焦炉荒煤气显热深度回收热力计算分析

针对焦炉荒煤气显热回收中受热面布置空间小及受热表面结焦致使热回收难以持续等问题,提出下降管多层膜式壁换热结构,且在热回收低温段采取镍涂层、喷氨等除焦措施,对荒煤气显热进行深度回收。热力计算结果表明:入口流量400 Nm~3/h、温度750℃的荒煤气在经过上升管换热器回收部分显热后,再通过下降管热回收装置最终出口平均温度可达301.3℃,突破了由于焦油凝析结焦带来的荒煤气出口温度的限制,下降管换热器可产生1.9 MPa饱和蒸汽174 kg/h,系统总热回收效率高达65%,可实现显热深度回收利用。     

利用空气—土壤换热系统对温室降温除湿的分析

叙述了利用FLUENT6.3软件中的组分输运模型及多相流模型,对置于温室外的空气—土壤换热器（SHESS）进行三维动态模拟,采用典型时段的气象参数,分析换热器在输入环境空气时出口温度和含湿量随时间的变化趋势。指出,埋管深4m的换热器,最大可将输入空气的温度降低10.9℃,平均可降低9.2℃;最大减少含湿量8.14g/kg.干,平均可减少3.86g/kg.干,得出,空气—土壤换热器在北方地区夏季对温室具有明显的降温除湿效果的结论。     

交替式热泵热机储能系统及效率分析

交替式热泵热机储能系统在用电低谷期转化弃电,在用电高峰期释能发电。对系统布雷顿循环中气体压缩/膨胀、换热、阻力损失等过程进行计算,得到每个过程前后的热力学参数,使用控制变量法分析各因素对效率的影响。在压缩机/透平效率取值0.85～0.95范围内做效率的热等值线图;工质分别选用氩气、氮气、二氧化碳、氨气和空气;由于熔盐受到熔点和器材使用温度的限制,选用储罐中唯一的温度变量低温导热油温度作为分析对象;最后,对换热器的换热温差/流动阻力两项参数同时进行研究。结果表明,透平/压缩机效率每变化1个百分点,总效率分别变化2.165和1.355个百分点。以二氧化碳为工质的系统总效率可达49.7%。低温导热油温度每下降10℃,总效率提高约1.44个百分点。选择换热器时,第一换热器应在低流动阻力的基础上换热温差尽可能小,第二换热器应在低换热温差的基础上流动阻力尽可能小。第一换热器中,流动阻力每增加1kPa,总效率降低约0.688个百分点,换热温差每增加1K,总效率降低约0.176个百分点;第二换热器中,流动阻力每增加1kPa,总效率降低约0.0767个百分点,换热温差每增加1K,总效率降低约0.189个百分点。通过4种物理参考方案设计,确定方案策略为透平/压缩机之间应优先选用更好的透平,且应首先保障第一换热器的低换热温差和第二换热器的低流动阻力。     

荆门石化气体分馏装置流程模拟技术应用

荆门石化总厂气体分馏装置处理能力为55×104t/a,采用脱丙烷塔、脱乙烷塔、丙烯塔(两塔)三塔流程。以该气体分馏装置为研究对象,采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件,建立与装置实际工况相符合的稳态流程模拟模型。利用此模型,对脱丙烷塔、脱乙烷塔、丙烯塔等进行灵敏度分析,研究各塔压力、热负荷、回流比等参数间的相互关系,并以模型为指导,对装置进行如下优化调整:脱丙烷塔顶控制压力由1.85MPa下调到1.40MPa,既能满足产品质量要求,又能大幅降低装置蒸汽消耗,塔顶温度和塔底温度均大幅下降,塔底温度由109℃降到95℃左右,蒸汽流量平均值下降约5t/h,使蒸汽单耗下降到约0.1kg标油/t,该装置综合能耗下降7.6kg标油/t。装置年开工时数按8400h计算,全年减少蒸汽消耗4.2×104t,蒸汽价格按150元/t计算,则全年共创节能效益630万元,装置能耗大幅降低。     

深层U型地热井仿真模拟及取热性能研究

为充分考虑地热梯度、提高模型计算效率,采用分段方法建立闭式U型井换热器的传热解析模型,并编写程序实现模型的耦合计算。利用系统实际运行数据对模型进行精度验证,并对入口温度和循环流量2个运行参数对地热井取热性能的影响进行分析。结果表明：经与以光纤传感器实测数据在沿程方向上的对比,该模型的平均相对误差为7.3%,模型精度满足工程使用要求。在保证基础负荷需求的前提下,地热井入口温度保持在5~16 ℃之间,循环流量在80 m³/h以上时,可保证地热井处于高效运行区间。在该工况区间内,降低入口温度比提高循环流量能获得更好的热经济性,合理的入口温度和循环流量的匹配调节能使地热井的供热能力提高10%。     

