木姜子属挥发油成分及其生物活性研究概况

综述了木姜子属植物的分布、挥发油成分、生物活性等方面的研究工作;为木姜子属药用植物的系统分类提供了化学依据,并为评价该属植物的药用价值提供参考。     

Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A Review of Its Traditional Uses,Isolated Acetogenins and Biological Activities

Annona muricata is a member of the Annonaceae family and is a fruit tree with a long history of traditional use. A. muricata, also known as soursop, graviola and guanabana, is an evergreen plant that is mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The fruits of A. muricata are extensively used to prepare syrups, candies, beverages, ice creams and shakes. A wide array of ethnomedicinal activities is contributed to different parts of A. muricata, and indigenous communities in Africa and South America extensively use this plant in their folk medicine. Numerous investigations have substantiated these activities, including anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-arthritic, antiparasitic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activities. Phytochemical studies reveal that annonaceous acetogenins are the major constituents of A. muricata. More than 100 annonaceous acetogenins have been isolated from leaves, barks, seeds, roots and fruits of A. muricata. In view of the immense studies on A. muricata, this review strives to unite available information regarding its phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities.     

Antifungal Activities and Chemical Composition of Wood and Leaf Essential Oils from Cunninghamia konishii

Abstract

In this study antifungal activities of essential oils from wood and leaf and their constituents of Cunninghamia konishii against four wood decay fungi and six plant pathogenic fungi were investigated. GC and GC-MS analyses show that the major compounds of wood essential oil were cedrol and α-pinene, while those of leaf essential oil were α-pinene and p-cymene. Antifungal tests demonstrated the wood oil from C. konishii used against Trametes versicolor, Lenzites betulina, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Gloeophyllum trabeum and leaf oil from C. konishii used against L. sulphureus had strong antifungal activities. Moreover, wood oil used against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Pestalotiopsis funereal, and Ganoderma australe also had strong antifungal activities. Among the seven constituents of wood oil, cedrol displayed the best antifungal properties, indicating that it may be used as potential antifungal agents for the control of fungal diseases in plants.     

Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Piper caninum Blume

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the fresh leaves and stems oils of Piper caninum were investigated. A total of forty eight constituents were identified in the leaves (77.9%) and stems (87.0%) oil which were characterized by high proportions of phenylpropanoid, safrole with 17.1% for leaves and 25.5% for stems oil. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by using β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, DPPH radical scavenging and total phenolic content. Stems oil showed the highest inhibitory activity towards lipid peroxidation (114.9 ± 0.9%), compared to BHT (95.5 ± 0.5%), while leaves oil showed significant total phenolic content (27.4 ± 0.5 mg GA/g) equivalent to gallic acid. However, the essential oils showed weak activity towards DPPH free-radical scavenging. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity revealed that both oils exhibited strong activity against all bacteria strains with MIC values in the range 62.5 to 250 μg/mL, but weak activity against fungal strains. These findings suggest that the essential oils can be used as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for therapeutic, nutraceutical industries and food manufactures.     

肖梵天花挥发油的气相色谱-质谱分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取肖梵天花叶中的挥发油,用GC—MS法进行分析鉴定。该挥发油用气相色谱法分离得到37个色谱峰,并且鉴定出其中24种化学成分。肖梵天花挥发油中主要成分为二环[3．2．2]壬-6-烯-3-酮（10．554％）,戊酸癸酯（9．511％）,3,5,5-三甲基2-环己烯酮（8．772％）,3,4,5-三甲基己烯（5743％）等。     

压榨法与蒸馏法提取柑橘香精油的比较研究

为寻找一条适合工业连续生产的低成本、低能耗、高效率的柑橘香精油生产工艺路线,用水蒸气蒸馏和压榨法提取柑橘香精油。通过对两种方法比较发现:水蒸气蒸馏的柑橘油为无色液体,出油率为1.2%～2.1%,增加破碎度和添加氯化铵可以提高出油率;利用压榨法生产的香精油,色泽为淡黄色液体,出油率较低,为1.0%～1.6%,但有较佳的气味,其香气更接近于天然鲜橘果香,压榨后的残渣仍可用水蒸气蒸馏法提取得到部分橘油。压榨法适合于工业大规模连续生产柑橘香精油。     

植物精油的生物活性及其在有害生物控制上的应用

植物精油是一类广泛应用于食品、医药、化妆品的植物次生代谢物,很多精油具有杀虫、抗菌活性.就植物精油在有害生物控制上的应用,简要概述了植物精油的杀虫、杀菌活性及精油在有害生物防治中的可能用途和经济可行性.     

