渣油催化裂化反应技术新进展

重油催化裂化技术作为主要的重质油轻质化手段得到了迅速的发展,国内外围绕重油催化裂化的提升管反应器开发了许多新技术。概括介绍了渣油催化裂化提升管反应系统的最新进展,如新型进料喷嘴、轻烃预提升技术、两段提升管催化裂化、提升管末端快分技术、MTC等,并对目前工业提升管存在的问题和有待开发的技术领域进行了讨论。     

超临界水中基于重芳烃自组装的重质油脱金属

在超临界水的环境中重质油脱金属的实验,实验结果表明,在水油比和实密度较高的环境下,重质油裂化从油相转移到超临界水相的过程中。相较于在油相中的裂化,在超临界水的环境中,重质油能够加快裂化的速率,并且受到水热条件的影响。     

催化裂化提升管反应优化控制技术

提升管反应器是催化裂化反应进行的主要场所,对裂化反应过程有很大影响。文章对提升管反应部分优化控制技术进行了简单的介绍。     

石油炼制中的加氢裂化

在较高的压力的温度下[10-15兆帕(100-150大气压),400℃左右],氢气经催化剂作用使重质油发生加氢、裂化和异构化反应,转化为轻质油(汽油、煤油、柴油或催化裂化、裂解制烯烃的原料)的加工过程。本文主要通过分析石油炼制中的加氢裂化过程,并提出石油加氢裂化的主要方法。     

石油炼制中的加氢裂化

在较高的压力的温度下[10-15兆帕(100-150大气压),400℃左右],氢气经催化剂作用使重质油发生加氢、裂化和异构化反应,转化为轻质油(汽油、煤油、柴油或催化裂化、裂解制烯烃的原料)的加工过程。本文主要通过分析石油炼制中的加氢裂化过程,并提出石油加氢裂化的主要方法。     

延迟焦化及减黏裂化在重质油加工方面的研究

针对延迟焦化及减黏裂化在重质油加工方面的发展及现状进行分析和探讨。延迟焦化和减黏裂化在重质油加工方面仍然具有举足轻重的地位,仍然有很大工艺技术改进的空间。     

FCC提升管反应器中终止剂注入对裂化反应的影响

通过对催化裂化提升管注入终止剂前后的工况进行数值模拟,研究了终止剂注入对提升管内速度分布、催化剂颗粒浓度分布、温度分布以及组分浓度分布的影响,考察了不同注入量以及注入高度的终止剂在提升管内的作用区域及其对裂化反应的影响。研究表明,终止剂的注入大幅提升了提升管内的油气速度,降低了催化剂浓度、油气和催化剂的温度,使得提升管内原料的裂化程度降低,二次反应减少。且不同注入量和注入高度的作用区域不同,对裂化反应的影响不同,应根据实际工况进行分析。     

延迟焦化分馏塔底结焦的原因及优化

延迟焦化是一种石油二次加工技术,是指以贫氢的重质油为原料,在高温(约500℃)进行深度的热裂化和缩合反应,生产富气、粗汽油、柴油、蜡油和焦炭的技术。它是世界渣油深度加工的主要方法之一,处理能力占渣油处理能力的三分之一。在实际生产过程中,往往会遇到分馏塔底结焦的情况,导致分馏塔参数难以控制以及焦化产品指数超标等问题。故分馏塔底结焦也成为制约装置安全平稳生产的主要因素。     

催化裂解多产丙烯获得突破

我国催化裂解多产丙烯技术取得重大成果。中国石油大学(华东)重质油国家重点实验室自主研发的两段提升管催化裂解多产丙烯(TMP)技术的工业化试验表明:常压渣油     

FCC提升管反应器中终止剂注入对裂化反应的影响

通过对催化裂化提升管注入终止剂前后的工况进行数值模拟,研究了终止剂注入对提升管内速度分布、催化剂颗粒浓度分布、温度分布以及组分浓度分布的影响,考察了不同注入量以及注入高度的终止剂在提升管内的作用区域及其对裂化反应的影响。研究表明,终止剂的注入大幅提升了提升管内的油气速度,降低了催化剂浓度、油气和催化剂的温度,使得提升管内原料的裂化程度降低,二次反应减少。且不同注入量和注入高度的作用区域不同,对裂化反应的影响不同,应根据实际工况进行分析。     

