超高压和巴氏杀菌对百香果汁贮藏期品质的影响

本文研究了超高压杀菌(Ultra-High Pressure Sterilization,600 MPa/6 min)和巴氏杀菌(Pasteurization,80℃/30 s)对百香果果汁贮藏期菌落总数、理化指标、抗氧化活性、营养成分及挥发性成分的影响。结果表明:两种处理方式均使百香果汁达到商业无菌的状态,贮藏期结束后,巴氏杀菌和超高压杀菌菌落总数小于100 CFU/mL。巴氏杀菌使果汁总色差显著升高(P<0.05),且始终高于超高压处理,说明超高压杀菌对保持百香果汁色泽更有效。超高压处理对百香果汁可溶性糖、总酸、蛋白质含量无显著性影响(P>0.05)。贮藏期结束后,巴氏杀菌果汁的总酚、维生素C、总黄酮含量显著低于(P<0.05)超高压杀菌处理。巴氏杀菌处理后果汁的挥发性化合物酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、烯烃类保留率低于超高压处理,且保留率与贮藏期呈负相关。综上,传统巴氏杀菌会降低百香果汁感官品质和营养品质,超高压杀菌对百香果汁品质的保持有显著优势。     

基于荧光法快速判定巴氏杀菌乳和超高温灭菌乳

目的 基于荧光法快速简便地鉴别巴氏杀菌乳和超高温(ultra high temperature,UHT)灭菌乳。方法 基于美拉德产物荧光值的不同,采用直接荧光法结合综合热损伤指数(fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and soluble tryptophan, FAST)快速鉴定巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳。结果 巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳由于热处理强度不同,二者的荧光值存在显著差异 (P<0.01),巴氏杀菌乳荧光值在13215±236~15359±156之间、UHT灭菌乳荧光值范围为15788±200~20440±270。与巴氏杀菌乳相比,UHT灭菌乳直接测定荧光强度和FAST指数明显升高且差异显著(P<0.01)。在商品巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳结果的基础上,利用自制产品对荧光法进行了验证。结论 直接荧光测定法和FAST指数能够快速有效区分和识别巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳,该技术对产品热处理强度评价及质量监管具有一定指导意义。     

超高压处理对鲜榨复配果汁品质及货架期的影响

为使经杀菌处理后果汁的活性成分和风味物质更接近原鲜榨果汁,本研究以猕猴桃、菠萝、芒果为原料制备复配果汁,对比超高压处理与热处理(85℃、5 min)两种杀菌方式对鲜榨复配果汁品质及货架期的影响。结果表明：复配果汁比例V_菠萝原浆:V_{猕猴桃原浆}:V_芒果原浆=4:2:4时,与传统热处理相比,在450 MPa、25℃、15 min超高压条件下处理,p H、b*值、可溶性固形物无明显差异(P>0.05),维生素C含量损失减少12.1%、多酚含量损失减少17.5%,品质更接近于未处理果汁;通过对复配果汁主要挥发性成分进行分析,烯类、酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类等风味物质的损失显著小于(P<0.05)热处理,且蒸煮味物质糠醛没有生成,丙酮和1-辛烯-3-酮相对含量分别减少68.4%、41.4%;菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌杀菌效果均符合饮料现行有效卫生标准;通过Q₁₀模型对货架期进行预测,在4℃条件下储藏,其货架期可达到103 d。综上,超高压处理鲜榨复配果汁在有效杀灭微生物的同时更利于复配果汁保持天然品质及其货...     

超高压和巴氏热杀菌处理对鲜榨西芹汁品质影响的比较研究

该文分别比较了巴氏热杀菌处理(80℃,20min)与超高压处理(550Mpa,25℃,10min)对西芹汁品质的影响。虽然两种处理方法均具有良好的杀菌效果,但超高压处理的西芹汁能更好地维持西芹汁的营养、色泽和香气。与对照组相比,经巴氏热杀菌和超高压处理的西芹汁,其总糖和总酚并无显著性差异(P0.05),而经超高压处理的西芹汁其可溶性固形物含量显著上升(P0.05)。经巴氏热杀菌和超高压处理的西芹汁的维生素C含量分别降低了27.66%和10.64%,这表明超高压处理更利于西芹汁中维生素C的保存。同时,经超高压处理后的西芹汁色值、浊度和褐变指数与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05)。相比对照组,超高压处理后的西芹汁中4种浓度最高的挥发性成分的浓度波动较低,仅2种挥发性成分的浓度波动高于巴氏热杀菌处理的西芹汁。     

