智能化核电厂燃料包壳破损在线监测装置研制

An intelligent on-line monitoring device for fuel cladding defect has been developed. HPGe with anti-Compton scattering detection system is used to measure the activity of characteristic radionuclides in primary cooling water, and the multi-nuclide group coupled analysis method is used to diagnose the defect of the fuel cladding. The verification and calibration test shows that the absolute relative standard deviations of the measured typical nuclides 57Co, 137 Cs and 60Co are less than 3%, and the minimum detectable activity can reach 6.5 Bq.     

智能化核电厂燃料包壳破损在线监测装置研制

研制一套智能化核电厂燃料包壳破损在线监测装置,采用高纯锗反康谱顿散射探测系统在线测量一回路冷却水特征放射性核素的活度,采用多核素组耦合的分析方法实现燃料包壳破损的在线诊断。通过检定校准试验,实测⁵⁷Co、¹³⁷Cs和⁶⁰Co的相对标准偏差的绝对值小于3%;20 mL样品的可探测活度最小可达到6.5 Bq。     

基于三角圆筒铅屏蔽NaI探测器的放射源定位研究

随着放射源和放射装置的广泛应用,放射源事故的发生概率不断增大。因此,一旦发现放射源丢失,如何尽快将其定位并安全找回尤为重要。本文设计了一种三角圆筒铅屏蔽的NaI探测器,用于放射源的定位探测。实验研究了测量时间、铅屏蔽厚度、源与探测器间距、伽马射线能量等因素对放射源定位的影响。结果表明:对于137 Cs源,在空气吸收剂量率≥0.028μGy/h处,定位平均角度偏差≤1.24°;对于60 Co源,在空气吸收剂量率0.4μGy/h处,测量的平均角度偏差为1.16°;对于距离约1.5 m的9.25×105 Bq 137 Cs源,定位偏差约为0.097m。     

基于三晶体耦合γ射线方向探测器的放射源定位

为了快速定位并寻回丢失的放射源,设计了一种由NaI、CsI、锗酸铋(Bi4Ge3O12,BGO)三种晶体与铅耦合组成的γ射线方向探测器,并采用基于蒙特卡罗方法的通用软件包MCNP(Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code)研究了铅晶比例、射线能量、剂量率等因素对探测器角度分辨率的影响。结果表明,对于137Cs源,在空气吸收剂量率≥0.331μGy·h~(-1)处,定位角度偏差≤0.99°;对于60Co源,在空气吸收剂量率0.586μGy·h~(-1)处,测量的平均角度偏差为0.46°;对于水平距离7 m、高度4 m的3.7×107Bq 137Cs源,相对定位偏差约为5%。     

低水平环境放射性核素比对标准样品的研制

选取位于黄土高原地区峁顶部位采集黄土样品作为土壤标准样品的基质来源,通过无掺合放射性核素的方法制作了低水平环境放射性核素比对标准样品,并采用两套γ谱仪测量系统对标准样品进行均匀性检验和定值。分析结果表明,标准样品中,137Cs的比活度为4.2 Bq/kg,不确定度0.3 Bq/kg(1s);210Pb的比活度为80.4 Bq/kg,不确定度为8.4 Bq/kg(1s)。标准样品中不含其他人工放射性核素,137Cs和210Pb含量适当且均匀。3组样品的均匀性检验结果表明,137Cs和210Pb比活度分析结果的标准偏差分别为0.22Bq/kg和2.10 Bq/kg。3组样品中137Cs和210Pb的比活度分别在0.05水平上无显著差异,均匀性较好。该标准样品发放到亚太地区IAEA合作项目的6个成员国进行137Cs和210Pb比活度的分析比对,比对结果表明该物质均匀性良好。     

硫化钴共沉淀法分析核电厂周边海水中去钾总β活度

为简单、快速、高效评估核电厂运行对周边海洋环境的影响,本文建立了硫化钴共沉淀法快速分析海水中去钾总β活度。通过研究恒温温度、溶液初始pH值和恒温时间对Ag、Fe、Co和Sb富集率的影响,确定了冷却后上清液pH值是影响核素富集率的关键因素。通过研究正比计数器对60Co和137Cs的探测效率,确定采用60Co作为去钾总β方法的效率刻度校准源。采用本文所建立方法分析3?0 L海水样品,结果显示,方法的探测限为0?005 7 Bq/L。实际海水中去钾总β活度浓度的分析结果显示,其范围为0?083?0?113 Bq/L。加标验证实验结果表明,测量值与加标值的最大相对偏差为-8?33%,证实了本方法的准确性。     

珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水及沉积物中放射性核素水平

本文报道了珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水及沉积物中放射性核素水平。经2013年9月秋季航次和2014年4月冬季航次取样监测,珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水中²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K和¹³⁷Cs的放射性活度浓度分别为12.8～42.6 Bq/m³(平均21.7±7.3 Bq/m³)、3.2～26.6 Bq/m³ (平均11.8±6.5 Bq/m³)、529.7～974.1 Bq/m³(平均820.6±120.0 Bq/m³)和0.5～3.8 Bq/m³ (平均2.3±1.0 Bq/m³);沉积物中²²⁶Ra、²³²Th、⁴⁰K和¹³⁷Cs的放射性活度浓度分别为16.9～35.0 Bq/kg (平均27.9±7.2 Bq/kg)、22.0～59.8 Bq/kg (平均36.5±11.1 Bq/kg)、326.2～621.0 Bq/kg(平均456.2±100.1 Bq/kg)和0.3～3.5 Bq/kg(平均1.5±0.7 Bq/kg);海水及沉积物中^110mAg的含量均低于检测限。珠江口、大鹏湾和大亚湾海域海水及沉积物中放射性核素水平与我国其它海域相当。     

1995—2006年我国部分地区动物样品中放射性核素水平监测

报道1995—2006年我国部分地区的主要肉类动物、鱼虾类、贝壳类以及牛奶放射性核素水平的监测结果。监测结果表明：①各类样品中天然放射性核素^238U、^232Th、^226Ra、^40K比活度（活度浓度）均在正常范围内。②猪肉、羊肉、鸡肉3类肉类动物样品中^90Sr平均比活度分别为0.99、0.03、0.17 Bq/kg（鲜）,^137Cs平均比活度分别为0.54、0.02、0.03 Bq/kg（鲜）;鱼类、虾类样品中^90Sr平均比活度分别为0.29、0.85 Bq/kg（鲜）,^137Cs平均比活度分别为0.23、0.04 Bq/kg（鲜）;扇贝、珍珠贝、螺蛳、牡蛎4类贝壳类样品中90Sr平均比活度为0.26 Bq/kg（鲜）,^137Cs平均比活度为0.04 Bq/kg（鲜）;牛奶样品中^90Sr平均活度浓度为0.10 Bq/L,^137Cs平均活度浓度为0.02 Bq/L。     

Study of the nuclide inventory of operational radioactive waste for the RBMK-1500 reactor

The experimental and modeling results on the radionuclide concentrations in the Ignalina NPP operational waste are presented in the work. The scaling factors between easy-to-measure γ emitters ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co and a number of difficult-to-measure radionuclides, the activity measurements of which are related to radiochemical procedures, α and β spectrometry, have been determined. The study shows that the scaling factor method can be applied for RBMK-1500 reactor waste characterization. The scaling factors were used in determination of the nuclide composition of operational radioactive waste and characterization of radioactive waste during the Ignalina NPP decommissioning.     

在线式放射性液态流出物监测仪研制

本文针对核设施中液态流出物关键伽马核素⁶⁰Co、¹³⁷Cs的测量,采用自主专利等多项技术设计样机,基于NaI(Sodium Iodide)闪烁体探测器的自动核素识别,开发了探测灵敏度更好、质量更轻便且满足通用的建筑承载能力的在线式液态流出物监测装置。设计加工集成的样机经过能量刻度、效率刻度、感兴趣区自动划分核素识别测试,并通过国家一级计量站校准测试,经过超过500多小时实验,其性能稳定可靠,具有核素识别能力,测试显示⁶⁰Co、¹³⁷Cs探测限小于0.088 Bq/L。对比国内传统监测技术,质量减轻接近1个数量级,探测灵敏度提升超过2个数量级,监测技术及其样机从技术能力而言也适用于饮用水伽马关键核素活度浓度监测。     

Distribution of radionuclides in surface seawater obtained by an aerial radiological survey

We investigated the distribution in seawater of anthropogenic radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP1) as preliminary attempt using a rapid aerial radiological survey performed by the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration on 18 April 2011. We found strong correlations between in-situ activities of ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, and ¹³⁷Cs measured in surface seawater samples and gamma-ray peak count rates determined by the aerial survey (correlation coefficients were 0.89 for ¹³¹I, 0.96 for¹³⁴Cs, and 0.92 for¹³⁷Cs). The offshore area of high radionuclide activity extended south and southeast from the FNPP1. The maximum activities of ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, and ¹³⁷Cs were 329, 650, and 599 Bq L^?1, respectively. The ¹³¹I/¹³⁷Cs ratio in surface water of the high-activity area ranged from 0.6 to 0.7. Considering the radioactive decay of ¹³¹I (half-life 8.02 d), we determined that the radionuclides in this area were directly released from FNPP1 to the ocean. We confirm that aerial radiological surveys can be effective for investigating the surface distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in seawater. Our model reproduced the distribution pattern of radionuclides derived from the FNPP1, although results simulated by a regional ocean model were underestimated.     

