Mg-Al CLDHs/H2O2体系降解结晶紫染料废水的研究

以Mg-Al CLDHs (Calcined Mg-Al layered double hydroxide)和H2O2组成的类芬顿体系催化降解结晶紫(Crystal violet,CV)染料废水.考察了pH值、催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、染料起始浓度、反应温度、反应时间等因素的影响,并对Mg-Al CLDHs催化剂的再生能力进行了测试.结果表明:对浓度为40 mg/L的结晶紫溶液,当Mg-AlCLDHs用量为0.005 g,H2O2用量为1 mL,pH为7.0,降解温度为35℃,反应时间为15 min,结晶紫脱色率98％以上,催化剂再生性良好.动力学研究表明该反应符合一级动力学模型,35℃时速率常数为0.28 min-1,表观活化能为46.03 kJ·mol-1.     

超声/过氧化氢联合降解苯酚废水的研究

采用超声波/过氧化氢(US/H2O2)工艺对苯酚模拟废水进行了降解,考察了处理时间、苯酚溶液的初始pH值、初始浓度、反应温度等对降解效果的影响.实验结果表明:在单一超声波辐照或过氧化氢氧化下苯酚的降解率低,而两者联合降解效果明显提高,表明存在协同效应.在苯酚废水初始浓度为50mg/L、初始pH值3.01、反应温度25℃、处理时间180min在US/H2O2共同作用下,苯酚降解率为52.2%.苯酚在US/H2O2工艺中的降解反应符合表观一级反应动力学.     

H_2O_2/TiO_2超声协同光降解活性艳橙的研究

以活性艳橙溶液为模拟废水,通过H2O2/TiO2超声(US)协同作用光降解活性艳橙溶液,探讨了TiO2催化剂用量、H2O2用量、活性艳橙溶液的初始浓度、pH值、TiO2催化剂锻烧温度等对活性艳橙溶液降解率的影响,并比较了几种不同作用方式对活性艳橙溶液的降解效果.结果表明:UV/H2O2/TiO2/US协同作用降解活性艳橙溶液的效果最好;当活性艳橙溶液的初始浓度为20 mg.L-1,pH=5,TiO2用量为0.4 g.L-1,H2O2用量为0.4 ml.L-1时,降解率可达92.06%.     

马铃薯过氧化物酶催化氧化快速降解双酚A

通过构建双水相萃取体系,从马铃薯淀粉加工废水中萃取过氧化物酶,再经透析、冻干得马铃薯过氧化物酶固体酶粉,用于催化H_2O_2快速降解双酚A(BPA)。结果表明,在室温,pH为6,200 U/mL马铃薯过氧化物酶催化1.0 mmol/L H_2O_2氧化初始浓度为0.8 mmol/L BPA的条件下,反应10 min后,BPA的降解率可达99%以上,对于修复水体具有极大的潜在应用价值。     

类Fenton试剂ZnFe_2O_4的制备及其光催化降解双酚A的性能研究

通过水热法制备了Zn Fe2O4催化剂,使用扫描透射电镜、能量分散谱仪和X射线衍射仪等表征手段分析其微观形貌、化学组成和晶体类型;研究了其对双酚A(BPA)废水的光催化降解性能,考察H2O2投加量、催化剂循环使用次数对催化降解效果的影响。结果表明,所制备的Zn Fe2O4为木屑状、具有微孔结构的立方尖晶石型材料;单一Zn F2O4在紫外光激发下对BPA废水具有光催化降解能力,反应120 min,BPA降解率为81.6%;在添加H2O2后,系统催化性能得到提升,反应90 min,BPA降解率高达98.5%;优化的H2O2投入浓度为1 mmol/L。所制备Zn Fe2O4有稳定的催化能力,可循环利用。     

Fe(NO3)3-太阳光催化降解双酚A的研究

采用Fe(NO3)3为催化剂,在自然光照射下对双酚A的降解过程进行了研究。考察了Fe(NO3)3用量、体系的pH值、双酚A初始浓度、光照时间等因素对双酚A降解效率的影响,并测定了双酚A的CODCr去除率。结果表明,当Fe(NO3)3和双酚 A 摩尔比为0.8：1、体系pH为3、双酚A初始浓度为10 mg/L时,经太阳光照射降解三天,双酚A 的降解率可达到99.4%,其COD去除率可达到66.8%。     

BiFeO3/H2O2体系有效降解酸性复红染料废水的研究

以BiFeO3和H2O2组成非均相类Fenton体系催化降解酸性复红(acidic fuchsin)染料废水.探讨了过氧化氢用量、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、染料初始浓度以及pH值等因素的影响.实验结果显示在过氧化氢体积百分数为0.65％、反应时间为50 min、反应温度为303 K、催化剂用量为0.45 g/L、酸性复红溶液初始浓度为120 mg/L和pH值为7.5的最优条件下,废水脱色率＞99％.降解过程动力学的初步研究说明该过程符合一级动力学方程,在303 K时表观速率常数和表观活化能分别为0.1011 min-1、23.04 kJ/mol.     

