天然气塔式同轴分级燃烧室掺氢燃烧特性 数值模拟研究

为了解天然气掺氢对贫预混燃气轮机性能的影响,采用Chemkm-pro研究了燃料的化学反应动力学 特性,对比了不同当量比、掺氢比下的绝热火焰温度、层流火焰传播速度及点火延迟时间,结果表明掺氢能缩 短燃料点火延迟时间,增加绝热火焰温度及提高火焰传播速度。进一步以天然气塔式同轴分级燃烧室为研 究对象,研究了掺氢比对燃烧室燃烧场分布及燃烧效率、总压损失系数、温度分布不均匀度、一氧化碳及氮氧 化物排放量等性能参数的影响。结果表明,随着掺氢比的增加,燃烧效率上升,总压损失系数增加,温度分布 不均匀度下降,一氧化碳排放量下降,氮氧化物排放量增加。掺氢比在35%时燃烧室发生回火。在30% ~ 35%掺氢比范围内,燃烧室性能参数变化较大。其中,总压损失系数增幅为24. 74%,温度分布不均匀度降幅 为31.11%,氮氧化物排放量增幅为416.12%。     

天然气-氢气-空气混合气火焰传播特性研究

在定容燃烧弹内研究了初始条件为常温常压的灭然气-氢气-空气混合气火焰传播规律,得到了不同掺氢比例和燃空当量比下混合气的层流燃烧速率、质量燃烧流量和马克斯坦长度,结合火焰传播照片,分析了火焰的稳定性并预测了大尺寸火焰稳定性的演变趋势。研究结果表明,随着天然气中掺氢比例的增加,混合气的燃烧速率增加,且增长速率逐渐加快,马克斯坦长度值减小,火焰的稳定性下降。各种掺氢比例下,随当量比的增加,马克斯坦长度值增加,火焰的稳定性增加。掺氢比例高于80％时,随着火焰的传播,其不稳定性将明显增加。     

燃气轮机燃烧室天然气掺氢的燃烧特性研究

为了研究某型号燃气轮机天然气燃料中掺混不同比例氢气的燃烧特性,采用Chemkin软件的PREMIX模型对一维层流预混火焰、GRI-Mech 3.0机理进行数值计算,分析不同比例天然气掺氢混合燃料的绝热火焰温度、层流预混火焰传播速度和点火延迟时间等燃烧特性参数及其随当量比、压力和温度的变化规律,得到不同比例掺氢燃料的燃烧特性。结果显示：随着掺氢比例的提高,燃料燃烧特性参数的变化速率加快,氢气含量低于20%时,参数变化相对缓和,设计鲁棒性较好的燃烧室可以直接更换燃料;氢气含量为20%～60%时,参数变化程度加剧,需要进行燃料适应性改造;氢气含量超过60%时,需要进行综合评估;燃料氢气含量从80%提高至纯氢将面临巨大挑战。     

零碳燃料对燃气锅炉燃烧过程调控作用

利用小型化模拟炉膛开展了零碳燃料氢气对燃气锅炉燃烧过程调控作用实验研究,研究了掺氢比对炉膛内部预混火焰宏观形态、炉膛温度均匀性、炉膛污染物排放规律的影响,并总结了CO及NO_x的排放规律。实验结果表明：随着预混当量比增加,纯甲烷火焰长度逐渐缩短;对于20%掺氢火焰,随着预混程度的提高,火焰长度降低明显;不同火焰条件下,炉膛温度只由燃烧功率控制;改变燃烧条件时,处于壁面附近位置的温度变化较为平稳,而靠近火焰处温度变化较大;天然气中掺入氢气,燃烧时可以有效降低未燃CO排放;在相同预混程度下,全局当量比减小导致未燃空气增加,热量被稀释,火焰温度降低,热力型NO_x的生成降低;随着掺氢比的增加,燃烧时火焰温度升高,导致热力型NO_x排放增加。     

稀释气对掺氢天然气层流预混燃烧燃烧速率的影响

在定容燃烧弹内研究了初始压力为0.1 MPa、初始温度为285 K时掺氢天然气-空气-稀释气体混合气层流预混燃烧的火焰传播规律,获得了分别使用氮气和二氧化碳作为稀释气时,在不同掺氢比、稀释度和当量比下的无拉伸层流燃烧速率,并分析了氮气和二氧化碳稀释气对燃烧速率的影响.结果表明:无拉伸层流燃烧速率随着掺氢比的增加而增加,随着稀释度的增加而减小,二氧化碳对燃烧速率的作用强于氮气.     