超高压和热处理对沙棘-哈密瓜复合果汁品质的影响

以沙棘和哈密瓜为原料，通过感官评价分析，研制出一款沙棘-哈密瓜复合果汁。分别采用超高压(500 MPa, 5 min)和热处理(90℃,1 min)对果汁进行处理，分析处理前后和贮藏15 d内杀菌效果、色泽、活性成分等的变化。结果表明，经过超高压和热处理后，沙棘哈密瓜复合汁菌落总数<1 lg CFU/mL,贮藏15 d后菌落总数也符合国家标准要求。贮藏前后和贮藏过程中，pH值和可溶性固形物含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。与未处理组相比，超高压处理对沙棘哈密瓜复合汁颜色的影响小于热处理组，超高压处理的样品在贮藏过程中颜色比热处理组更稳定。贮藏期间，维生素C、总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化活性均呈下降趋势。超高压处理能较好地保留样品中的维生素C、总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化活性，其保留率分别为75.48%、74.54%、84.16%和92.75%。因此，超高压是一种能保持沙棘哈密瓜复合汁品质的杀菌方法。     

超高压与热处理对荔枝汁品质影响的研究

对比分析了热处理和高压处理达到商业杀菌要求的基础上分别对荔枝汁感官品质的影响,同时探讨分析处理后果汁理化性质和感官品质的变化。结果表明,热处理和高压处理均使果汁总糖含量增加,而总酸含量有所下降,超高压处理后果汁总酸含量相对下降更大。不同杀菌方式处理后果汁中可溶性固形物变化不显著(P>0.05),超高压处理(450MPa,5min)能显著降低单宁的含量,从感官评价角度看,超高压杀菌处理后果汁品质相对于热处理效果更佳,当超高压达到450MPa,保压5min处理后的果汁样品总体评价优于其他条件处理的果汁样品。     

超高压处理对牛乳理化性质及脂肪酸成分的影响

超高压为一种新的食品加工技术,近年来引起了国内外的广泛关注。以生牛乳作为参照,比较了不同超高压处理条件及巴氏杀菌乳、UHT灭菌乳的理化性质,包括pH、酸度和白度,以及牛乳中的脂肪酸含量。结果表明,不同的加工方式对pH和酸度没有显著影响,而压力升高会减少牛乳的透光性,牛乳颜色偏黄,表现为L*值降低,总色度增加,高于巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳。超高压和热处理对个体脂肪酸的影响各不相同,总的饱和脂肪酸在不同的加工方式作用下含量相差很小,不饱和脂肪酸总量在超高压作用明显增加,而在热处理后含量显著减少。     

超高压杀菌处理对鲜驼乳品质的影响

采用不同条件(压力、时间、样品温度)的超高压方式对鲜驼乳进行处理,并对超高压处理前后鲜驼乳的微生物、酸度、色泽以及滋味进行测定及分析。结果表明,超高压处理对鲜驼乳有着明显的杀菌效果,随着处理压力的增大,鲜驼乳中的菌落总数逐渐减少,其中600 MPa/5 min的超高压处理杀菌效果最好;经超高压处理后鲜驼乳的酸度降低,除了样品温度为20℃和60℃的处理外,其余各处理均使酸度显著降低(P<0.05);随着处理压力的升高、保压时间的延长及样品温度的升高,驼乳的色泽整体无明显变化;超高压处理后鲜驼乳的酸味、苦味和涩味显著降低(P<0.05),而咸味和鲜味显著上升(P<0.05),且基本味间存在一定的相关性。     

超高压和UHT对草莓汁中多酚氧化酶活性的影响

研究不同超高压处理和超高温瞬时灭菌对调配草莓汁多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响。以未处理调配草莓汁为对照,研究不同压力、处理时间、协同温度、间歇次数对PPO活性的影响。结果表明,所有处理组均能显著降低PPO残余活性。处理压力越大,PPO活性越小,600MPa处理与UHT处理对PPO钝化作用相当。400MPa条件下:30℃时,较短时间超高压处理(20~40min)PPO活性变化不显著,60min处理显著降低;20min时,30~45℃协同超高压处理PPO活性基本无变化,60℃与超高压对PPO活性钝化的正协同效果更明显;间歇性处理2次10 min(20 min)与20 min(40min)1次处理相比PPO活性下降(P0.05);贮藏30d后,UHT处理酶活性恢复约14.4%(P0.05),各超高压处理组与0d贮藏相比基本无变化。     