CuCe氧化物催化剂的制备及CWPO降解双酚A废水研究

为解决Fenton法存在活性组分流失及通常在pH 2～3条件下运行的局限性,采用柠檬酸络合法制备了CuCe氧化物催化剂,建立了双酚A非均相催化湿式过氧化氢氧化（CWPO）反应体系。考察了焙烧温度、Cu/Ce摩尔比、H₂O₂用量、双酚A初始浓度和pH对催化剂物化结构和CWPO性能的影响。并分析了可能的降解路径。结果表明：催化剂具有良好的高温稳定性和pH适应性,在pH 1.6～7.9范围内对双酚A都具有较高的降解性能,不需要调节pH。在焙烧温度450℃、Cu/Ce摩尔比1.0、催化剂用量1 g·L^-1、H₂O₂用量196 mmol·L^-1、BPA浓度152 mg·L^-1、pH 6.6、反应温度75℃、反应95 min后,BPA和TOC去除率分别为91.8%和84.5%,Cu²⁺析出浓度为19.3 mg·L^-1。推测了双酚A可能的降解路径。     

固载型AC/TiO2催化剂光催化降解氨氮实验研究

利用溶胶壤胶法制备固载型AC/TiO2光催化剂来降解废水中氨氮,反应在流化床反应器中进行.研究了活性炭负载量、pH、曝气量、温度等因素对氨氮降解的影响.结果表明:固载型AC/TiO2催化剂对模拟氨氮废水的处理效果好.处理35mg/L的氨氮废水,当活性炭负载量为1.92％,pH=11,曝气量为69 mL/s,反应温度为60℃,反应2h后总氮的去除率可达98.02％.以活性炭颗粒为载体制备的AC/TiO2催化剂的光催化活性高,不流失,制作简单,可重复使用.     

纳米α-Fe2O3合成及光催化法处理染料中间体废水

用回流均匀沉淀法合成了纳米三氧化二铁粉体并对其进行了表征,所得产物均为高纯度纳米α-Fe2O3。探讨了干燥方式及煅烧温度等制备条件对催化剂性能的影响。以纳米三氧化二铁为催化剂,高压汞灯为光源,用光催化法处理染料中间体废水。考察了三氧化二铁用量、双氧水用量、pH、反应时间等因素对降解效果的影响,结果表明:Fe2O3/UV/H2O2体系能有效地降低废水中的CODCr,在三氧化二铁用量为1.50 g/L、双氧水用量为1.5‰(体积分数)、pH=3.0、300 W汞灯光照4 h的条件下,废水的CODCr从1 177 mg/L降到533 mg/L,去除率达到56.88%。太阳光/Fe2O3/H2O2体系处理废水,CODCr去除率也可达到48.50%。对处理前后废水中的有机污染物成分进行GC-MS分析,证明该法可有效地降解废水中大多数有害物质。     

Self-organized nano-crystallisation of BaF2 from Na2O/K2O/BaF2/Al2O3/SiO2 glasses

In glasses with the compositions (100 ? x)(2Na₂O·16K₂O·8Al₂O₃·74SiO₂)xBaF₂ (with x = 0 to 6), the glass transition temperature decreases with increasing BaF₂-concentration. Samples with x = 6 were thermally treated at temperatures in the range from 500 to 600 °C for 5–160 h. This leads to the crystallisation of BaF₂. The quantity of crystalline BaF₂ increases with increasing time of thermal treatment, while the mean crystallite size remains constant within the limits of error. The glass transformation temperature of partially crystallised samples increases with increasing crystallisation time and approaches a value equal to the temperature, at which the samples were treated. This is explained by the formation of a highly viscous layer enriched in SiO₂ which is formed during crystallisation. This layer acts as a diffusion barrier and hinders further crystal growth.     

The System Na2O-CaO-SiO2-H2O

A portion of the quaternary phase diagram for Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂-H₂O has been constructed. Plotting concentrations as their 10th roots allows compounds having solubilities which differ by several orders of magnitude to be represented on a single diagram. The compositional relationships among sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate, calcium-substituted sodium silicate hydrate, calcium bydroxide, a quaternary compound of approximate composition 0.25Na₂O · CaO · SiO₂· 3H₂O, sodium hydroxide monohydrate, and miscellaneous sodium silicate hydrates are presented. The quaternary diagram constructed shows the quaternary compound to exist in equilibrium with sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. Conditions in concrete pore solutions which favor the formation of this quaternary compound may also favor the occurrence of the alkali-silica reaction.     