湍流预混燃烧的小火焰模型

由Level set方法确定湍流预混燃烧火焰面的位置,考虑CHEMKIN库详细化学反应机理,通过PDF方法建立湍流预混燃烧数学模型,计算组分浓度和温度在火焰内部分布。以矩形突扩燃烧室为例,模拟甲烷/空气预混燃烧的平均火焰位置和火焰内部温度、浓度分布,计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明此模型能较好模拟湍流预混燃烧。     

不同初始压力下掺氢天然气的燃烧特性

在定容燃烧弹内研究了不同初始压力下天然气-氢气-空气混合气的火焰传播规律,得到了不同掺氢比例和初始压力下,不同燃空当量比时混合气的层流燃烧速率,并分析了火焰的稳定性及其影响因素.研究结果表明,随着天然气中掺氢比例的增加,混合气的燃烧速率增加,且增长速率逐渐加快,而马克斯坦长度值则随着掺氢比例的增加而减小,即火焰的稳定性下降.不同初始压力下,随着燃空当量比的增加,马克斯坦长度值在不同掺氢比例下均增加,显示火焰的稳定性增加.无拉伸层流燃烧速率随着初始压力的增加略有减小,且在化学当量比附近,变化的初始压力和掺氢比对无拉伸层流燃烧速率的影响最为明显.     

天然气-氢气-空气混合气的层流燃烧速度测定

在定容燃烧弹内研究了常温常压下天然气-氢气-空气混合气的火焰传播规律,得到了不同掺氢比例（氢气在天然气中的体积掺混比例为0％～100％）和燃空当量比（0．6～1．4）下混合气的层流燃烧速率和马克斯坦长度,通过对马克斯坦长度的测量,分析了拉伸对火焰传播的影响。结果表明,随着天然气中掺氢比例的增加,混合气的燃烧速率呈指数规律增加,马克斯坦长度值减小,火焰的稳定性下降。各掺氢比例下,随当量比的增加,马克斯坦长度值增加,火焰的稳定性增强。通过对试验结果的数据拟合,得到了计算天然气-氢气-空气混合气层流燃烧速率的关系式。     

旋流预混燃烧室燃烧特性及排放特性的数值模拟研究

为了综合考察燃气轮机燃烧室在高稳定性、低排放以及燃料适应性等方面的新要求,基于旋流预混燃烧技术,通过三维数值模拟方法开展了甲烷/空气、丙烷/空气预混燃烧特性及排放特性研究。结果表明：在一定的预混气进气质量流量条件下,当量比增大易引发回火,燃烧温度更高,同时NO_x排放指数增大,增加预混气质量流量,可在一定程度上提高回/熄火极限;当量比固定,增加预混气进气质量流量可避免潜在的回火现象,且NO_x排放指数线性降低;旋流器的旋流数增大能形成强旋流,稳定火焰,降低NO_x排放指数,但过大的旋流强度会引发回火现象;相比于甲烷/空气预混燃烧,丙烷/空气预混燃烧温度偏高,NO_x排放指数较大,但回熄火边界更宽,对应更广阔的稳定燃烧区间。     

甲烷在过量焓燃烧器内的燃烧特性

设计了一个通道截面为7 mm x0.6 mm的等速螺线过量焓微燃烧器,并在其中完成了CH4/空气预混气的燃烧实验.通过数据采集系统得到了微燃烧器端面的温度分布,使用气相色谱法分析了烟气成分.实验结果表明,过量焓燃烧器能够通过逆流换热有效地实现热量回收,提高可燃预混气进入燃烧区前的温度,有利于微尺度火焰的稳定,并在较宽的空气过量系数范围内实现甲烷/空气预混气在燃烧器的中心稳定燃烧.当空气过量系数大于1时,甲烷可以实现完全燃烧;当空气过量系数小于1时,烟气中存在H2和CO,但无残留的甲烷.     

