Lipid changes in maturing oil-bearing plants

Flax and safflower blossoms were tagged at the onset of fertilization. At intervals of approximately 10 days, samples of leaves, seeds, bolls, and bracts were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and kept in deep-freeze until analyzed. A comparison of the behavior during maturation of the seeds of Raja and Rocket flax and Indian safflower showed the following points of similarity and difference. Flax and safflower seed had similar patterns for changes in total extractable matter and true free and true bound lipid, dry matter, iodine absorbed by the seed oil, and isotopic carbon incorporation. The phosphorus and nitrogen contents of the free and bound lipid of flax and safflower seed had different patterns of variation. At a given stage of development, fresh flax seed tissue insafflower tissue. The effect of adverse growing conditions was reflected more clearly by the behavior of safflower than by that of flax. Raja and Rocket flax developed similarly and differed only in regard to response to climatic conditions. Presented at the Fall Meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Los Angeles, Calif., September 28–30, 1959. Contribution No. 43 from the genetics and Plant Breeding Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.     

Lipid changes in maturing oil-bearing plants. III. Changes in lipid classes in flax and safflower oils

Seeds from Raja flax and Indian safflower were collected at increasing stages of maturity and the free lipid extracted from them with hexane. The true lipid material obtained in this manner was separated into lipid classes by silicic acid column chromatography using a diethyl ether-hexane gradient and methanol for the phospholipids. Thin-layer chromatography was used to establish the homogeneity of each lipid class. The composition of the lipid classes was examined by a combination of gas-liquid, silicic acid-impregnated paper and thin-layer chromatography. With both flax and safflower, the relative amounts of the different lipid classes were shown to vary as the seed matured; the phospholipids showed the greatest degree of change. Free fatty acid, mono- and diglycerides were not encountered; acidity, when present, was not due to lipid material. Differences within lipid classes were also investigated. Presented at AOCS meeting in Chicago, Ill., 1961. Contribution No. 84 from the Genetics and Plant Breeding Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.     

Lipid changes in maturing oil-bearing plants. II. Changes in fatty acid composition of flax and safflower seed oils

Changes in the fatty acids composition of the oil in flax and safflower seed that occur during the seed-ripening period have been measured. Concentrations of lipid or of specific fatty acid, expressed on a weight-per-seed basis, have been plotted as functions of days after fertilization and of percentage of oil development. Relations between these two independent variables have been established, and limitations to the unsefulness of the latter variable have been pointed out. Days after fertilization proved to be the more useful abscissa. Nonpolar solvents were used to remove free lipid from the tissue, and the total extractable matter was separated into true lipid and nonlipid components. With both flax and safflower, weight of true free lipid per seed and total unsaturation increased during the same period of growth. Nonlipid extractable matter was an inverse function of the extent of development. In developing flax seed, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids all increased continuously; oil in immature seed however was more saturated than oil in more mature seed. Nevertheless the ratio of linolenic acid to linoleic acid that characterizes linseed oil was established by the 20th day after fertilization during a normal growing season. In developing safflower seed, oleic acid concentration increased slowly during the first 30 days after fertilization and then appeared to level off in some cases as maturity was approached. Initially linoleic acid was present in almost the same amount as oleic acid, but by the 20th day after fertilization its concentration was three times that of oleic acid. This ratio of linoleic to oleic acid tended to increase steadily during the latter part of seed development.     

Multipurpose oil-bearing plants tolerant of arid or semiarid environments

Ninety-six plant species from Arizona were examined for their multipurpose oil-producing potential. Whole-plant samples, excluding roots, were analyzed for “oil,” “polyphenol,” “hydrocarbon” and apparent protein contents as well as for botanical features. Oil fractions of species that yielded at least 3.0% oil (dry, ash-free plant basis) were analyzed for classes of lipid constituents. After saponification of these oils, contents of free fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter were determined. Rubber from species that yielded at least 0.4% hydrocarbon was analyzed for average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution.Mortonia scabrella yielded the most oil (6.6%) and a substantial amount of polyphenol (16.0%).Lepidium oblongum gave 5.8% oil and 27.1% protein.Apodanthera undulata gave 5.8% oil and 22.4% protein.Ligustrum japonicum yielded 5.3% oil and 27.4% polyphenol.Olea europaea yielded the most polyphenol (29.4%), andSisymbrium irio contained the most protein (35.0%). Several other species yielded substantial amounts of oil (up to 5.4%) and/or polyphenol (up to 28.7%). Maximum yield of hydrocarbon was 0.9% forEuphorbia albomarginata. Analytical data and a preliminary examination of botanical characteristics suggest that at least 10 of the 96 species should be studied further for their industrial potential. Data are discussed with respect to species previously analyzed at this Center.     

