天基照相机监测空间目标定轨方法及精度分析

考虑天基照相机观测中小尺寸空间目标时具有能耗低、精度高以及易于小型化实现等优势,研究了利用天基照相机监测空间目标的轨道确定和可观测性计算方法.分析了太阳同步轨道作为天基监视轨道的优点,结合目前国外的几种天基卫星轨道类型,设计了天基卫星轨道,在此基础上仿真分析了对不同轨道类型空间目标的可见观测弧段.根据目前地基光学观测设备的测轨精度和轨道动力学模型误差,添加了不同的测轨系统误差、随机误差及一定的动力学模型误差,仿真分析了对不同轨道高度空间目标的定轨精度.分析结果表明,采用6天7分钟/两天的天基光学测轨数据对近地轨道的空间目标定轨时,若测轨精度优于30″,动力学模型误差小于50％,则定轨精度与美国编目轨道(TLE)精度相当.采用10分钟/天的天基光学测轨数据对地球同步轨道上的空间目标定轨时,若测轨精度优于10″,动力学模型误差小于50％,则定轨精度在美国编目轨道精度范围内.     

ABS轮速传感器轮速信号信噪比分析研究

针对广泛使用的磁电式轮速传感器,在分析其可能失效模式的基础上,通过在性能试验台上对其进行相关的性能测试,以及对实验数据的处理分析,研究了环境因素的干扰以及齿圈和传感器间的空气间隙的变化对传感器轮速信号的影响程度,并对轮速信号的信噪比进行了计算和比较分析,为分析轮速传感器的故障诊断问题提供依据。     

基于信噪比的MEMS压力传感器设计与分析

为了研制高精度MEMS压阻式压力传感器,基于信噪比对其压敏结构进行了设计与分析.首先运用ANSYS有限元模拟仿真获得了不同压敏电阻结构芯片的应力分布,并对其噪声和信噪比进行了理论分析,发现在低频区闪烁噪声是传感器噪声的主要来源.仿真结果表明,芯片结构对其噪声、输出信号和信噪比均存在影响,增加压敏电阻折叠条数通常有助于获...     

基于等效成像模型的立体测绘相机成像信噪比分析

为了评价立体测绘相机的成像质量和辐射性能,对相机成像信噪比特性进行了研究.通过对成像电路信号转换过程及各种噪声影响进行分析,建立了相机成像电路等效成像模型;根据立体测绘相机成像电路的工作状态对成像电路的输出信号、增益及各种噪声进行分析;利用相机的工程参数对立体测绘相机成像信噪比进行了分析计算;并对立体测绘相机进行实验室辐射定标测试.计算结果表明相机在4.33 W·m-2·sr-1、12.47 W·m-2·sr-1和40.41 W·m-2·sr-1这3种辐亮度条件下相机成像信噪比分别达到68倍、134倍和245倍.计算结果与实验结果最大相差4.4％,小于实验室绝对辐射定标精度7％.分析结果表明成像电路等效输出模型和成像信噪比计算方法是完全正确的,可以应用于立体测绘相机成像质量评价.     

基于光学相干层析的结构振动监测研究

针对光学非接触式的振动测量问题,对基于频域光学相干层析技术搭建的振动测量系统进行了研究,通过记录位移随时间的变化实现了对振动信号的测量。研究了振动测量过程中,光谱仪采集的干涉条纹的模糊现象与被测目标瞬时速度的关联;建立了系统可测量的最大振动频率和CCD相机的曝光时间之间的关系,即曝光时间越短,则系统可测量的振动频率越大;对函数信号发生器驱动激振器产生的振动信号进行了测量试验。研究结果表明:光学相干层析技术是一种有效的光学非接触式振动测量方法,在基于振动的结构健康监测领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Monte—Carlo法在空间外热流计算中的应用──空间光学遥感器光学窗口的地球红外辐射分析计算

用Ｍｏｎｔｅ—Ｃａｒｌｏ法对空间光学遥感器的大口径光学窗口的地球红外辐射进行了分析和模拟计算。考虑了光线在外遮光罩挡光环内的多次漫反射和在光学窗口表面的镜反射，讨论了目前普遍采用的挡光环等效面假设的局限性。     

Monte—Carlo法在空间外热流计算中的应用──空间光学遥感器光学窗口的地球红外辐射分析计算

用Monte-Carlo法对空间光学遥感器的大口径光学窗口的地球红外辐射进行了分析和模拟计算。考虑了光线在外遮光罩挡光环内的多次漫反射和在光学窗口表面的镜反射,讨论了目前普遍采用的挡光环等效面假设的局限性。     

基于虚拟测距的单星光学监测空间目标定轨方法

基于单颗天基卫星的光学监测数据在轨道改进时的可观测性差,迭代难以收敛,甚至法方程病态,造成大批量空间目标编目定轨失败。本文分析了仅利用单星光学监测确定空间目标轨道的特点和难点,针对基于天基监测的定轨亏秩问题和单星光学监测定轨的可观测度进行了研究。基于先验轨道信息建立了虚拟测距模型,提出了一种利用虚拟测距和天基测角数据联合的轨道改进方法,提高了利用单颗天基卫星的光学监测数据定轨系统的可观测性。采用我国首颗天基监测试验卫星2015年某40天内监测到的400多个目标的实测数据进行验证,添加虚拟测距后,定轨成功率由原来小于10%提高到90%以上,同时提高了轨道确定精度。     

Single-image signal-to-noise ratio estimation

A method for estimating the signal-to-noise ratio from a single image is presented in this paper. The autocorrelation-based technique requires that image details be correlated over distances of a few pixels, while the noise is assumed to be uncorrelated from pixel to pixel. The latter is shown to be a good approximation in the case of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images provided that the video signal is not band limited. The noise component is derived from the difference between the image autocorrelation at zero offset and an estimate of the corresponding noise-free autocorrelation. Nonlinear effects introduced by intensity saturation and their implications on the image signal-to-noise ratio are also discussed.     