用光学纹影摄影术观察分析定容燃烧室内氢燃料的燃烧过程

论述了采用纹影摄影术和高速摄影法观察分析氢气和空气预混合燃料在定容燃烧室内的火花点火燃烧过程,定性地分析了预混合氢气燃料的火焰形态和变化过程,以及燃烧室内的初始压力和空燃比对火焰传播速度及其燃烧压力的影响,通过采用纹影摄影术方法,初步揭示了预混合氢气燃料在定容燃烧室内燃烧时火焰初期紊流产生的机理,以及由开始的层流状火焰发展到湍流状火焰的过程,研究结果表明,预混合氢气燃料燃烧的火焰传播速度及燃烧压力明显地受燃烧室内的初始压力和空燃比的影响。     

阻塞比对氢-空预混火焰加速影响的可视化研究

在顶置点火定容燃烧弹内布置网孔板,通过火焰传播路径上的孔板诱导实现火焰加速。利用纹影法和压力采集系统,研究了阻塞比对氢-空预混气孔板诱导火焰加速的影响规律。试验结果表明:阻塞比的增加可增大孔板对火焰的扰动,使火焰传播速度大幅增加;任意初始工况下均存在一个最佳阻塞比使燃烧持续期达到最短,在试验范围内,较低初始压力、较小当量比和较高初始温度的最佳阻塞比为0.90,其余工况的最佳阻塞比均在0.84;孔板诱导燃烧加速的效果非常显著,在试验工况范围内,各阻塞比孔板诱导下的燃烧持续期均缩短45%以上。     

定容燃烧室有无废气稀释燃烧特性实验研究

研究了甲醇燃料在有、无废气稀释情况下的燃烧特性，采用定容燃烧室进行实验，并利用激光纹影技术和高速摄影机对火焰图像进行可视化，研究了不同燃烧初始压力、不同化学当量比和废气稀释情况下的燃烧时间和火焰传播情况。结果表明，在贫燃料状态，当化学当量比增大时，燃烧时间明显缩短，在废气稀释情况下，燃烧时间延长，在高初始燃烧压力时，火焰传播速度下降更明显。同时，采用图像技术可以获得初始压力变化和废气稀释情况下非常有用的火焰结构信息。实验表明，当燃烧时间较长时，定容燃烧过程要考虑浮升力的影响。     

Effect of hydrogen enrichment and electric field on lean CH4/air flame propagation at elevated pressure

Electric assisted combustion for hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons may even extend the lean burn limit and provide the further improvement on combustion stability. This study investigates the effect of hydrogen enrichment and DC electric field on lean CH₄/air flame propagation. Electric field inside the chamber was generated by mesh and needle electrodes. Effect of hydrogen enrichment on the ion mole fraction in the flame was discussed based on reaction mechanism included neutral and ion reactions. The flame propagation images, flame displacement speed were used to evaluate the combined influences of hydrogen enrichment and electric field on propagating flame. Results showed that the hydrogen addition would increase positive ions mole fraction and the peak value is mainly determined by H₃O⁺. This would be due to that CH increases with hydrogen fraction, which is the main species in the initial reaction for the ion reactions. Electric field effect about flame propagation was suppressed with hydrogen addition due to the competition between the increment in ion mole fraction and the decrement in flame time. Electric assisted combustion is more evident at leaner conditions and elevated pressure. The ratio of ionic wind velocity to flow velocity may be the determined factor to predict the electric field effect about propagating flame. The tendency based on this ratio is in accordance with the experimental results for various hydrogen fraction and equivalence ratio at elevated pressure.     

Effect of initial pressure,temperature and equivalence ratios on laminar combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas

In this study, the flame propagation characteristics of premixed natural gas–hydrogen–air mixtures were studied in constant volume combustion bomb by using the high-speed schlieren photography system. The flame radius, laminar flame propagation speed and the flame stretch rate were obtained under different initial pressure, temperature, equivalence ratios and hydrogen fractions. Meanwhile, the flame stability and their influencing factors were obtained by analyzing the Markstein length and the flame propagation schlieren photos under various combustion conditions. The results show that the stretched laminar propagation speed increases with the increase of the initial temperature and hydrogen fraction of the mixture, and will decreases with the increase of the initial pressure. Meanwhile, according to the Markstein length and the flame propagation pictures, the flame stability decreases with the increase of the temperature and hydrogen fraction, and the slight flaws occurred at the early stage; at larger flame radius, the flame stability is more sensitive to the variation of the initial temperature and hydrogen fraction than to that of initial pressure and equivalence ratio.     

