Coupled TDIE-PO method for transient scattering from electrically large conducting objects

An efficient hybrid method based on the time domain integral equation (TDIE) coupled with physical optics (PO) is proposed for the transient scattering from electrically large conducting objects. The computational complexity of the proposed hybrid method is drastically reduced compared with full TDIE, and the accuracy is improved compared with only PO. The numerical results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the hybrid method.     

MLFMA-based quasi-direct analysis of scattering from electrically large targets

The multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is traditionally employed in the context of an iterative matrix solver, in which the MLFMA is utilized to implement the underlying matrix product with NlogN complexity, where N represents the number of unknowns. The total computational complexity of such an approach is order PNlogN, where P represents the number of iterations required for convergence of the iterative-solver (e.g. conjugate gradients) to a desired accuracy. Many electromagnetic-scattering problems are poorly conditioned, and therefore P is often large. Rather than applying an iterative matrix solver, we perform a matrix product involving the inverse of the impedance matrix. By using the properties of the MLFMA, this process is performed very efficiently for electrically large problems. In particular, numerical experiments indicate that this new formulation (which avoids the iteration count P) is often significantly faster than the traditional iterative MLFMA solution, while requiring the same computer memory. The basic theory is described, and several examples are presented.     

An adaptive multiresolution approach to the simulation of planarstructures

An efficient approach for the full-wave analysis of printed structures is presented. It is based on the use of vector multiresolution (MR) functions in conjunction with the impedance matrix compression (IMC) technique, which leads to a reduced set of iteratively selected basis functions. The multilevel structure of the functions makes the matrix compression possible and also allows its further sparsification, with the subsequent reduction of the computational time and the matrix memory occupancy. Numerical results confirm the efficiency of the technique     

电大尺寸开口腔体电磁散射的子结构法研究

将子结构法与矢量有限元法相结合对无限大接地的三维开口腔体的电磁散射特性进行分析.将原尺寸较大的腔体分解成若干个不重叠的子腔体,在各子腔体内应用矢量有限元法进行分析,在原腔体开口面应用边界积分方程描述.通过求解容量矩阵获得子腔体之间连接边界上的场值,可以快速获得腔体开口面上的场值,极大地减少了存储量和计算量,易于对电大尺寸腔体的电磁散射问题进行分析.数值算例验证了该方法的准确性和高效性.     

An iterative method for solving scattering problems

An iterative method is developed for computing the current induced by plane wave excitation on conducting bodies of arbitrary shape. In this method, the scattering body is divided into lit- and shadow-side regions separated by the geometric optics boundary. The induced current at any point on the surface of the scatterer is expressed as the sum of an approximate optics current and a correction current. Both of these currents are computed by iteration for the lit and shadow regions separately. The general theory is presented and applied to the problems of scattering from a two-dimensional cylinder of circular and square cross sections. The results are compared with the method of moments and good agreement is obtained. This method does not give erroneous results at internal resonances of the scatterer, does not suffer from computer storage problems and can be extended to nonperfect conductors as well as to three-dimensional bodies.     

改进的IPO与FEM混合法分析复杂电大腔体电磁散射

对传统的迭代物理光学法(IPO)进行了改进,使之适合于分析具有非完纯导电边界的电磁问题,并与矢量有限元方法(FEM)相结合,对内壁涂敷介质的具有复杂终端结构的电大尺寸腔体的电磁散射特性进行分析.通过Fresnel反射系数,利用IPO方法处理腔体内壁比较平滑的介质涂敷区域,在结构复杂的终端区域,利用FEM进行分析.利用交界面上场强连续条件实现两个区域之间的电磁耦合.通过迭代,计算出腔体内部稳定的电磁场分布,进而获得整个腔体的散射特性.由于在介质涂敷附近区域避免了FEM处理过程,从而可以节省大量计算时间和内存消耗.     

大尺寸均匀有耗球电磁散射的算法

给出了一种用于计算大尺寸均匀有耗球电磁散射的算法,克服了直接利用Ｍｉｅ理论递堆公式在大尺寸时数值解的不确定性,在直接利用Ｍｉｅ理论递推公式适用的大尺寸范围内其数值数与直接利用Ｍｉｅ理论递推公式计算的数值解精度相当。     

A time-frequency analysis method for radar scattering

A time-frequency analysis method to study electromagnetic scattering is presented and demonstrated using canonical objects. The time-frequency analysis method utilizes the Bargmann transform to formulate the signal representation in phase space. The use of the Bargmann transform leads to an attractive parametric signal representation in terms of complex polynomials, and elliptical filters can be constructed to crop or extract selected areas of the phase plane. The signal representation and filtering operations are demonstrated using scattering responses from spheres and thin wires, and the prominent scattering features are identified and extracted     