发电厂含油废水处理系统的改造

根据含油废水的特性，对应用物化隔油-破乳浮选-混凝气浮-粗粒化过滤-活性炭吸附工艺处理发电厂含油废水的情况进行了详细的介绍。多年的运行经验证明，在进水石油类为54．3～207．9mg／L的情况下，出水可降至0．6～1．6mg／L，去除率达99．2％。     

Lipid changes in rat brain during maturation

Changes in lipid class distribution occurring during brain maturation in rats have been quantitatively investigated using a combination of DEAE column chromatography and quantitative thin-layer chromatography based on photodensitometry. Quantitative changes are presented for the single lipid classes in relation to brain weight, water content and total lipid variation at ages 2, 8, 16, 24, 37 and 50 days. The results indicate an accumulation of sphingolipids during brain maturation, particularly due to cerebrosides and sulfatides and a relative decrease of lecithin.     

盘河油田采油污水处理技术

采用化学混凝、物理过滤分离的方法处理含油污水。研究了盘河油田采油污水的处理工艺配方；讨论了污水含油量与药剂投加量的关系和药剂的最佳配比及加药的顺序等影响因素；验证了处理后水与地层水的配伍性；确定了处理工艺方案。结果表明：可将盘河油田含油污水处理为合格的注入水；处理后的水质达到SY／T5329-1994标准；污水处理工艺流程简单，适合现场应用，经济可行。     

含油废水处理技术的研究进展

根据油类物质在水中的存在形式及特征,介绍了含油废水的各种处理方法,如气浮、絮凝、吸附等,同时指出各种方法的优势和存在的问题,并介绍了最新的发展状况,提出对含油废水处理的一些建议和展望.     

Lipid changes during pre-germination and germination ofstriga asiatica seeds

Witchweed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntze) seeds were incubated at 28 C in a moist environment for a 14-day period, after which seeds germinated only when exposed to specific natural or synthetic germination stimulants. Changes in lipid composition were determined during germination of witchweed seeds and during early seedling growth. Witchweed seeds contained 37.5% (w/w) oil. Increased levels of monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol suggested the enlargement or multiplication of plastids after witchweed seeds had germinated. In contrast to the usual course of events in seeds with high oil reserves, witchweed seeds did not hydrolyze triacylglycerol rapidly during or after germination. These findings indicated that triacylglycerol in germinating witchweed seeds was conserved for subsequent use during haustorial formation and host invasion.     

核电站含油废水的处理

介绍了该工程的概况以及核电站含油废水的来源及特点.为了确保核电站含油废水能达标排放,设计采用隔油 粗粒化分离方法来处理含油废水的新工艺,实际运行表明,该工艺是经济、适用的.并就该工艺主要设备的工作原理及特点,以及运行中出现的问题等进行了探讨.     

含油废水处理技术的研究进展

评述了含油废水的处理方法,指出了各种方法的优势及目前存在的问题。介绍了含油废水处理的最新研究成果,提出了今后含油废水处理技术的一些建议与展望。并强调在含油废水处理技术的研究开发中,要加强含油废水处理的基础性研究,明确含油废水中各组分的相互关系,同时要减少污染源的排放,重视含油废水的回用     

Characteristics and composition of vegetable oil-bearing materials

A survey of the commercially most important oil-bearing fruits and seeds is presented. Their place in the nutrition of the world’s population is sketched, both as a source of fat and as a potential source of protein. Origin and occurrence of a number of oil fruits and seeds are treated, and their relative importance is discussed. Characteristics of the vegetable oils are described in the light of their fatty acid compositions. Nutritional aspects of polyunsaturated fatty acids are discussed briefly, as well as the antinutritional properties of erucic acid. Oilseed proteins are discussed from the point of view of their growing importance as a source of food for man, and compositions of their essential amino acids are discussed in relation to their nutritive value.     

