几何参数对气膜孔流量系数的影响

在燃气轮机涡轮叶片的冷却设计中,气膜孔的流量系数是最关键的参数之一,它会影响气膜的实际冷气流量和气膜冷却效果.使用数值计算方法研究了孔倾斜角、孔复合角、长径比、孔入口圆角、孔出口圆角等几何参数对气膜孔流量系数的影响.提出了一种基于选定基准工况的气膜孔流量系数的关联式,该关联式将这些几何参数的影响考虑在内.与文献中试验数...     

扩压叶栅中端壁附面层抽吸对流场品质调控的研究

为调控平面扩压叶栅流场品质、使测量结果满足二维性,在叶栅端壁增加附面层抽吸装置。采用试验校核的数值方法,分析了不同抽吸位置、不同抽吸流量、不同冲角时端壁附面层抽吸对平面扩压叶栅出口气流角、轴向密流比和总压损失系数等参数的影响。结果表明：在抽吸位置上,位于叶片中前部的抽吸方案对扩压叶栅流场品质的改善效果相对最好。随抽吸流量增加,流场品质进一步改善,抽吸流量为原型进口流量的3%可使冲角为0°时的轴向密流比降低至0.995,主流区出口气流角偏差小于0.1°;抽吸流量为原型进口流量的2.25%可使计算冲角范围内轴向密流比均降低至1.05以下,主流区出口气流角偏差小于0.2°。冲角在-5°,-3°和0°时端壁抽吸使50%相对叶高位置处平均总压损失降低,冲角在2°,4°时使50%相对叶高位置处平均总压损失增加,损失冲角特性更接近理想二维叶栅。     

工况不确定性对汽轮机末两级气动性能的影响研究

汽轮机运行条件存在随机波动性,对汽轮机的稳定运行造成一定影响。以往的研究多将汽轮机的工作环境条件作为确定因素,未考虑其随机变化的影响。本文将汽轮机背压、径向气流角和进口流量作为服从一定概率分布的随机变量,采用多项式混沌方法结合计算流体力学（CFD）模拟仿真,研究了以上参数的随机波动对某汽轮机末两级叶片气动性能的影响。结果表明：计算进口边界条件的设置方法对汽轮机末两级总体性能的计算结果影响不大,当给定进口流量边界条件时,末两级效率的计算结果最高;在接近堵塞工况时,进出口条件的随机变化对通流流量的影响不大,但效率存在明显的波动,进口气流角对总体性能的影响相对较小;当背压和进口流量存在随机波动时,末级动叶中激波位置小范围波动,激波位置对径向气流角的波动不敏感。     

影响喷油嘴喷孔流量系数关键参数的研究

通过计算流体力学(CFD)计算的方法,详细研究了喷油嘴喷孔流量系数随喷孔K系数、入口圆角半径和喷油背压的变化的规律。结果表明:喷油嘴喷孔流量系数随喷孔K系数的增加而增大,随喷孔入口圆角半径的增加而增大,并且,喷孔直径对喷油嘴喷孔流量系数增加幅度有重要的影响。     

进口气流角对某跨音级叶栅影响的数值分析

以某型大流量轴流压气机跨音级叶栅为研究对象,采用三维数值模拟方法分析了进口气流角的变化对跨音级叶栅流量特性及内部流场的影响。结果表明,随着进口气流角的增大,跨音级叶栅流量-效率和流量-压比特性线都向流量减小的方向偏移,并且动叶栅中激波的位置和强度的变化直接决定了跨音级叶栅压比和效率的变化。     

旋流式气液同轴式喷油器在加压空间中流量特性的试验研究

在增压条件下对一种旋流式气液同轴喷油器的流量特性进行试验研究.在不同的环境背压条件下,分别研究了气液比、环境背压对燃油流量系数、雾化空气流量系数的影响.结果表明:本喷油器的燃油流量系数稳定在0.2971,不受气液比、环境背压等因素的影响;雾化空气流量系数随环境背压与喷油器雾化空气通道进口压力的压力比的增大而减小,与气液比无关.根据试验数据整理出雾化空气流量系数拟合公式,能够对试验数据作出准确的预测.     