A fast-domain decomposition method for the solution ofelectromagnetic scattering by large objects

A nonoverlapping domain decomposition method is proposed for the finite element solution of the scattering problem by electrically large, inhomogeneous, infinite cylinders of arbitrary cross section. To minimize the size of the total computational domain, a second-order-absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is applied upon an outer boundary of arbitrary shape which may be conformal to the surface of the scatterer. This domain is then partitioned into concentric subdomains circumscribing the object. A second-order transmission condition, derived from the ABC, is prescribed upon the interfaces between two adjacent subdomains. This particular configuration is responsible for the fast convergence of the domain decomposition iterative algorithm, which is parallelizable. Numerical results obtained with a nonparallelized computer code are presented, which emphasize the superiority of this technique in terms of memory storage requirements and computing times over the standard finite element approach, as well as over the rigorous hybrid finite element-integral equation formulation     

A method for computing scattering by large arrays of narrow strips

The electromagnetic scattering characteristics of an array of narrow, conducting strips can he developed readily by extending the work of Butler and Wilton who show that Chebyshev polynomials augmented with the edge condition can be used to solve the narrow-strip/narrow-slot integral equations. The strips reside in a homogeneous medium of infinite extent and are considered narrow relative to wavelength in the medium at the frequency of excitation. The unknown current distributions on the strips are represented as linear combinations of certain basis functions that are exact solutions to the approximate equation for an isolated narrow strip subject to a special excitation. The resulting power-series treatment allows easy calculation of the coupling terms among the strips in the array in a simple matrix equation by which the unknown coefficients in the current distribution expansions may be readily computed. With these coefficients, one can obtain the distribution of current on each strip and the total scattered field. The method is particularly well suited for handling large arrays with more strips than could be accommodated by the usual moment method. Numerical data-currents and scattered fields-are presented for various cases of interest.     

Reduction of the number of unknowns in large stacked planarstructures by a fringe aperture formulation

For scattering problems comprising a combination of planar structures, the total number of unknowns may be significantly reduced if an aperture formulation is employed rather than a patch formulation. The rationale behind using the aperture formulation is based on the recognition that the decay rate of the scattered aperture field is independent of the size of the scatterer. Therefore, any scatterer may be surrounded by an aperture of fixed width over which an integral equation is formulated. The area of this aperture is proportional to the perimeter of the scatterer rather than its area, and it becomes much smaller compared with the entire scatterer area as the size of the scatterer increases, hence the reduction in the number of independent unknowns. A truncation criterion for the finite aperture is determined via a numerical study of the aperture field behavior for various angles of incidence. In addition, the a priori knowledge of the physical optics component is also taken into account, reducing the unknown function to an aperture field component that is the outcome of the remaining fringe current only. The total current distribution can be subsequently derived from this field by adding the known physical optics field and invoking the inverse of the Green's function in the spectral domain. This analysis of isolated planar scatterers results in a spectral scattering matrix representation that is subsequently used for cascading of stacked structures     

介质体电磁散射的偶极子模型法研究

提出用偶极子模型法来分析介质体的电磁散射.该方法以矩量法和Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson(SWG)基函数为基础,把介质体剖分成一定数量的四面体元.在介质体内,把含有公共面的体元对等效成电偶极子;在介质体表面,把边界面及其对应的体元等效成电偶极子.当等效偶板子单元离观察点大于临界距离时,用偶极子模型法计算阻抗矩阵元素.偶极子模型法简单易操作,不仅能大幅度降低阻抗矩阵的计算时间,还简化了边界条件的处理.数值结果表明了该方法的高效性及与原方法几乎相同的计算精度.     

Forward-backward method for scattering from imperfect conductors

The previously developed forward-backward method for calculating scattering from perfectly conducting azimuthally homogeneous surfaces is extended to imperfect conductors, where the dielectric constant has a large imaginary part such as sea water at X-band (10 GHz). An example shows that highly accurate results at X-band are obtained for the case of a steepened sea wave     

An efficient large systems analysis method using system dynamic behavior

This paper presents our unified approach to the solution of large system analysis problems. The macromodular behavioral technique combines multiple-logic function macromodeling, functional latency and nested macromodel. We take advantage of the dynamic behavior and the repetitive modular structure of a system to improve the computational efficiency during system analysis. Several Bipolar and MOSFET electronic networks are used to demonstrate the merits of the macromodular behavioral method for large system analysis.Parts of the paper have been presented at the 16th Design Automation Conference (1979) and at the 1980 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.     