荔枝果汁工业规模加工过程中主要品质指标变化

为探究荔枝果汁工业规模加工过程中打浆去核、压榨过滤、离心、浓缩、杀菌等关键工序对果汁品质的影响,测定了各单元操作后样品的总糖、还原糖、维生素C、总酸、总酚及挥发性风味成分等主要品质指标。结果表明:去核打浆、压榨过滤、离心对荔枝果汁总糖和还原糖影响不显著(p>0.05),压榨过滤后维生素C、总酚含量下降,浓缩和杀菌导致总糖、还原糖、维生素C、总酸、总酚含量降低(p<0.05)。加工过程中荔枝果汁风味出现明显变化,采用SPME/GC-MS对各单元操作的荔枝果汁风味成分进行分析,发现醇类和烯类物质明显下降,浓缩和杀菌两个单元操作对风味成分有显著影响。     

超高压和高温短时杀菌对NFC橙汁品质的影响

本文对比了超高压（Ultral high pressure processing,HPP,600 MPa,1 min）和高温短时（High temperature short time,HTST,110℃,8.6 s）杀菌处理对非浓缩还原（Not from concentrate,NFC）橙汁处理前后及4℃、25 d贮藏期内微生物、基本理化指标以及颜色、稳定性、生物活性成分、抗氧化活性等品质的影响,并在贮藏期末对杀菌橙汁进行了感官评价。结果表明,HPP和HTST处理后NFC橙汁菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌、乳酸菌、嗜冷菌均降低至检测限以下（<10 CFU/mL）,储藏25 d后HPP处理橙汁微生物仍未检出,符合国家果蔬汁饮料行业标准《NY/T 434-2016》,而HTST处理橙汁在贮藏期末菌落总数和霉菌酵母数量开始增加。HPP处理对橙汁色泽的L*、b*值无显著影响（P>0.05）,使a*值显著增大（P<0.05）,总色差ΔE低于HTST处理。HPP处理对橙汁悬浮稳定性的保持和果胶甲基酯酶（Pectin methylesterase,PME）的钝化效果较差,处理后HPP组和HTST组PME残留活性分别为92.31%和14.42%,贮藏末期分别为30.77%和0.03%,贮藏期间HPP组悬浮稳定性下降了95.45%。HPP处理显著提高了NFC橙汁的总酚含量13.50%（P<0.05）,对维生素C含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、FRAP铁离子还原能力、综合感官评价无显著影响（P>0.05）,显著高于HTST处理橙汁（P<0.05）。综上所述,HPP处理有助于保持橙汁的营养和感官品质,保留新鲜风味,比HTST处理更具优势,但对PME酶的钝化效果有待提高。     

不同杀菌方式对桑葚原汁品质的影响

以桑葚原汁为材料,对比分析了巴氏杀菌、超高温瞬时杀菌（ultra high temperature treated,UHT）以及静态超高压杀菌（ultra high hydrostatic pressure,UHHP）3 种不同的杀菌处理对桑葚原汁的微生物、品质和香气成分的影响。结果表明：3 种杀菌方式处理的桑葚原汁均符合GB 19297-2003《果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准》要求,UHT杀菌更彻底,未有微生物检出。与未杀菌桑葚原汁相比,可溶性固形物、总糖含量经巴氏杀菌和UHT处理后都出现了较显著下降趋势（P＜0.05）;UHHP处理对花色苷含量影响最大;总酚含量、类黄酮含量以及抗氧化能力经过不同杀菌处理后表现出不同程度的下降,UHHP处理影响最小。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对未杀菌桑葚原汁及巴氏杀菌、UHT和UHHP桑葚原汁香气成分进行分析,分别鉴定出52、42、44、49 种挥发性香气成分。UHHP桑葚原汁各主要香气成分与未杀菌桑葚原汁最为接近。UHHP技术不仅具有良好的杀菌效果,而且能较好的保持桑葚原汁的品质。     

Comparing the impact of high pressure,pulsed electric field and thermal pasteurization on quality attributes of cloudy apple juice using targeted and untargeted analyses

