新型二甲醚-发电多功能系统的设计与分析

由于从偏远地区长距离输送天然气的成本较高,将天然气就地转化为高附加值且易运输的化工产品,比如甲醇、二甲醚等,是西部天然气资源利用的重要途径之一.论文以天然气空气部分氧化制合成气与二甲醚合成工艺为基础,针对合成尾气不同利用方式,提出二甲醚单产工艺和二甲醚/动力联产工艺.与单产二甲醚的工艺相比,联产系统的相对节能率为8.94%.文中还探讨了合成气的氢碳比对于联产系统性能的影响.图8表1参13     

太阳能驱动生物质气化多联产系统研究

提出一种太阳能驱动生物质气化的动力多联产系统,利用聚光太阳能驱动生物质热化学气化反应,生成的合成气在合成反应单元中被转化为天然气,未反应的合成气直接用于联合循环系统发电.该文对系统进行热力学性能分析,探究了气化温度和水煤气转换单元对系统性能的影响.结果表明系统的一次能源效率为44.63％,产物中合成天然气和发电量之比为...     

新型汽车代用燃料的开发和应用前景(上)

在环保节能要求的推动下，汽车代用燃料的开发已成趋势。文章综述车用甲醇燃料、车用乙醇燃料、生物柴油、二甲醚、天然气制合成柴油、燃料电池等汽车代用燃料的国内外发展应用状况，分析其经济技术优缺点等。最后展望了我国新型汽车代用燃料的发展前景。     

哈药厂热电冷联产系统的应用及经济效益分析

哈尔滨制药厂公用工程系统经过十多年的改造建设，形成了额定蒸汽蒸发量175t／h，额定发电能力9000kW，额定供压缩空气能力为800m3／min，额定制冷能力38850kW的热电（动）冷联产系统。根据1995年实际运行数据计算。热电（动）冷联产系统比单纯供热余统多获发电效益1333．13万元，多获供冷效益1280．36万元，合计多获效益2613．49万元。     

层次分析法在多联产系统综合性能评价中的应用

按照系统工程方法进行多联产系统的优化设计，应用层次分析法建立了多联产系统综合评价模型，对多种甲醇．电多联产系统方案进行了单项效益和综合效益的计算、分析和评价，进一步证明了多联产方案比单产方案在节能、经济、环境保护方面有较大优势，并指出：在年产甲醇20万t，发电容量300MW的规模下，富CO气体一次通过并联多联产系统（E1）和富CO气体一次通过串联多联产系统（F1）综合效益较高，可以根据实际情况来选取，为系统进一步优化指明了方向。图1表8参10     

哈药厂热电冷联产应用及经济效益分析

哈尔滨制药厂公用工程系统经过１０多年的改造建设，形成了额定蒸汽蒸发量１７５ｔ／ｈ，额定发电能力９０００ｋＷ，额定供压缩空气能力为８００ｍ３／ｍｉｎ，额定制冷能力３８８５０ｋＷ的热电（动）冷联产系统。根据１９９５年实际运行数据计算，热电（动）冷联产系统比单纯供热系统多获发电效益１３３３．１３万元，多获供冷效益１２８０．３６万元，合计多获效益２６１３．４９万元     

国内首个“煤代油”项目有望月内竣工投产

中石化与壳牌合资建设的国内首个“煤代油”项目——巴陵化肥改造工程近日竣工投产。该项目日处理煤2000t；日产煤气318．63m^3，有效气体全部送当地化肥装置，替代原燃料。项目实施后，预计年实现工业总产值5．36亿元，销售收入2．84亿元，利润1．56亿元。其原料粗煤气价格只有0．5元／m^3，而天然气价格至少0．9元／m^3。尿素成本由现存的1400元／t下降为800元／t     

二甲醚多联产系统的能量分析

多联产系统是未来源环境可持续发展的重要方向。二甲醚性能优秀,应用广泛。本文提出了以煤气化为核心一步法制取二甲醚的多联产系统流程,利用热力学方法分析了其热效率,比较了联产和分产的能耗,显示出多联产系统的节能优势。分析了水煤气变换和脱碳单元对多联产系统效率的影响,在复杂流程的基础上构建简单流程进行对比,其节约煤耗更加可观,体现了多联产系统整体优化的思路。     