油田低温含油污水净水剂的研究

为了解决吉林油田低温含油污水处理的难题,作者采用环氧氯丙烷开环聚合、二甲胺阳离子化的方法合成阳离子净水剂XL-01,并考察药剂加量、沉降时间和水温对XL-01除油效果的影响.实验结果表明:XL-01不仅除油性能良好,而且除油速度快.在水温25℃、沉降时间2 h和XL-01投加质量浓度60mg/L的条件下,处理后污水的油质量浓度低于100mg/L,达到了气浮前的要求,为下一步处理创造了有利的条件.     

聚驱采油废水中聚丙烯酰胺的高效液相色谱测定法

采用高效液相色谱法对聚驱采油废水中残留的聚丙烯酰胺进行定量分析。色谱条件为Shim-pack CLCODS色谱柱,流动相为甲醇∶水（90∶10,体积比）,含0.05 mol/L氯化铵缓冲溶液,检测波长210 nm,流速0.8 mL/min,柱温40℃,进样体积2μL。在该条件下,测定聚丙烯酰胺标准溶液及水样,根据标准曲线对水样中聚丙烯酰胺进行定量分析,并计算加标回收率及精确度,为聚驱采油废水的处理提供有效的数据支持。     

含油污水除油净水技术研究与发展

目前全国大多数油田基本采用注水开发方式,随着油田进入高含水后期,采出水量也大幅增长;而油田采出水中不可避免地产生一些含油污水,出于环境保护和节约资源的考虑,如何经济、有效地对含油污水处理是目前油田可持续发展的关键。通过对近几年来国内含油污水处理的工艺流程、处理设备和处理药剂所作的一系列介绍,对现在困扰国内各油田的含油污水处理中存在的问题提供一些解决思路。     

Fatty acids in lipids of maturing wheat

Two varieties of hard red winter wheat were sampled at various stages of maturity. The lipids in those samples were fractionated into free polar, free nonpolar and bound lipids. Fatty acids of those fractions were determined. Major acids present were palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. Both wheat samples showed similar qualitative, but not quantitative patterns in distribution of fatty acids during maturation. In the free polar lipid fraction, the palmitic acid content decreased with maturation while the linoleic acid content increased. The free nonpolar fractions showed a slight increase in linoleic acid; the concentration of other acids decreased slightly as the wheat matured. The bound lipid fraction showed a marked increase in linoleic acid, accompanied by decreases in the other major fatty acids, especially linolenic. Cooperative investigations of Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and Crops Research Div., ARS, USDA.     

工业循环冷却水中微量油含量的测定

利用红外能量吸收原理,采用红外分光光度法来测定工业循环冷却水中微量油,并对测定条件进行了优化,进行了加标回收和精密度试验,准确度和精密度均符合分析要求.     

UBAF处理炼油厂含油废水

针对炼油厂采用普通活性污泥工艺处理炼油废水,出水水质经常超标,且对冲击负荷适应力差的情况．采用上流式曝气生物滤池(UBAF)工艺对废水进行处理,运行结果表明,CODCr、NH3-N、SS等主要污染物的去除率都超过80％,出水水质达到或高于GB8978-1996的第二类污染物一级排放标准。     

齐家油田高台子油层储层成岩作用特征研究

齐家油田高台子油层是区内后续增储上产的主要油气勘探目的层之一,但因储层埋深大,物性差,非均质性强,给油气的勘探开发带来了困难.本文从高台子油层储层的微观结构特征入手,分析了储层内部碎屑颗粒的成岩演化特征,揭示了储层物性变化的原因,并确定出储层的成岩演化阶段.结果表明,齐家油田高台子油层主要属于致密和超低渗储层;经历了压实和压溶作用、胶结作用及溶蚀作用等成岩作用演化过程,储层孔隙类型以溶蚀扩大孔为主;储层的成岩作用阶段属于中成岩阶段A-B段.