铁合金矿热炉余热发电双压系统的技术应用分析

基于铁合金矿热炉立式双压余热发电系统,首先对4台25500kV·A硅铁矿热炉冶进行了余热资源评估及?值分析,得出烟气余热?值为65528.24MJ/h,其次对过热器热端温差取40℃,蒸发器窄点温差取30℃,省煤器接近点温差取5.0℃,得出双压系统产生蒸汽1.55MPa、360℃、40.2t/h,蒸汽0.3MPa、180℃、7.5t/h,单压系统产生蒸汽1.15MPa、360℃、42.1t/h,双压系统比单压系统排烟温度低21.5℃,汽耗率高0.16kWh/kg,发电机输出功率高774.07KW,系统整体效率高1.6%,再次根据工程实际运行经验,得出双压立式锅炉传热特性、汽水循环方式、漏风量、系统阻力、清灰效果、占地面积等均优于单压卧式锅炉。然后根据4台25500kV·A硅铁矿热炉运行情况,对双压系统进行了经济效益分析,得出年均税后利润为1142万元,全投资内部收益率20.8%,全投资回收期3.7年。最后进行了展望,根据全国年产量铁合金约为1300万吨,余热利用年发电量约能达到100亿KWh,所以这项技术具有广阔的运用前景。     

转子热应力计算的热固单向和双向耦合模型差异研究

为了较准确计算汽轮机转子的热应力,比较了热固单、双向耦合模型在热传导方程和求解方式上的差异。基于热固单、双向耦合模型,计算了某亚临界高中压转子在冷、热态两种启动工况下的瞬态温度场和热应力场,研究了冷、热态启动工况以及不同热冲击程度下两种模型计算结果的差异。结果表明:转子与主蒸汽温差在冷态启动下低于240℃,在热态启动下低于130℃时,单、双向计算模型结果相差均在2%左右,随着冲转初期转子所受热冲击程度增加,两模型计算结果偏差逐渐加大,最大可达20%;冷态启动下,转子表面温度低于主蒸汽温度,单向模型计算的最大热应力大于双向耦合模型计算结果;而热态启动时,转子表面温度高于主蒸汽温度,单向模型计算的最大热应力小于双向模型计算的结果,因此对于热态启动,单向模型计算的热应力是偏小的。该研究可为汽轮机转子热应力计算模型的选取提供参考。     

基于变窄点温差法的有机朗肯循环工质热物性与循环性能的研究

对基于有机朗肯循环的车用汽油机余热能回收利用系统进行了研究。根据试验所采用的蒸发器在MATLAB中建立了循环系统模型,采用变窄点温差的方法,计算分析了28种工质在不同蒸发压力下热物性与循环性能的关系。结果表明:工质的窄点温差随工质蒸发压力变化而变化,在蒸发压力从0.5MPa升至2.5MPa过程中,窄点温差变化均接近30℃,需要在变窄点温差的基础上比较工质热物性与循环性能的关系;临界温度越高的工质其循环效率相对越低;在不同的蒸发压力下,均存在蒸发温度与临界温度之比的最优区间,在此区间内的工质循环效率最高,且该区间随压力的升高而右移;在所给定的入口条件下,湿工质的循环功率最高,等熵工质其次,干工质输出功率最小。     

槽式太阳能直接产生蒸汽系统（DSG）集热管传热特性研究

以DSG(direct steam generation)集热器的集热管为研究对象,利用数值模拟研究集热管内工质3种流态下周向温度分布及太阳辐射强度、工质流速、环境风速、环境温度、金属管材质等对金属管周向温度的影响。研究表明:集热金属管材质对周向温度分布影响较大,将铁材改为铜材时,过热蒸汽段最高温度从346.0℃降为338.0℃,最大温差从26℃降至约10℃;太阳辐射强度对壁面温度的影响较大,随着辐射强度的提高,壁温升高;工质流速对金属集热管壁面温度有一定的影响,当流速由0.8 kg/s提高至1.2 kg/s时,金属管周向最大温差由11℃下降至8℃,光斑处的最高壁温由321.5℃下降至318.7℃;环境风速和温度对周向温度分布的影响不大。     

重整进料换热器夹点温度设计的讨论

重整进料换热器是催化重整装置的核心设备之一,反应进料和反应产物在此进行热量交换,提高进料温度、降低产物温度,直接影响重整进料炉和重整产物空冷器的负荷。夹点温度是重整进料换热器工艺设计中的关键参数。根据工艺流程模拟计算中的物流数据,作出相关温焓曲线,通过曲线可求出夹点温度。重整进料换热过程是有相变的换热过程,夹点温度是温焓曲线上温差最小处,应采用分区法计算对数平均温差。可根据设备总费用增量的回收期判断重整进料换热器夹点温度是否合适。重整进料换热器热端温差越大,夹点温度越高,两者几乎成正比关系,可根据热端温差来判断换热器的夹点温度。氢油比对重整进料换热器夹点温度的影响与热端温差相关,当热端温差固定时,夹点温度随氢油比增大而增大,对装置扩能改造时重整进料换热器的设计具有指导意义。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.