Atmospheric radionuclides from Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear accident detected in Lanzhou,China

After the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident on March 11,2011,the radioactivity released from the accident was transported around the globe by atmospheric processes.The radioactivity monitoring program on atmospheric particulate in Lanzhou,China was activated by GSCDC to detect the input radionuclides through atmospheric transport.Several artificial radionuclides were detected and measured in aerosol samples from March 26 to May 2,2011.The peaked activity concentrations(in m Bq/m3)were:1.194(131I),0.231(137Cs),0.173(134Cs)and 0.008(136Cs),detected on April 6,2011.The average activity ratio of131I/137Cs and134Cs/137Cs in air were 13.5 and 0.78.The significant increase of137Cs activity concentration,one order of magnitude higher than pre-Fukushima accident levels,in ground level aerosol was observed in 2013,as its resuspension from soil.The back-trajectory analysis simulated by NOAA-ARL HYSPLIT shows a direct transfer of the air masses released from Fukushima to Lanzhou across the Pacific Ocean,North America and Europe at the height close to 9000 m AGL.The value of effective dose for inhalation is close to one millionth of the annual limit for the general public.     

城市固体废物填埋场放射性接收标准研究

初步建立了城市固体废物填埋场（MSWL）接收固体废物的放射性接收标准。首先确定放射性接收标准5×10^-5的终生致癌性风险作为可接受风险水平目标值,然后结合我国MSWL的设计标准和管理要求,建立MSWL全寿期健康风险评价方法。利用可接受风险水平目标值和健康风险评价方法,推导出MSWL接收固体废物的单位质量的放射性核素限值。结果表明,对于短寿命（T_1/2＜30 a）人工放射性核素,本文所得放射性接收标准推导值明显大于我国清洁解控标准（如⁶⁰Co推导值为0.619 Bq/g,清洁解控标准为0.1 Bq/g）;对于长寿命（T_1/2≥30 a）人工放射性核素,本文所得推导值与我国清洁解控标准值基本相当。     

深圳近岸海域海水及沉积物中放射性核素水平

采集并分析了深圳近岸海域海水和沉积物中放射性核素的水平。结果表明,海水中226 Ra、232 Th、40 K和137 Cs的活度浓度分别为12.8~42.6Bq/m3(平均值为(24.2±8.6)Bq/m3)、3.2~15.6Bq/m3(平均值为(8.8±3.6)Bq/m3)、529.7~974.1Bq/m3(平均值为(786.4±158.4)Bq/m3)和1.7~3.7Bq/m3(平均值为(2.6±0.7)Bq/m3);沉积物中226 Ra、232 Th、40 K和137 Cs的比活度分别为17.9~35.0Bq/kg(平均值为(26.5±5.4)Bq/kg)、32.9~59.8Bq/kg(平均值为(43.2±9.1)Bq/kg)、326.2~415.3Bq/kg(平均值为(364.2±32.4)Bq/kg)和0.9~3.5Bq/kg(平均值为(1.8±0.8)Bq/kg);海水及沉积物中110 Agm的含量均低于检测限。深圳近岸海域海水和沉积物中放射性核素水平与我国其它海域相当,未见大亚湾海域海水及沉积物放射性核素含量异常。     

Radiological monitoring results of the ambient environment around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant

1 Introduction Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant (QNPP), a300 MW pressurized-water reactor, was built in 1983,and put into operation in December 1991. In order toestimate the impact QNPP exerted on the ambient en-vironment and the radiation dose the public received,the lab monitoring system and instantaneous landgamma radiation dose-rate monitoring system wereestablished in 1985, and worked from 1988. This pa-per provides the part results of the lab monitoring sys-tem.2 Monitoring pr…     

Migration of Radionuclides (60Co, 85Sr and 137Cs) in Alkaline Solution (pH 12) through Sandy Soil Layer

Column experiments have been carried out on the migration of ⁶⁰Co, ⁸⁵Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in an alkaline solution (pH 12) through a sandy soil layer. Radionuclide--concentration distributions in both an effluent and a sandy soil layer were measured after pouring 200ml of aqueous solution containing the radionuclides on the layer, followed by eluting with 3,800 ml of distilled water.