通信系统中光信噪比和偏振模色散的同时监测

提出了一种用偏振扰频和偏振光分束相结合实现光信噪比和偏振模色散同时监测的简便方法,通过测量两正交偏振测量臂中的偏振信号的光功率和消偏的背景噪声得到光信噪比(OSNR)和偏振模色散(PMD).监测得到的OSNR和PMD是相互独立的,从而使得网络操作者能够区分传输链路中光噪声和偏振模色散的影响.对20 Gb/s的传输链路的实验表明,OSNR的变化范围在18～36dB,PMD值的变化范围为0～73ps.     

Note: A signal-to-noise ratio enhancement based on wafer light irradiation system for optical modulation spectroscopy measurement

We have recently found that the magnitude of the photoreflectance (PR) signal ΔR∕R on silicon wafers depends on the duration of continuous probe or pump beams irradiation. This temporal behavior of the ΔR∕R signal is attributed to the defects related electronic states at the Si∕ SiO(2) interface, which could be modified by the optical irradiation. Prior to the actual measurement, an optical irradiation of the silicon on insulator or ion implanted Si wafer can significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the PR intensity and, therefore, improve the goodness of fit. Such phenomena can be exclusively seen using a rapid detection system. A new design of the method is reported.     

Improving signal-to-noise ratio in ultrasonic testing

A method for improving signal-to-invoice ratio in information systems of ultrasonic measurements is proposed. Algorithm and embodiment are suggested that can be realized with least costs. Numerical modeling has proved the efficiency of this method for various values of raw data.     

Gaussian-Taylor signal-to-noise ratio estimation for scanning electron microscope images

A new and robust parameter estimation technique, named Gaussian-Taylor interpolation, is proposed to predict the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of scanning electron microscope images. The results of SNR and variance estimation values are tested and compared with piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation, quadratic spline interpolation, autoregressive moving average and moving average. Overall, the proposed estimations for noise-free peak and SNR are most consistent and accurate to within a certain acceptable degree compared with the others.     

A high signal-to-noise ratio toroidal electron spectrometer for the SEM

This paper presents a high signal-to-noise ratio electron energy spectrometer attachment for the scanning electron microscope (SEM), designed to measure changes in specimen surface potential from secondary electrons and extract specimen atomic number information from backscattered electrons. Experimental results are presented, which demonstrate that the spectrometer can in principle detect specimen voltage changes well into the sub-mV range, and distinguish close atomic numbers by a signal-to-noise ratio of better than 20. The spectrometer has applications for quantitatively mapping specimen surface voltage and atomic number variations on the nano-scale.     

航空多角度偏振辐射计信噪比估算与测量

为精确评估航空多角度偏振辐射计的性能,分析了航空多角度偏振辐射计的信号与噪声,给出了估算其探测器信噪比的过程。介绍了航空多角度偏振辐射计的工作原理,推导了探测器信噪比与系统信噪比的估算表达式。结果显示:系统信噪比与强度信噪比成正比,探测器信噪比需求与偏振探测精度成反比,航空多角度偏振辐射计的探测器信噪比应不小于245,得到的结果弥补了一直以来偏振遥感仪器只计算探测器信噪比的不足。最后,根据推导的表达式,通过矢量传输模拟估算了用航空多角度偏振辐射计探测典型场景时的探测器信噪比与系统信噪比,并在暗室中利用积分球与偏振盒进行了测量。结果表明,航空多角度偏振辐射计各个探测器的信噪比均满足偏振探测的需求。     

Image signal-to-noise ratio estimation using the autoregressive model

In the last two decades, a variety of techniques for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images have been proposed. However, these techniques can be divided into two groups: first, SNR estimators of good accuracy, but based on impractical assumptions; second, estimators based on realistic assumptions but of poor accuracy. In this paper we propose the implementation of autoregressive (AR)-model interpolation as a solution to the problem. Unlike others, the proposed technique is based on a single SEM image and offers the required accuracy and robustness in estimating SNR values.     

Image noise cross-correlation for signal-to-noise ratio estimation in scanning electron microscope images

A new and robust parameter estimation technique, named image noise cross-correlation, is proposed to predict the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of scanning electron microscope images. The results of SNR and variance estimation values are tested and compared with nearest neighborhood and first-order interpolation. Overall, the proposed method is best as its estimations for the noise-free peak and SNR are most consistent and accurate to within a certain acceptable degree, compared with the others.     

高信噪比星载CCD成像电路系统

为获得高信噪比的航天遥感图像,针对CCD成像系统链路分析了影响图像信噪比的主要因素。结合CCD成像系统的响应模型,明确了系统信噪比的表达式,并摆脱了具体CCD型号的束缚,提出了一种"总-分-总"的高信噪比成像电路系统通用设计方法。描述了系统从顶层总体设计、底层各电路模块设计以及全系统联试的完整研制方法。将该方法应用于吉林一号卫星高分辨率多光谱CCD成像电路系统的设计中,并对成像系统进行了辐射定标试验,获得了高信噪比的图像数据。结果显示:在灰度为80%饱和输出时,获得的全色图像信噪比达到了53.9dB,多光谱图像的最高信噪比达到了56.3dB,且图像数据经融合后色彩真实、绚丽。本文的CCD成像电路系统设计方法能够为其他航天遥感载荷的电路系统设计提供参考。