The impact of low-oxygen spiral-filter press technology combined with thermal pasteurization (TP), pulsed electric field (PEF) and high pressure processing (HPP) on cloudy apple juice quality was investigated immediately after the treatments and after 3 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Based on equivalent levels of microbial safety and desired shelf-life, low and high processing intensities were selected: TP (72 °C/15 s; 85 °C/30 s), PEF (12.5 kV/cm, 76.4 kJ/L; 12.3 kV/cm, 132.5 kJ/L), and HPP (400 MPa/3 min; 600 MPa/3 min). High intensity thermal treatment resulted in a bright, yellowish color which was maintained during storage. PPO and POD activities were largely reduced by high intensity PEF and TP yet showed high resistance to HPP. The highest vitamin C content was provided by fresh juice followed by PEF-treated juices. Due to oxidative degradation reactions, vitamin C of all treated samples significantly decreased during storage. Immediately after processing, high cloud stability values were obtained in all samples; however, cloud stability decreased during storage particularly for HPP juices with high residual PME. No significant changes were observed in pH, titratable acidity, organic acid and sugar content which also corresponded to sweet and sour taste. Results from untargeted volatile profiles showed that esters increased after PEF and were better retained after HPP. Contrary to TP treatment where ester degradation reactions occurred together with the formation of off-flavors. Most of the volatiles decreased during storage which could be linked to oxidation and ester hydrolysis reactions.Industrial relevanceBeing one of the most popular fruit juices consumed worldwide, cloudy apple juice can still undergo quality changes such as color degradation, cloud loss (fast sedimentation) and flavor changes during processing and storage. This study evaluates the potential of low-oxygen spiral-filter press in combination with different preservation technologies to obtain a maximal quality of cloudy apple juice. Results showed that high intensity thermal pasteurization can effectively inactivate quality-degrading enzymes, therefore it is useful to obtain an optimal cloudy apple juice product in terms of color and cloud stability. Although HPP has minimal impact on aroma of the juice, shelf-life of the juice may be limited due to incomplete enzyme inactivation. In the case of PEF treatment, thermal effects may contribute to maintain apple juice quality.     

NFC南果梨黄秋葵复合汁配方优化及杀菌方式对其品质的影响

以南果梨和黄秋葵为主要原料制作南果梨黄秋葵非浓缩还原汁（Not From Concentrate,NFC）,以感官评分为指标通过单因素和正交试验优化NFC南果梨黄秋葵复合汁配方,并研究巴氏、微波和超高压三种杀菌方式对复合汁杀菌效果、理化性质和风味的影响。结果表明:南果梨汁与黄秋葵以质量比15:1榨汁复合后,按南果梨和黄秋葵复合汁含量93.98%、白砂糖添加量6%和柠檬酸添加量0.02%进行复配,感官评分最高为89.4。三种杀菌方式处理后复合汁均达到商业无菌状态。与未杀菌样品相比,微波和巴氏杀菌复合汁总酸含量和自由基清除率发生显著下降（P<0.05）,pH、非酶褐变指数、苦味和涩味显著上升(P<0.05);微波和超高压处理后复合汁可溶性固形物含量显著上升（P<0.05）;超高压处理后复合汁总酸含量、苦味和涩味显著下降（P<0.05）。与其他两种杀菌方式相比,超高压杀菌的复合汁?E变化最小,为4.26±0.12,DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除率最大分别为78.79%±0.37%和68.84%±0.42%,较好保持了复合汁色泽和抗氧化性。     

超高压和高温短时杀菌对樱桃汁品质的影响

比较了超高压(high pressure processing,HPP,550 MPa/2 min)和高温短时(high temperature short time,HTST,95 ℃/15 s)杀菌对樱桃汁中微生物、总酚、维生素C、花色苷、抗氧化能力以及感官品质的影响,并分析了4 ℃贮藏樱桃汁品质变化。结果表明:樱桃汁经过HPP和HTST杀菌后细菌总数小于100 CFU/mL、霉菌和酵母菌未检出,两者对樱桃汁均具有较好的杀菌效果;两种方式杀菌后樱桃汁中绿原酸和矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷含量显著降低(p<0.05),HPP樱桃汁中绿原酸与矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷保留率分别为95.4%±8.0%和77.7%±13.8%,显著高于HTST樱桃汁(p<0.05)。HPP对樱桃汁果胶、总酚、维生素C、天竺葵素-3,5二葡萄糖苷含量无影响,儿茶酚含量提高了4.6%;HTST降低了樱桃汁果胶、总酚、儿茶酚、维生素C、天竺葵素-3,5二葡萄糖苷的含量;两种果汁抗氧化能力无显著变化(p>0.05)。HPP樱桃汁在香气、滋味、颜色方面比HTST樱桃汁具有更好的感官品质。4 ℃冷藏期间,两种樱桃汁中细菌总数缓慢升高,但霉菌与酵母菌仍未检出;HPP樱桃汁中总酚、绿原酸、儿茶酚、维生素C、矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷含量以及抗氧化能力均高于HTST樱桃汁。因此,HPP樱桃汁保持了更好的品质。     