Strontium-85 and ¹³⁷Cs gave a similar distribution pattern in the soil layer, while ⁶⁰Co migrated deeper into the layer. The migration velocity followed the order; ⁶⁰Co>⁸⁵Sr≧¹³⁷Ca. The order was different from that obtained with the radionuclides existed in a neutral solution. This suggested that the migration behavior of the radionuclides is significantly affected by the pH of the solution in which the radionuclides exist.

The sandy soil layer used here is considered as a linear system for the migration of in the solution of pH 12.     

Application of Fibrous Carbon Ferrocyanide Sorbents for Removing Cesium and Cobalt from Large Volumes of Sea Water

The results of comparative tests of the FN sorbent based on iron diferrocyanide with a matrix base form of fibrous carbon with known commercial and laboratory analogs are presented. The possibility of using this sorbent for selective removal of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co for large volumes of sea water and producing fast methods of analysis is examined. Information is presented on the content of technogenic radionuclides in sea water in regions of disposal of radioactive wastes in the Sea of Japan and in the region of the accident on a nuclear powered submarine. It is shown that the disposal of radioactive wastes in the Sea of Japan did not change the background radioecological conditions. The radioactivity of sea water at the epicenter of the accident in Bukhta Chazhma is a consequence of the accident and is due to ⁶⁰Co; the presence of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr is due to global fallout. The concentration of technogenic radionucldes in water and hydrobionts does not exceed admissable norms. Consumption of up to 100 kg/yr of marine products does not increase dose loads above the limit of the yearly individual lifetime risk established for the public and corresponds to a low radiation danger.     

土壤和水中放射性核素实验室间测量比对

介绍了2015年度由本实验室组织的关于土壤和水中放射性核素实验室间测量比对的相关情况。土壤分为掺标土壤和实际土壤两类,水为掺标样品。掺标样品的比对项目包括³H(土壤中不分析)、⁹⁰Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹³⁴Cs和¹³⁷Cs,实际土壤的比对项目包括²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs。8家单位(11个实验室)参加了本次比对活动,比对结果整体良好。针对比对活动中发现的问题进行了分析,并对以后的比对活动提出了建议。     

核电厂废物固化体90Sr、137Cs、60Co的浸出行为研究

以去离子水为释放环境,研究核电厂废树脂和浓缩液水泥固化体被完全浸泡情景下核素⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co的浸出行为。分析中以有效扩散系数表征浸出行为。试验结果表明：固化体中的核素累积浸出份额不超过4%,¹³⁷Cs浸出最快,⁹⁰Sr其次,⁶⁰Co最慢;同类废物体的抗压强度越大,核素浸出速率越慢。     

福岛核事故后上海气溶胶中~(131)I、~(134)Cs和~(137)Cs的来源途径分析

利用对气溶胶中典型放射性核素(~(131)I和134,~(137)Cs)的分析,可以评估福岛核事故产生的放射性物质对上海及全球的大气放射性本底水平造成的影响。本工作结合核事故释放过程、核素的天然衰变以及气象条件等因素,获得核事故期间上海的气溶胶中~(131)I和134,~(137)Cs活度浓度及其比值的分布特征:~(131)I被检出的时间(2011-03-27)早于~(134)Cs(2011-04-06)和~(137)Cs(2011-04-08),~(131)I的活度浓度(0.01~1.20 mBq/m3)比~(134)Cs(0.01~0.58mBq/m3)和~(137)Cs(0.01~0.65mBq/m3)大2~10倍,而且在不同的时间段出现相应的多峰值现象;~(131)I/~(137)Cs活度浓度比值(1.3~10.6)在2011年4月5日之后呈递减趋势,但是~(134)Cs/~(137)Cs活度浓度比值(0.8~2.9)则一直在1.1左右波动。利用HYSPLIT模型模拟放射性气团运移轨迹的分析方法,表明在核事故期间输入到上海的放射性气溶胶的途径有东北和西北两条主要迁移路径。同时通过结合国内相关城市核事故期间大气放射性监测数据,证实了东北路径在中国境内的控制地位。另外,通过总结和分析北半球大气监测数据中~(131)I/~(137)Cs和~(134)Cs/~(137)Cs活度浓度比值最大值的分布特征,验证了日本核事故产生的放射性气溶胶在北半球的传输过程。