Effect of initial pressure on laminar combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas

Flame propagation of premixed natural gas–hydrogen–air mixtures was studied in a constant volume combustion bomb. Laminar burning velocities and mass burning fluxes were obtained under various hydrogen fractions and equivalence ratios with various initial pressures, while flame stability and their influencing factors (Markstein length, density ratio and flame thickness) were obtained by analyzing the flame images at various hydrogen fractions, initial pressures and equivalence ratios. The results show that hydrogen fraction, initial pressure as well as equivalence ratio have combined influence on both unstretched laminar burning velocity and flame instability. Meanwhile, according to flame propagation pictures taken by the high speed camera, flame stability decreases with the increase of initial pressures; for given equivalence ratio and hydrogen fraction, flame thickness is more sensitive to the variation of the initial pressure than to that of the density ratio.     

Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of nitrogen diluted natural gas/hydrogen/air mixtures at normal,reduced and elevated pressures

Flame propagation of premixed nitrogen diluted natural gas/hydrogen/air mixtures was studied in a constant volume combustion bomb under various initial pressures. Laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths were obtained for the diluted stoichiometric fuel/air mixtures with different hydrogen fractions and diluent ratios under various initial pressures. The results showed that both unstretched flame speed and unstretched burning velocity are reduced with the increase in initial pressure (except when the hydrogen fraction is 80%) as well as diluent ratio. The velocity reduction rate due to diluent addition is determined mainly by hydrogen fraction and diluent ratio, and the effect of initial pressure is negligible. Flame stability was studied by analyzing Markstein length. It was found that the increase of initial pressure and hydrogen fraction decreases flame stability and the flame tends to be more stable with the addition of diluent gas. Generally speaking, Markstein length of a fuel with low hydrogen fraction is more sensitive to the change of initial pressure than that of a one with high hydrogen fraction.     

异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料预混层流火焰速度的研究

针对生物柴油与醇类混合燃料燃烧机理研究的需求,采用高速纹影光学诊断方法和定容燃烧弹系统试验研究了异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的预混层流燃烧特性。测量了不同当量比和初始压力条件下的不同配比混合燃料—空气预混合气的层流燃烧火焰速度,火焰拉伸率以及马克斯坦长度。分析了燃烧初始条件及异丁醇掺混比例对混合燃料的无拉伸层流燃烧速度及火焰不稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的拉伸层流火焰传播速度和层流火焰燃烧速度随着当量比的增加先增加后减少,随着初始压力的增加而减小;马克斯坦长度随着当量比和初始压力的增加而减小;异丁醇掺混比例的增加加快了层流火焰燃烧速度,但使得火焰的不稳定性倾向增加。     

Parameter extraction from spherically expanding flames propagated in hydrogen/air mixtures

The characteristics of hydrogen/air flame were studied by using the spherical expanding flame propagated in a constant volume chamber. The influence of ignition induced blast wave and the flame instability on flame propagation was investigated. The nonlinear evaluation method for laminar flame parameter evaluation was established. By using the nonlinear evaluation method and the experimental results of flame propagation, the laminar flame speed and Markstein length were extracted and the difference between the nonlinearly evaluated laminar flame speed and the linearly evaluated one was analyzed. The influence of initial pressure and equivalence ratio on laminar flame speed and flame thickness was investigated. The laminar flame speed varies with equivalence ratio and initial pressure. There exists an equivalence ratio at which the laminar flame speed gets its maximum value. And there also exists an initial pressure at which the laminar flame speed gets its maximum value. The critical radius, Markstein length and flame instability of hydrogen/air flame with different equivalence ratio at different initial pressure had been studied. In hydrogen/air flame the flame stability decreases with the increase of initial pressure, while it increases with the increase of equivalence ratio. The global stability of flame is determined by the combination of the stabilizing effect of stretch effect, thermodiffusive instability mechanism and hydrodynamic instability mechanism.     

Study on laminar combustion characteristic of low calorific value gas blended with hydrogen in a constant volume combustion bomb

In this paper, the laminar combustion velocity of low calorific value gases blended with hydrogen was experimentally studied in the constant volume combustion bomb. An experimental system of constant volume combustion bomb was set up, and the variation trend of laminar flame velocity of low calorific value blended hydrogen was analyzed under different initial conditions. The experimental results show that increasing the initial pressure will reduce the laminar combustion velocity of the flame, while increasing the initial temperature will increase the laminar combustion velocity of the flame. With the increase of hydrogen ratio, the laminar combustion velocity of flame and instability of flame increases. The influence of equivalence ratio on laminar combustion velocity of flame is quite complex, generally, the burning speed of the rich mixture is greater than that of the lean mixture. This research can provide experimental basis for the design and development of low calorific value gas blended with hydrogen engine.