯特菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌最小抑菌浓度分别为0.125、0.25、2、4、4、4mg/mL,抑菌圈分别为24.03±0.17、20.67±0.28、17.17±0.64、14.43±0.10、14.77±0.04、(15.07±0.03)mm;对生长曲线均有影响,并使单增李斯特菌的菌体从中间处凹陷,大部分出现破损,具有明显的细胞原生质泄漏现象。      

蜂巢提取液的成分鉴定及抗氧化功效测定

对蜂巢乙醇提取液和水提取液进行了成分鉴定和抗氧化活性的研究。通过对这两种提取液进行GC-MS气质分析,各鉴定出其中17种成分,对两种提取液的总还原力、DPPH·清除率、ABTS+·清除率、超氧阴离子清除率、羟自由基清除率以及油脂抗氧化进行测定,结果表明蜂巢水提液和蜂巢乙醇提取液与化学合成抗氧剂BHT相比均具有较强的抗氧化活性,随着各自浓度的增加,抗氧化活性随之增强,当浓度增加到一定值,清除率趋于稳定,而且蜂巢水提取液的抗氧化效果比乙醇提取液的好,表明蜂巢提取液是一种优良的天然抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂。      

龙眼核提取物的体外抗氧化及抑菌活性研究

探讨龙眼核中不同极性部位的体外抗氧化和抑菌活性,并筛选其有效部位。以Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定龙眼核95%乙醇提取物中4种不同极性萃取物的总酚含量,并利用ABTS法、DPPH法、邻苯三酚自氧化法、邻二氮菲—Fe2+氧化法测定评价各萃取物的抗氧化活性,同时采用牛津杯法测定比较4种萃取物的抑菌活性。结果表明:乙酸乙酯萃取物的总酚含量最高,达到(693.51±9.52)mg/g;在不同的自由基体系中,4种萃取物均对·O-2的清除作用最弱,但对清除ABTS·+、DPPH·、·OH均表现出较强的效果,龙眼核各萃取物抗氧化能力的结果为乙酸乙酯萃取物氯仿萃取物正丁醇萃取物水层剩余物;除水层对沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌均无明显抑制作用外,4种萃取物对沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均具有不同强度的抑制作用,其中乙酸乙酯层的抑菌活性最为突出。由结果可推断乙酸乙酯萃取物含有丰富的多酚类物质,可作为一种天然的抗氧化剂和抑菌剂,具有很大的药用价值和应用前景。     

油茶籽壳提取物抗氧化及抗癌活性研究

目的:观察油茶籽壳不同溶剂提取物（乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、氯仿、水）体外抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性。方法:采用Folin-Ciocalteu和三氯化铝方法检测总酚及总黄酮含量;采用DPPH法和邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法测抗氧化活性;采用CCK-8法测细胞的活性。结果:油茶籽壳乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、氯仿提取物、水提取物总酚含量分别为79.25±4.552、51.81±3.651、2.762±0.523、19.73±1.191mg/g;总黄酮含量分别为26.73±0.613、15.63±1.126、13.16±0.672、5.734±0.761mg/g;油茶籽壳乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、氯仿提取物、水提取物在15.625²50μg/m L范围内体外抗氧化活性均具有剂量依赖性;对Hep G2细胞增殖抑制作用在62.5²50μg/m L范围内均具有剂量依赖性。结论:体外抗氧化活性和抗肿瘤活性强弱均表现为乙酸乙酯提取物>正丁醇提取物>水提取物>氯仿提取物,其中乙酸乙酯是油茶籽壳提取的有效溶剂。      

油茶籽壳提取物抗氧化及抗癌活性研究

目的:观察油茶籽壳不同溶剂提取物(乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、氯仿、水)体外抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性。方法:采用Folin-Ciocalteu和三氯化铝方法检测总酚及总黄酮含量;采用DPPH法和邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法测抗氧化活性;采用CCK-8法测细胞的活性。结果:油茶籽壳乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、氯仿提取物、水提取物总酚含量分别为79.25±4.552、51.81±3.651、2.762±0.523、19.73±1.191mg/g;总黄酮含量分别为26.73±0.613、15.63±1.126、13.16±0.672、5.734±0.761mg/g;油茶籽壳乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、氯仿提取物、水提取物在15.625~250μg/m L范围内体外抗氧化活性均具有剂量依赖性;对Hep G2细胞增殖抑制作用在62.5~250μg/m L范围内均具有剂量依赖性。结论:体外抗氧化活性和抗肿瘤活性强弱均表现为乙酸乙酯提取物正丁醇提取物水提取物氯仿提取物,其中乙酸乙酯是油茶籽壳提取的有效溶剂。