背压机组作热源热电冷联产的经济敏感性分析

在燃天然气的热电厂中采用背压式汽轮机组并以此为热源，讨论了热电冷联产系统的技术特点和经济特性，分析了影响项目经济指标的敏感因素，提出了改善项目经济性的参考建议。     

压水堆核能热电水多联产运行模式的经济性分析

核能多联产系统,通过核电站与供热、海水淡化等系统耦合,具有良好的经济、社会和环境效益.本文通过建立核能多联产热经济性模型,分析了同一压水堆核能热电联产和水电联产两种运行模型下的能源成本,探讨了堆型大小对压水堆核能多联产经济性的影响.结果表明,小型堆ACP100热电联产供热单位成本以及水电联产供水单位成本分别为43元/GJ和13元/m3左右.当反应堆规模增大,以ACP1000为例,由于建成单位投资降低,核能热电联产供热单位成本和水电联产供水单位成本大幅下降,可分别降至23元/GJ和8.09元/m3.考虑到工业用蒸汽价格,不同压水堆规模下的核能热电联产技术均具有一定的竞争力.对于北方缺水地区工业用水需求,随着大型压水堆核能水电联产技术发展,其供水价格与自来水厂供水价格相比存在潜在优势.     

生物质间接液化制洁净燃料二甲醚

生物质可以代替化石燃料来制备合成气，进而合成洁净燃料二甲醚。介绍了生物质气化和二甲醚的性质与制法，并分析了通过生物质气化的方法制备二甲醚的可行性和关键技术，同时对技术路线的选择进行了讨论。     

天然气分布式能源系统的能源价格策略研究

建立了分布式能源系统模型并以内部收益率为评价指标建立了经济评价模型,以上海、广州和北京三地的现有上网电价、购电价格和天然气价格为准,分析了补贴政策对三个城市分布式能源系统内部收益率的影响,结果发现现有条件下三地系统的投资回报均不佳。而后在不考虑补贴政策的条件下,为取得较好的投资回报,分析了系统在不同购电价格下的合理的上网电价和天然气价格区间,该结果可用于指导三个地区分布式能源系统上网电价和天然气价格政策制定。研究发现,相比较而言,广州投资建设天然气分布式能源系统更具潜力。而在三个城市现有的购电价格下,针对本文研究的系统,天然气价格不超过2.8元/m~3,上网电价不低于0.8元/(k W·h)时,系统才会有一定的投资回报。     

A techno-economic review of biomass gasification for production of chemicals

Gasification is a thermochemical process which can be used as a low-emission and highly efficient method to produce syngas and chemicals such as biomethanol and dimethyl ether (DME). In this paper, a review of technologies and methods for economic production of chemicals through gasification of biomass and other fuels has been carried out. A variety of techno-economic studies and analysis have been proposed in order to better understand the technical and economic assessments during the biomass gasification. Results showed that the methanol production cost for biomass (wood) is from 195 to 935 €/t, for waste residues is from 200 to 930 €/t, for coal is from 160 to 480 €/t, and for natural gas is from 90 to 290 €/t. It also concluded that fuel (wood) cost has positive linear relationship with ethanol production cost, meaning as the feedstock cost increases from 30 to 50 $/day-ton, the ethanol production cost enhances from 1.66 to 1.95 $/gal.     

使用净现值法优化余热回收换热器

引入最优化方法,提出以净现值(NPV)为优化目标,以余热回收换热器换热面积为设计变量的优化设计模型。引入传热单元数(NTU)作为换热面积的度量,分析NTU变化对NPV的影响,从而确定优化方案,并且获得最优化条件下空气预热出口温度(t_2)。通过对燃烧二甲醚年产4万t玻璃炉窑烟气余热回收换热器的分析,结果显示在NTU=1.51时,换热器得到最大净现值NPV=7.53万元,空气预热出口温度t_2=100℃。同时,每年可节约燃料194.1 t和减少CO_2的排放量33.82。因此,采用余热回收换热器优化设计模型,通过对投资后整个运行期内的经济效果分析,可以对回收方案的合理性进行更为全面的评价。     

Fuel saving, carbon dioxide emission avoidance, and syngas production by tri-reforming of flue gases from coal- and gas-fired power stations, and by the carbothermic reduction of iron oxide

Flue gases from coal, gas, or oil-fired power stations, as well as from several heavy industries, such as the production of iron, lime and cement, are major anthropogenic sources of global CO₂ emissions. The newly proposed process for syngas production based on the tri-reforming of such flue gases with natural gas could be an important route for CO₂ emission avoidance. In addition, by combining the carbothermic reduction of iron oxide with the partial oxidation of the carbon source, an overall thermoneutral process can be designed for the co-production of iron and syngas rich in CO. Water-gas shift (WGS) of CO to H₂ enables the production of useful syngas. The reaction process heat, or the conditions for thermoneutrality, are derived by thermochemical equilibrium calculations. The thermodynamic constraints are determined for the production of syngas suitable for methanol, hydrogen, or ammonia synthesis. The environmental and economic consequences are assessed for large-scale commercial production of these chemical commodities. Preliminary evaluations with natural gas, coke, or coal as carbon source indicate that such combined processes should be economically competitive, as well as promising significant fuel saving and CO₂ emission avoidance. The production of ammonia in the above processes seems particularly attractive, as it consumes the nitrogen in the flue gases.     