水汽比对涡轮预旋供气系统温降影响的数值分析

为了揭示喷水冷却所引起湿空气环境对涡轮供气系统温度的影响,基于欧拉-拉格朗日多相流颗粒追踪方法,在预旋供气系统进口总压150 kPa和总温450 K条件下,开展湿空气对预旋供气系统温降的影响程度评估,分析预旋供气系统内旋转比和预旋喷嘴流量系数的变化规律,揭示预旋供气系统温降的影响规律。结果表明：在水汽比由0增加到0.3时,水汽比变化对预旋喷嘴内流动和温度变化影响显著,预旋喷嘴的气流旋转比由1.36增加到1.43,而其压比由1.523降低到1.482、流量系数由0.97降低到0.90,从而使预旋喷嘴温降由25.79 K减小到22.28 K;预旋供气系统温降由12.07 K降低到11.03 K。含湿条件会增加系统内流动阻力,限制了预旋供气系统降温能力,在涡轮叶片供气温度需求不变时,含湿条件将需要更高的供气压力。     

扩散筒几何参数对管壳式离心风机性能的影响

针对某船用管壳式离心通风机扩散筒流动损失大、静压回收偏低的问题,采用CFD方法对该风机内流场进行了数值模拟,研究扩散筒扩散比A_e/A_(in)、长径比l/D_(in)对风机性能与扩散筒流动的影响,寻求气动性能相对较优的扩散筒结构。在保证风机主体几何参数和扩散筒进口直径不变的条件下,令长径比l/D_(in)为0. 8、1. 2、1. 6;扩散比A_e/A_(in)为1. 2、1. 5、1. 8,获得9个扩散筒模型,并计算出不同参数的扩散筒对应的当量扩张角。模拟结果表明:风机全压随扩散比增大显著增加,扩散筒长径比对风机全压的影响较小;扩散筒压力损失系数会随扩散比增大而降低且在不同流量工况下逐渐趋近平稳;扩散比对扩散筒性能影响显著,而当量扩张角对扩散筒性能的影响没有明显的规律性,因此在扩散筒设计时扩张角不能作为唯一依据。     

有压管道孔板局部阻力相邻影响系数研究

为获得有压管道孔板局部阻力相邻影响系数的计算公式,采用标准κ-ε紊流模型模拟有压管道内设置单个以及结构参数相同的两个孔板时的管道流动,通过计算值与实测值的对比,选出最优网格划分方案和模型参数。对Re＞137 870时有压管道中两孔板局部阻力相邻影响系数随孔板孔径比、厚径比及相对间距的变化关系进行了数值模拟试验,应用量纲分析法和数值分析法,推导出两孔板相邻影响系数计算公式,并采用相邻影响系数修正了局部水头损失计算公式,对修正后的公式进行检验。结果表明,当孔板相对间距LS/D＜8时,修正后的公式计算值与实测值的最大相对误差为8.33%,而未修正的叠加计算值与实测值的最大相对误差达86.03%,当孔板相对间距LS/D≥8时,按照传统方法计算两孔板产生的总局部水头损失精度更高。     

扇贝阻尼密封阻塞流动特性研究

为探明扇贝阻尼密封在不同阻塞状态下的静态稳定性,应用计算流体力学方法研究阻塞、非阻塞工况对扇贝阻尼密封静态刚度与气流力的影响规律。研究表明：阻塞工况下,不同错开角及中高长径比下密封气流力、静态刚度均随偏心率增加而降低,低长径比密封气流力在高偏心下较大;非阻塞工况下,不同错开角、长径比的密封气流力随偏心率增加而增大,高偏心率下静态刚度较小,非阻塞工况密封静态稳定性高于阻塞工况;由于进出口压差存在,使得扇贝阻尼密封马赫数在进出口两端增长较大,非阻塞状态进出口段马赫数变化幅度小于阻塞状态。     

Experimental and numerical study of cavitation inception phenomenon in diesel injector nozzles

In this paper the experimental and numerical methods were combined to investigate the critical conditions of cavitation inception in diesel injector nozzles. It was found that at the beginning of cavitation inception, the discharge coefficient presents a slight increase and then a special turning point appears which can therefore be taken as the critical point for cavitation inception. Effects of needle lift, length–diameter ratio, orifice inclination angle, back pressure, and scaled-up times on critical cavitation number were studied through the experimental method. Due to the difficulties in manufacturing, influence of inlet rounding radius was investigated by using the numerical simulation method. Based on all the experimental and numerical simulation data, a correlation of critical cavitation number with above 6 geometrical and dynamic parameters for nozzle flow was developed through statistical analysis using the Quasi-Newton (BFGS) and Universal Global Optimization (UGO) methods. The relative error between predicted results and experimental data is less than 7%. These results indicate that the derived expression has good accuracy to predict the start of cavitation.     