Ribonucleosides: Chemical parameters for controlling the heat treatment of milk

From experimental findings concerning changes in the contents of ribonucleosides - which belong to the group of minor milk constituents - in heat-treated milk it can be concluded that the concentrations of cytidine, guanosine and inosine present in raw milk show a multifold increase in milk which has been subjected to thermization and holder pasteurization, whereas the adenosine level decreases. On the other hand, these enzyme- (e.g. adenosine deaminase, alkaline phosphatase) catalysed changes in the content of unmodified ribonucleosides in milk are not observed in milk samples after short- and long-time pasteurization, high temperature pasteurization, ultra-high heating and sterilization. The changes in milk ribonucleoside contents found in these heating regions are mainly attributable to the catalytic activity of the milk enzymes in the course of the heating-up phase. During short- and long-time-, as well as high temperature pasteurization i.e. in the whole pasteurization region, changes in the nucleoside levels correlating with processing temperature and holding time were not observed since in these heating regions milk enzymes, such as adenosine deaminase and alkaline phosphatase, are inactivated. Hence, in the whole region of pasteurization neither enzyme-induced degradation- and conversion reactions nor thermally induced chemical degradation reactions take place with respect to unmodified ribonucleosides. However, with sterilization values exceeding F₀ = 30 min thermally induced hydrolytic effects are observed in UHT milk samples which lead in particular to an increase in adenosine contents. Comparable observations were made as regards cytidine, guanosine, inosine and adenosine contents in sterilized milk samples. Summing up, it can be concluded that from the viewpoint of dairy technology cytidine, guanosine and mainly inosine can be taken into account as chemical parameters for detecting thermization and, in particular, holder pasteurization. For characterizing heat treatment in the region of pasteurization, high temperature pasteurization, UHT heating and sterilization unmodified ribonucleosides of milk appear to be unsuited. The studies on the Dimroth-rearrangement under heating conditions of thermization and holder pasteurization, as well as short-, long-time- and high-temperature pasteurization, ultra-high heating and sterilization have shown that N⁶-methyladenosine, which is the resulting product of the rearrangement, is suited to be used as chemical parameter for controlling milk heat-treatment under time-temperature conditions with sterilization values (F₀) lying between ≈0.4 and 22 min. N⁶-methyladenosine is, thus, suited to be used as a chemical parameter for detecting heat treatment in the upper range of high temperature pasteurization, the whole range of UHT heating and the lower range of sterilization (as normally applied in dairies). From the viewpoint of dairy technology N⁶-methyladenosine is, thus, suited to be used as a further chemical parameter mainly for characterizing the upper range of UHT heating and the lower range of sterilization of heat-treated milk.     

GC-MS结合PCA探究不同加工方式对香梨汁风味品质影响

为探究不同加工方式对库尔勒香梨汁加工中其挥发性物质和感官品质的影响,采用静态顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-GC-MS)技术对不同加工方式下制备的香梨汁中的挥发性成分进行分离鉴定,并结合主成分分析技术对其挥发性成分与感官属性进行相关性分析。研究发现:果胶酶酶解和巴氏杀菌对香梨汁挥发性物质组成影响极为显著(p0.05),其中酯类物质丧失或显著降低,而醇类、烃类和杂环类物质则明显增多。果胶酶酶解和巴氏杀菌处理使香梨汁感官品质降低,巴氏杀菌使香梨汁异味和蒸煮味异常明显.结合主成分分析(PCA)分析得出,乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己醇和壬醛与香梨汁的梨果香感官属性有很好的正相关性,乙酸己酯与香梨汁的花青香感官属性有很好的正相关性。     

Effects of ultrafiltration combined with high-pressure processing,ultrasound and heat treatments on the quality of a blueberry–grape–pineapple–cantaloupe juice blend

This study investigated the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) combined with high-pressure processing (HPP) at 550 MPa, 25 °C for 5 min, ultrasound (US) at 520 W, 40 °C for 10 min and heat treatment (HT) at 90 °C for 3 min on the microbial, physicochemical and sensory properties of a blueberry–grape–pineapple–cantaloupe juice blend during 104 days of storage at 4 °C. After UF, the shelf life of the HPP- and US-treated clear juice blends were 104 and 72 days during the storage at 4 °C respectively. HPP, US and HT treatment minimally affected the anthocyanin and total phenol contents, while HPP better maintained the ascorbic acid levels and sensory properties in the clear juice blend during the storage. Therefore, HPP combined with UF was identified as a prospective processing technique in the fruit juice industry.