Prediction of Immiscibility Boundaries of the Systems K2O-SiO2, K2O-Li20-SiO2, K20-Na2O-Si02, and K2O-BaO-SiO2

In earlier work, a prediction method of the immiscibility boundary of a ternary silicate glass system was developed involving two known binary immiscibility boundaries and a measured immiscibility temperature of one ternary glass composition. In the present work, the method is extended to the case where one of the two binary immiscibility boundaries is not known and is applied as an example to ternary silicate systems containing K₂O. First, the immiscibility boundary of the system K₂O-SiO₂ is estimated by measuring the immiscibility temperatures of three glasses in the system K₂O-Li₂O (or Na₂O)-SiO₂. Using this result the immiscibility boundaries of the systems K₂O-Li₂O-SiO₂, K₂O-Na₂O-SiO₂, and K₂O-BaO-SiO₂ are estimated. The results agree reasonably well with the experimentally determined immiscibility temperatures at selected compositions.     

复合固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化合成乳酸正丁酯的研究

合成了几种不同Zr、Al原子比的SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3复合固体超强酸,将其用于催化乳酸与正丁醇的酯化反应,均有较好的催化活性,尤以ZrAl=12的催化效果最好,经济性优于ZrO2超强酸催化剂.其最佳反应条件为酸醇摩尔比为13,催化剂用量为乳酸质量的10%,反应时间2～2.5h,酯化率达96.9%.该催化剂具有制备容易、催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用的优点.     

Some Properties of the System Na2O-NaF-B2O2-H2O

It was first shown that the enamel slips which have the best suspnding characteristics contain equal amounts of Na₂O and B₂O₃ and at least a moderate amount of NaF. The solubilities of mixtures of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ were then investigated. The pH of these solutions and the primary crystalline phases separating on evaporation also were determined. The solubility data obtained at room temperature were summarized. When the solutions were evaporated, NaF was the first crystalline phase to separate from a large proportion of the mixtures investigated. It was concluded that the desirable handling characteristics of enamels whose mill liquors contain the proper proportion of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ are not due to the formation of complex salts but to the following combination of properties: (1) the presence of salts with a moderate solubility which changes very slightly with temperature, (2) a moderate pH of about 10 in a probably well-buffered solution, (3) a relatively stable crystalline material, NaF, as a primary phase, and (4) a secondary phase which crystallizes slowly with relatively little shrinkage.     

固体超强酸SO^2—4／TiO2催化合成尿囊素的研究

用固体超强酸SO42/TiO2为催化剂,以尿素和乙醛酸为原料合成了尿囊素。得到最佳条件为TiO2在1mo1·L-1H2SO4溶液中浸渍12h,再在600℃焙烧3h;尿素与乙醛酸摩尔比3.51,催化剂9％,时间3h,温度72℃～75℃,产率达57.4％。     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

Phase Diagrams for the Systems MgCl2-MgF2, CaCl2-MgF2, and NaCl-MgF2

Equilibrium phase diagrams for the systems MgCl₂-MgF₂, CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ were determined by differential thermal analysis, thermal analysis, and temperature-composition equilibrium techniques. Simple eutectics were observed at 78.0±0.5 mol% MgCl₂ and 628°±2°C in the MgCl₂-MgF₂ system, at 87.5±0.5 mol% CaCl₂ and 694°±2°C in the CaCl₂-MgF₂ system, and at 95.5±0.5 mol% NaCl and 786°±3°C in the NaCl-MgF₂ system. The phase diagrams determined for these systems were compared with phase diagrams that were computed using Temkin's model. The phase diagrams of the CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ systems were also compared with diagrams that were computed using the expression suggested by Flood et al. for reciprocal systems. The experimentally determined and computed phase diagrams agreed for the MgCl₂-MgF₂ system but not for the CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ systems.     

Crystallization of zeolite L from Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

Zeolite L powder was prepared from the substrate mixture of Na₂O-K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system at temperatures of 373-443 K. In order to investigate the factors which influence the synthesis outcome, a reference system which yields zeolite L in a reproducible manner was chosen and subjected to controlled changes in synthesis parameters. The crystalline zeolite L samples obtained were characterized by elemental chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was established that phase purity, morphology, and the size of crystals of crystalline product were affected by molar ratios of the substrate, such as SiO₂/Al₂O₃, (K₂O+Na₂O)/SiO₂, Na₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O), and H₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O). Amorphous silica powder (Zeosil) was the preferred silica source, and the crystallization rate was promoted by introducing gel aging, seeding, and rapid heating rate.