赤桉和本泌桉叶精油的化学成分研究

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了赤桉叶和本泌桉叶精油,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法分析鉴定了二者的化学成分及质量分数。赤桉叶精油共鉴定出57种化合物,占总离子流出峰面积的94.81%,主要成分为w(1,8-桉叶油素)=50.17%,其后依次是w(α-蒎烯)=8.53%、w(蓝桉醇)=5.65%、w(乙酸松油酯)=3.69%、w(α-松油醇)=3.58%;本泌桉叶精油共鉴定出45种化合物,占总离子流出峰面积的90.93%,主要成分为w(α-蒎烯)=31.00%、w(蓝桉醇)=15.34%、w(香树烯)=13.80%和w(表蓝桉醇)=4.86%。     

A Recent Insight Regarding the Phytochemistry and Bioactivity of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil

Origanum vulgare L. is a widely used aromatic plant, especially due to its content in essential oil, mainly rich in carvacrol and thymol. The ethnopharmacological uses of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OEO) comprise digestive, respiratory, or dermatological disorders. The review focuses on the increasing number of recent studies investigating several biological activities of OEO. The bioactivities are in tight relation to the phytochemical profile of the essential oil, and also depend on taxonomic, climatic, and geographical characteristics of the plant material. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, skin disorders beneficial effects, next to antihyperglycemic and anti-Alzheimer activities were reported and confirmed in multiple studies. Moreover, recent studies indicate a positive impact on skin disorders of OEO formulated as nanocarrier systems in order to improve its bioavailability and, thus, enhancing its therapeutic benefits. The review brings an up to date regarding the phytochemistry and bioactivity of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil, underlining also the most successful pharmaceutical formulation used for skin disorders.     

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of the Essential Oils of Two Saltcedar Species from Tunisia

The chemical composition of the volatile constituents from the flowering parts of Suaeda fructicosa and Limonium echioides were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Sixty-five compounds were identified in L. echioides aerial parts. 48 out of 65 were found common to the aerial part of S. fructicosa. Palmitic acid was found as a predominant compound in both tested halophytic oils. Furthermore, the essential oil was tested against six bacteria and four fungi at different concentrations. Both oils, tested at 0.5 and 0.8 mg ml⁻¹, inhibited the visible growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, but no antibacterial effect was detected against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, both halophytic oils failed to show antifungal activity against all the test fungi when applied at 80, 200 and 500 μg/disc.     

精油标准中气相色谱图像的建立与应用

气相色谱图像与物理化学特性一样,是评估精油质量的参数之一。着重介绍了精油标准中气相色谱图像的建立与应用,并通过对我国已有的香料标准进行整理,总结了我国已建立气相色谱图像的精油标准。     

三种黄皮属植物叶挥发油化学成分的研究

利用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取了3种黄皮属植物齿叶黄皮、黄皮和光滑黄皮叶的挥发油,经毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用仪 (GC-MS)分析,分别分离出38、81和28个峰,鉴定了其中的34、62和19种成分,所鉴定成分占挥发油总量的99.64%、92.85%和94.40%。挥发油的主要成分是单萜、倍半萜、酚类衍生物和脂肪族类化合物。     

小蓬草鲜花和鲜果精油挥发性组分分析

利用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对水蒸气蒸馏提取小蓬草鲜花和鲜果精油的挥发性组分进行了分析,结果表明精油组分中匹配度96%以上的共5种化合物:烃类化合物2种,醇类化合物2种,酮类化合物1种。其中含有常用作香料的顺式-2-甲基-5-异丙烯基-2-环己烯-1-醇(顺式香芹醇)、反式-2-甲基-5-异丙烯基-2-环己烯-1-醇(反式香芹醇)和(s)-2-甲基-5-异丙烯基-2-环己烯-1-酮 (s-香芹酮),此外还含有2,6-二甲基-6-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)双环庚-2-烯。萜类化合物、脂肪酮具有化感作用,小蓬草鲜花和鲜果精油具有开发为香料、除草剂的潜在价值。     