催化裂化沉降器内两端敞开型旋风分离器内气相流动规律

研究考察了催化裂化沉降器内两端敞开型旋风分离器内油气流动规律.用CFX软件采用DSM模型进行了数值模拟,并与用五孔探针测试的流场进行了比较,表明DSM模型有良好的预测精度.在此基础上,采用标量输运方程研究了气体在旋风分离器内的停留时间分布规律.实验和模拟结果均表明,该类旋风分离器内流场与常规旋风分离器的有很大的不同,升气管和料腿均存在回流区,升气管回流区最大可波及分离空间,对分离空间流场有很大干扰.气体示踪模拟结果表明,由入口进入旋风分离器,由升气管、料腿排出的气体的停留时间近似呈对数正态分布;升气管、料腿回流区内气体停留时间呈双峰分布;升气管回流区的存在可使总气体平均停留时间增大约5%～10%;料腿直径的减小以及灰斗的存在均可增大由升气管排出的气量并使升气管、料腿回流区大幅减小,进而减小粗旋风分离器内气体总平均停留时间.     

Effect of the Solid Loading on a PFBC Cyclone with Pneumatic Extraction of Solids

This paper presents the effects of solid loading on the performance of a cyclone with pneumatic extraction of solids. The cyclone is a non‐conventional design, especially used for hot‐gas cleaning applications such as pressurized fluidized bed combustors (PFBC). A scaled‐down cold‐flow model was employed for the research. Experiments were conducted at 9–14 m/s inlet gas velocities, inlet solid loadings ranging from 30 to 230 g/kg gas, and bottom gas extraction percentages from 0.3 to 1.5%. Experimental results of pressure drop resistance coefficients and collection efficiency were compared with literature predictions. At PFBC operating conditions, cyclone geometry and solid concentration are the main parameters influencing cyclone pressure drop and collection efficiency. The vortex penetration in dipleg causes lower pressure drop values and higher collection efficiencies than predicted. These parameters can be suitably predicted for PFBC cyclones by introducing a modified penetration length in Muschelknautz's model [1]. For the present cyclone design, a new correlation of pressure drop, including the influence of solid loading, is proposed. A new method for detecting cyclone fouling, not previously addressed, is also presented, based on the evolution of the pressure drop resistance coefficient. An enhanced separation efficiency has been found, related to collection efficiency, which is especially important for particle sizes below 10 μm revealing agglomeration effects.     

流化床中旋风下料管的物理模型

In most industrial fluidization units, two- or three-stage cyclone systems are used to clean the product gases. To return the solids to the bed, these cyclones are fitted with diplegs. By pass of gas from the bed through the dipleg is partially overcome by the back pressure build-up in the dipleg and by adding a trickle valve at the bottom of the dipleg. Diplegs of primary cyclones, operating at a high solid loading behave differently from diplegs of secondary and tertiary cyclones which operate at low solid loading. Both types have been investigated by pressure drop measurements, visual observation and by measurements of the air flow rate flowing up the riser. The primary dipleg was also studied using electrical capacitance tomography. The results are reported hereafter and will give a first indication towards the right design of the dipleg and the selection of the trickle valve. The influence of gas flow in the dipleg on the conversion in a catalytic fluidized bed reactor is found to be negligible.     

蜗壳式旋风分离器的磨损实验和分析

用模拟方法对蜗壳式旋风分离器器壁磨损进行了实验 ,探讨了旋风分离器的磨损机理 ,对蜗壳式旋风分离器器壁磨损最严重的 3个部位 :环形空间筒体 60～ 1 35°(以入口处为 0°)的局部区域、锥体部分的末端、灰斗锥体与料腿的连接附近的磨损特点进行了分析。实验结果表明 ,蜗壳式旋风分离器器壁磨损量与含尘气流的浓度是线性关系 ,与入口速度是三次方关系。在实验数据的基础上建立了磨损量计算的经验关系式。     

颗粒负荷对小型旋风器性能影响的模拟分析

为探究颗粒负荷对小型旋风器内气固两相流动的影响,基于雷诺应力模型（RSM）和欧拉-欧拉方法的混合流模型（Mixture）进行气体-颗粒、颗粒-颗粒的相间耦合计算。采用粒径为0.5～5μm的颗粒组在40L/min、60L/min和80L/min的入口流量下模拟0~3kg/m³的5种不同颗粒浓度工况,通过对比旋风器内纯气相流场和颗粒负荷流场的不同,研究了颗粒的存在对流场的影响;探究了入口流量和浓度变化对旋风器内分离效率和压降特性的影响。基于模型有效性验证的数值模拟结果表明：较高颗粒浓度负荷使旋风器内的气相流场发生显著变化。随着入口流量的增大,旋风器的分离效率先增大后减小,压降呈非线性增大。随着颗粒浓度的增大,旋风器的分离效率逐渐增大,压降先减小后增大。     