锥形孔板流出系数的研究及其在测量中的应用

通过对孔板流量计进行管内流动数值模拟,找到了孔板流出特性较差的原因。为了得到较好流出特性的孔板,笔者设计了3种不同入口锥角的锥形孔板,通过管内模拟结果得出锥形孔板流出系数随着入口锥角的减小而增大,但增大趋势递减。最终根据模拟得到的理想孔板设计了实物节流件,分析了实验结果和模拟结果的流出系数值产生偏差的原因。并将此种改进孔板应用到实际流量测量中。     

Numerical Simulation of Orifice Cavitating Flows Using Two-Fluid and Three-Fluid Cavitation Models

A number of numerical simulations is carried out to study the turbulent cavitating flow through an orifice. We use two different two-fluid (consisting of two interpenetrating liquid and vapor phases) and three-fluid (consisting of three liquid, vapor, and non-condensable gas phases) cavitation models to extend our study. We use the finite-volume method to solve the multiphase flow governing equations, the SIMPLEC algorithm to link the pressure and velocity equations, and the standard k-? model to treat the turbulence closure problem. We fix the outlet pressure and change the inlet pressure suitably in our simulations. The discharge coefficient values obtained by the two chosen models are compared with each other and those of other reliable experimental and numerical works. The current study shows that there can be considerable differences between the results of two models in describing the inception of cavitations and their resulting vapor volume fraction and velocity distributions in the orifice. Generally, our results show that the three-fluid model provides better accuracy and physics. The current achievement resembles the importance of non-condensable gas consideration in improving the accuracy of numerical results for the orifice cavitating flow study.     

混合室结构对气泡雾化喷嘴喷雾特性的影响

利用激光颗粒动态分析仪对一种内旋流式气泡雾化喷嘴进行了实验测试与分析,探讨了混合室结构对喷嘴流量特性、颗粒平均直径分布特性、液雾平均速度分布特性的影响规律。气泡雾化喷嘴的流量特性主要受工作压力和喷口孔径影响,混合式结构对流量特性没有影响;但混合式结构对液雾颗粒平均直径分布和平均速度分布的影响十分显著,适当提高混合室长径比有助于减小液滴颗粒质量平均直径D10和索泰尔平均直径D32,同时可使液雾颗粒平均直径和平均速度的径向分布更加均匀;相对于渐缩型混合室,突缩型混合室可在一定程度上改善雾化效果,颗粒平均直径D10和D32径向分布均匀性更好,但喷雾主流平均速度略有降低。在喷嘴出口下游40~100mm时,液雾主流区域内的轴向平均速度未发生明显的速度衰减。     

入口旋流角对排气扩压段气动性能影响的数值研究

为了研究入口气流旋流角对带支撑结构轴流排气扩压段气动性能的影响,以某型燃气轮机排气扩压段为研究对象,采用数值计算的方法,对单独排气段模型及排气段和涡轮末级动叶耦合模型分别进行数值模拟。采用总压保持系数和静压恢复系数作为衡量排气扩压段气动性能的主要参数。排气段单独模拟的结果显示,当旋流角从0°变化至-32°,总压保持系数下降4%,且在-20°以后开始呈现突然的快速下降趋势;而静压恢复系数先上升后降低,在-16°时达到最大值。另外,通过耦合模型与单独排气段模型的数值计算对比,发现当排气段入口旋流角和质量流量相同时,计算结果较为一致。以上结果说明,入口旋流角是影响排气扩压段流动性能的关键因素之一,进行排气段结构设计时要充分考虑旋流角对内部流动的影响。而且,单独排气段数值模拟在相同质量流量和旋流角度条件下,可近似达到耦合模拟的精度,提高设计效率。     

Numerical study on the influence mechanism of inlet distortion on the stall margin in a transonic axial rotor

A numerical study is conducted to investigate the influence of inlet flow condition on tip leakage flow (TLF) and stall margin in a transonic axial rotor.A commercial software package FLUENT,is used in the simulation.The rotor investigated in this paper is ND_TAC rotor,which is the rotor of one-stage transonic compressor in the University of Notre Dame.Three varied inlet flow conditions are simulated.The inlet boundary condition with hub distortion provides higher axial velocity for the incoming flow near tip region than that for the clean inflow,while the incoming main flow possesses lower axial velocity near the tip region at tip distortion inlet boundary condition.Among the total pressure ratio curves for the three inlet flow conditions,it is found that the hub dis-torted inlet boundary condition improves the stall margin,while the tip distorted inlet boundary condition dete-riorates compressor stability.The axial location of interface between tip leakage flow (TLF) and incoming main flow (MF) in the tip gap and the axial momentum ratio of TLF to MF are further examined.It is demonstrated that the axial momentum balance is the mechanism for interface movement.The hub distorted inflow could de-crease the axial momentum ratio,suppress the movement of the interface between TLF and MF towards blade leading edge plane and thus enhance compressor stability.     