Design and optimization of reforming hydrogen production reaction system for automobile fuel cell

Mathematical modeling and simulation analysis of the dimethyl ether steam reforming reaction system were carried out in the study. The numerical results of simulation and experiment were consistent. The effects of reaction conditions on the conversion of dimethyl ether and hydrogen production were analyzed. The internal structure of the reforming reactor was adjusted to obtain higher hydrogen production efficiency. The study established the reforming hydrogen production industry system, and analyzed the thermal efficiency of the system. The results show that when the temperature of the conversion bed is 673 K, the inlet flow rate of the mixture gas is 0.5 ms^?1 and the ratio of water to ether is 3, the dimethyl ether steam reforming reaction system could obtain the dimethyl ether conversion rate of 90%, the hydrogen production rate of 88% and system thermal efficiency of 74%.     

阿坝州以水电和地矿资源为优势的电化学工业综合利用发展规划

四川阿坝州地区地处高原山区,拥有水电和地矿资源优势,以该优势为基础,规划了资源综合利用循环经济型发展项目。利用阿坝州山区水电资源发展高效电化学化工产业,以45×104t/a氯酸钠和30×104t/a电石为基础,将氯酸钠电解尾气(H2)和电石炉(采用密闭式电石炉)尾气(CO、CO2)回收充分利用合成甲醇,再以甲醇为原料生产高附加值下游产品——二甲醚、甲醇蛋白、甲醛、脲醛树脂、中(高)密度纤维板。形成了40×104～50×104t/a氯酸钾,30×104t/a电石,15×104t/a甲醇,5.0×104t/a二甲醚,2.0×104t/a甲醇蛋白,8.0×104t/a甲醛,12×104t/a脲醛树脂,30×104m3中、高密度纤维板的生产规模。项目总投资21.71亿元,年销售收入为45.59亿元,年利税达到10.29亿元。回收尾气可增产15×104t/a甲醇,所用甲醇合成工艺比常规工艺能耗降低1/3,除了可观的经济效益外,每年还可减排CO223.3×104t,实现了保护生态、振兴地方经济的科学发展。     

The effect of flow type patterns in a novel thermally coupled reactor for simultaneous direct dimethyl ether (DME) and hydrogen production

Dimethyl ether (DME) has gained wide interest in chemical industry regarding its use as a multi-source, multi-purpose fuel either for diesel engines or as a clean alternative for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The direct synthesis of DME from syngas would be more economical and beneficial in comparison to the indirect process via methanol dehydration. In this study, one type of the multifunctional auto-thermal reactors (the recuperative one) is selected in which the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) is coupled with the catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene in a two fixed bed reactor separated by a solid wall, where heat is transferred across the surface of tube. Steady-state, heterogeneous, one-dimensional model has been used to describe the performance of this novel configuration. Both co-current and counter-current operating modes are investigated and the simulation results are compared with the available data of a pipe-shell fixed bed reactor for direct DME synthesis which operates at the same feed conditions. In addition, the influence of the molar flow rate of exothermic and endothermic stream on the reactor performance is also investigated. The results suggest that coupling of these reactions could be feasible and beneficial and the co-current mode has got better performance in DME and hydrogen production. In order to establish the validity and safety handling of the new concept, an experimental proof is required.     

Original hybrid membrane-catalytic reactor for the Co-Production of syngas and ultrapure hydrogen in the processes of dry and steam reforming of methane,ethanol and DME

An original hybrid membrane-catalytic reactor (HMCR) was developed for the co-production of syngas and ultrapure hydrogen from fossil and renewable organic sources (methane and ethanol), as well as from synthetic feedstock (dimethyl ether) via dry and steam reforming. HMCR is a facility in which a porous ceramic catalytic converter prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is integrated with a hydrogen-selective palladium-containing membrane. Due to separation of hydrogen from the reaction site and according to Le Chatelier-Brown principle it enables reforming to proceed effectively under milder temperature conditions as compared to a conventional reactor with a stationary bulk catalyst bed. On the basis of HMCR there can be developed mobile and small-size ultrapure hydrogen production units for fine processes of organic synthesis and electricity generation.