不同倍性种苗香叶油的化学成分

以香叶天竺葵的不同倍性组培苗为研究材料,对不同采样时间的香叶油进行气相色谱分析,比较其香气特征。结果表明：常规组培苗和染色体加倍苗的香叶油的化学成分相同,且各个成分含量随月份变化的规律一致,但在各成分的含量上有差异。多倍体组培苗香叶油中香叶醇、异薄荷酮的含量较高,而常规组培苗香叶油中香茅醇、甲酸香茅酯、乙酸香茅酯的含量较高。常规组培苗香叶油主要指标成分含量分别为香茅醇30.83%～38.25%、香叶醇5.30%～9.72%、β-古芸烯3.71%～5.50%,多倍体组培苗香叶油主要指标成分含量分别为香茅醇26.1%～38.8%、香叶醇5.94%～14.81%、β-古芸烯3.21%～6.16%。     

Maternal Reproductive Toxicity of Some Essential Oils and Their Constituents

Even though several plants can improve the female reproductive function, the use of herbs, herbal preparations, or essential oils during pregnancy is questionable. This review is focused on the effects of some essential oils and their constituents on the female reproductive system during pregnancy and on the development of the fetus. The major concerns include causing abortion, reproductive hormone modulation, maternal toxicity, teratogenicity, and embryo-fetotoxicity. This work summarizes the important studies on the reproductive effects of essential oil constituents anethole, apiole, citral, camphor, thymoquinone, trans-sabinyl acetate, methyl salicylate, thujone, pulegone, β-elemene, β-eudesmol, and costus lactone, among others.     

考察不同发酵时间对沉香精油提取率的影响

考察在自然发酵的情况下,发酵时间对沉香精油提取率的影响.采用在自然条件下,浸泡沉香分别发酵12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h后提取沉香精油,以挥发油得率(％)为指标,考察最佳发酵时间(h).结果发现,发酵24 h所得的沉香精油的得率最高.     

Therapeutic Effect and Mechanisms of Essential Oils in Mood Disorders: Interaction between the Nervous and Respiratory Systems

Essential oils (EOs) are extracted from plants and contain active components with therapeutic effects. Evidence shows that various types of EOs have a wide range of health benefits. In our previous studies, the potential of lavender EO for prevention and even treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms was demonstrated. The favourable outcomes may be due to multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of monoamine level, the induction of neurotrophic factor expression, the regulation of the endocrine system and the promotion of neurogenesis. The molecules of EOs may reach the brain and exert an effect through two distinctive pathways, namely, the olfactory system and the respiratory system. After inhalation, the molecules of the EOs would either act directly on the olfactory mucosa or pass into the respiratory tract. These two delivery pathways suggest different underlying mechanisms of action. Different sets of responses would be triggered, such as increased neurogenesis, regulation of hormonal levels, activation of different brain regions, and alteration in blood biochemistry, which would ultimately affect both mood and emotion. In this review, we will discuss the clinical effects of EOs on mood regulation and emotional disturbances as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Emphasis will be put on the interaction between the respiratory and central nervous system and the involved potential mechanisms. Further evidence is needed to support the use of EOs in the clinical treatment of mood disturbances. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms may provide insight into the future therapeutic use of EO components treatment of psychiatric and physical symptoms.     

植物精油及化合物对埃及伊蚊幼虫的生物活性

植物精油及化合物对登革热的主要媒介埃及伊蚊幼虫具有杀幼虫活性。从269种植物中提取的361个植物精油中,超过60%具有较高的生物活性(LC_(50)100 mg/L),这些植物主要为桃金娘科、唇形科和芸香科。精油中富含苯丙烷类、倍半萜烯类和单萜烯类物质具有最高的活性。着重介绍了植物精油对埃及伊蚊幼虫的活性、影响精油的活性因素、分子结构与活性相关性及精油及化合物的作用机理。     

联合提取柑桔皮中精油、色素、果胶和橙皮苷

研究了从柑桔皮中连续提取精油、色素、果胶、橙皮苷的总工艺流程及适宜的工艺条件。制得的各产品符合要求、得率较高。该综合工艺路线成本较低,使桔皮得到充分利用。