低流阻系数轴流式止回阀的内部流场分析

为了设计公称直径为DN200的低流阻系数轴流式止回阀,并准确分析其压力损失和流阻特性,在其原有的结构基础上,用汇源法设计止回阀的阀芯结构,得到结构优化后的轴流式止回阀。基于FLUENT(商用计算流体力学)软件提供的标准k-ε两方程湍流模型,对结构优化后的轴流式止回阀进行三维流道数值模拟,求解出不同工况下的压力云图和速度流线图,计算出优化后的止回阀流阻系数在0.272以下,小于优化前的0.4。最后,总结出进口压力、进口速度与流阻系数之间的关系。计算结果表明:在止回阀流道结构保持不变的情况下,影响止回阀流阻系数的主要因素是进口平均速度,随着进口流速的增大,止回阀的流阻系数呈逐渐减小的趋势;在进口速度保持不变的情况下,进口压力的变化对止回阀的流阻系数影响较小。     

锅炉水冷壁节流孔板结构对结垢的影响及其优化

针对超超临界锅炉水冷壁节流孔板结垢问题,建立了节流孔板的数值计算模型,分析了结垢的主要原因以及孔板结构参数对结垢程度的影响．在大量数值计算的基础上,采用BP人工神经网络建立了孔板结构参数与结垢程度之间的关系模型并采用遗传算法进行结构优化,得到节流孔板的最佳结构参数．结果表明：节流孔板处压力突降造成磁性氧化铁的析出并沉淀是节流孔板结垢的主要原因;节流孔板的入口倒角、出口倒角、孔径和厚度等结构参数对孔板壁面附近的最大压降幅度和孔板节流效果的影响不同,孔板的厚度越小越好,出口倒角对结垢几乎没有影响,而孔板的孔径和入口倒角对结垢程度影响较大;得到的最佳孔板尺寸参数为孔径9．54mm,入口倒角35°。     

柴油机喷孔内部空化效应的可视化实验研究

柴油机喷孔内空化现象显著影响燃油雾化质量.针对目前广泛应用的VCO型喷嘴,设计大尺度透明喷嘴稳态实验系统,全面研究了无量纲数、雷诺数、喷嘴射流参数和结构参数对喷嘴内空化过程的影响.结果表明,空化数对空化剧烈程度影响显著,雷诺数对空化剧烈程度影响小于空化数;射流参数直接影响流体流动状态,增大入口压力、减小出口压力和针阀升程能使喷孔内的空化现象显著增强;结构参数决定喷孔内流动形式,增大喷孔倾角、直径和长径比,采用入口圆角等措施会抑制空化的产生.     

Experimental study of flow regime characteristics in diesel multi-hole nozzles with different structures and enlarged scales

The internal flow of diesel nozzles has a strong influence on the subsequent spray and atomization characteristics. A flow visualization experiment system equipped with enlarged transparent nozzles was set up to investigate the effect of different nozzle structures and different nozzle enlarged scales on cavitating flow and subsequent spray characteristics. Significant parameters of internal flow including critical pressure of cavitation inception, critical pressure of hydraulic flip, discharge coefficient, Reynolds number, flow rate and cavitation distribution were fully investigated during the experiments. Experimental results show that the nozzles with small length/diameter ratios at the same orifice diameter were more inclined to cavitate and had higher discharge coefficient than that of nozzles with large length/diameter ratios. Cavitating flow in nozzles with different sac volume structures may incur different spray characteristics in the near-nozzle field and it is the internal cavitating flow that induces the asymmetry of subsequent spray. The investigations indicate that the critical pressure of hydraulic flip and discharge coefficient of nozzles under different needle lifts were quite different even under the same boundary conditions and the nozzle flow characteristics have been greatly influenced by the hydraulic flip phenomenon. Two types of cavitation were observed in nozzles with different scaled-up times and the string cavitation was found in three times scaled-up nozzle, while the cloud cavitation bubbles were appeared in five and eight times scaled-up nozzles. A kind of hysteretic cavitation phenomenon was also observed in the experiment and then was analyzed in this paper.