Experimental investigations on a cyclone separator performance at an extremely low particle concentration

In order to evaluate the influence of extremely low particle concentration on separation performance of cyclone separator, the overall collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies of a cyclone separator with particle concentrations of 5-2000 mg/m³ and inlet velocities of 6-30 m/s have been investigated under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions. Aerosol spectrometer based on measuring particle number is used to measure the particle concentrations and particle size distributions of the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator. The overall efficiency is equal to the ratio of the particle concentration difference between the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator to the inlet particle concentration. The grade efficiency is obtained by comparing the particle size distributions of the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator. The effects of particle concentration on separation performance are predicted by Smolik empirical model. Particle agglomeration, which has been found in the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator, has a very important influence on the collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies of the cyclone separator at the particle concentration of 5-2000 mg/m³. The cut sizes for different inlet gas velocity with extremely low particle concentration can be quantitatively calculated by Barth model, Mothes and Loffer model and Muschelknautz model, respectively. Experimental results show that the overall collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies increased with the increasing particle concentrations and inlet velocities, and most of the particles with the diameter bigger than 10 μm can be removed by cyclone separator.     

Modeling heterogeneous downward dense gas‐particle flows

A novel approach is proposed to model heterogeneous downward dense gas‐particle flows. The homogeneous behavior of the flow is described by the mass and momentum transport equations of the gas and particulate phases solved using a mono‐dimension finite volume method on staggered grids. The heterogeneous features of the flow are predicted simultaneously using the bubble‐emulsion formalism. The gas compressibility is taken into consideration. The model is supplemented with a new correlation to account for the wall‐particle frictional effects. The predictions are compared with the vertical profiles of pressure and the amount of gas that flows up and down two standpipes and a cyclone dipleg of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking unit and of a cold small‐scale circulating fluidized bed. The trends are well predicted. The model gives further information and is thus an innovative starting point for downward dense gas‐particle flow hydrodynamics investigation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

电容层析成像技术在分离器料腿浓度测量中的应用

Accurate solid concentration measurement plays a key role in the process industry. Measurements analyzed offline can be used to estimate process efficiencies, to identify problems in a flow, and to validate computational models. Online measurements can be used for active control. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a unique measuring technique with great potential in multiphase flow measurement. Experimental studies are carried out on a solid concentration measurement in a cyclone separator dipleg, using ECT. In this experiment eight electrodes are selected for the ECT sensor that is placed on the straight tube of the dipleg. The fluctuating characteristics according to the screw feeder and the effect of the airflow rate from the top of the cyclone are analyzed. The feasibility and reliability of the method are verified by the experimental results.     

Particle Holdup and Average Residence Time in the Cyclone of a CFB Boiler

Particle holdup and the average residence time in the cyclone of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler are important information for describing events post‐combustion in the cyclone that often lead to a noticeable increase in the temperature of the flue gas. The existing results for the variation of particle average residence time with fluidizing gas velocity are contradictory since they were obtained under different operation conditions. A cold CFB apparatus made of plexiglass was established with a riser of 5 m in height and 0.2 m in diameter and equipped with a standard Lapple cyclone. The particle holdup was directly measured by the mass in the cyclone when the system was shut down. The solid concentration at the cyclone inlet was kept in the range generally used in CFB boilers. The experimental results showed that the particle holdup in the cyclone was equal to ca. 10–40 % of the corresponding bed material in the riser and that it increases monotonously with both the fluidizing gas velocity and the initial static bed height, and approximately linearly with the solid circulation rate. In addition, within the experimental conditions, the cyclone pressure drop increases monotonously with particle holdup. It was found that the average residence time of the particles either increased or decreased linearly with the fluidizing gas velocity, depending on the initial static bed height. Nevertheless, both variation rates were very small. In a view of engineering applications, the average residence time of the particles in the cyclone is insignificantly affected by the fluidizing gas velocity, initial bed inventory and solid circulation rate, within the range of experimental conditions examined.     

排气管偏置分离器分离性能的数值模拟

采用雷诺应力模型（Reynolds stress model,RSM）对旋风分离器排气管中置和偏置时的气相流场进行了数值模拟,并用拉格朗日法模拟了分离器内颗粒的运动轨迹。气相流场模拟结果与实验结果吻合得较好。结果表明：排气管偏置后,分离器内沿排气管偏置方向的切向速度有所提高,排气管下部短路流较小,颗粒离心运动更加强烈,提高了分离效率的同时压降变化不大,分离器经济性更好。