Analysis of scattering from rough surfaces at large incidenceangles using a periodic-surface moment method

The moment method is used to calculate electromagnetic backscattering from one-dimensionally rough surfaces at near-grazing incidence (angles of incidence up to 89°). A periodic representation of the scattering surface is used to prevent edge effects in the calculated scattering without the use of an artificial illumination weighting function. A set of universal series common to all elements of the moment interaction matrix are derived that allow the efficient application of the moment method to the periodic surface. Comparison with other moment method implementations demonstrates the efficiency of this approach. The scattering from surfaces with Gaussian roughness spectra is calculated at both horizontal and vertical polarizations, and the results are compared with the theoretical predictions of the small-perturbation method (SPM) and Kirchhoff approximation (KA). SPM shows the expected loss of accuracy in predicting the vertically polarized backscattering from small-roughness, short-correlation-length surfaces at large incidence angles. SPM accurately predicts the backscattering from the same type of surface at incidence up to 89° at horizontal polarization, KA provides accurate estimates of the scattering from long correlation-length surfaces as long as the incidence angle is small enough that surface self-shadowing does not occur. When shadowing occurs, KA severely underpredicts vertically polarized backscattering and less severely overpredicts backscattering at horizontal polarization     

Implementation of a forward-backward procedure for the fast analysis of electromagnetic radiation/scattering from two-dimensional large phased arrays

Forward-backward method (FBM) was successfully developed for the analysis of electromagnetic radiation/scattering from one-dimensional (1-D) phased array in an efficiency appealing fashion. The FBM applications to treat 2-D array problems are developed in this paper. Acceleration algorithm, performing better than the novel spectrum acceleration algorithm used for 1-D FBM computation, is also developed for this 2-D FBM so the unique advantages of high efficiency and O(N/sub tot/) computational complexity as in the 1-D problems can be retained where N/sub tot/ is the total number of array element. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its validity.     

分析大口径凹形结构散射的一种混合射线方法

在大口径凹形结构散射的特点及有关分析方法的基础上,提出了一类基于复射线方法和几何绕射方法的分析处理大口径凹形结构散射的混合射线方法,即用复射线法计算反射场,以几体绕射法来计算边缘绕射场。基于所设计的便于工程上实现的计算流程,有关分析及相关结果说明了这一方法的可行性和可靠性。     

Forward-backward method for scattering from dielectric rough surfaces

The iterative forward-backward (FB) method is a recently proposed efficient technique for numerical evaluation of scattering from perfectly conducting rough surfaces. Extension of the method to include scattering from imperfect conducting surfaces, with a high imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant, has also been proposed. The FB method is further generalized to analyze scattering from dielectric rough surfaces with arbitrary complex dielectric constant. Electric and magnetic equivalent surface currents are split into forward and backward components and equations governing these current components are obtained. As a solution, an iterative scheme is proposed and its convergence rate is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is assessed by comparing the obtained scattering results with "exact" ones, computed by employing the usual method of moments (MoM).     

Higher order hybrid method of moments-physical optics modeling technique for radiation and scattering from large perfectly conducting surfaces

An efficient and accurate higher order, large-domain hybrid computational technique based on the method of moments (MoM) and physical optics (PO) is proposed for analysis of large antennas and scatterers composed of perfectly conducting surfaces of arbitrary shapes. The technique utilizes large generalized curvilinear quadrilaterals of arbitrary geometrical orders in both the MoM and PO regions. It employs higher order divergence-conforming hierarchical polynomial basis functions in the context of the Galerkin method in the MoM region and higher order divergence-conforming interpolatory Chebyshev-type polynomial basis functions in conjunction with a point-matching method in the PO region. The results obtained by the higher order MoM-PO are validated against the results of the full MoM analysis in three characteristic realistic examples. The truly higher order and large-domain nature of the technique in both MoM and PO regions enables a very substantial reduction in the number of unknowns and increase in accuracy and efficiency when compared to the low-order, small-domain MoM-PO solutions. The PO part of the proposed technique, on the other hand, allows for a dramatic reduction in the computation time and memory with respect to the pure MoM higher order technique, which greatly extends the practicality of the higher order MoM with a smooth transition between low- and high-frequency applications.     

A hybrid SBR/MoM technique for analysis of scattering from smallprotrusions on a large conducting body

A hybrid technique combining the shooting-and-bouncing-ray (SBR) method and the method-of-moments (MoM) is presented for analyzing scattering by large conducting bodies having small protrusions. In this technique, the MoM with an approximate Green's function is used to characterize the small protrusions, yielding an admittance matrix, which, when multiplied with the incident field on the protrusions, yields the currents induced on the protrusions. The incident field in the presence of the large bodies is calculated using the SBR method. The field radiated by the currents on the protrusions is also calculated using the SBR method with the aid of reciprocity. Furthermore, an iterative approach is developed, which can reduce the error introduced by the use of the approximate Green's function, Numerical results are given to demonstrate the accuracy and capability of the hybrid technique