复合材料层板的拟协调罚单元*

本文在文献提出的多变量拟协调元和罚函数相结合的方法基础上构造了考慮耦合和剪切效应的十五自由度三角形层合板单元。此单元适用于薄和中厚层合板的强度分析,具有收敛和应用范围广的优点。文中以各向同性和复合材料层合板多组数例证明了该单元的有效性,同时还讨论了跨厚比L/h和弹性模量比E₁/E₂与剪切效应的关系,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

环氧玻璃钢层合板冲击破坏及其断口微观特征的研究

S-GF/Ep648复合材料层合板[0₉°/θ]_s冲击抗力试验的结果表明其冲击抗力值与铺层角θ无关,只受浸水时间的影响;而另一种铺层形式[+θ₈/-θ₈]的复合材料层合板,在落重冲击试验中却发现:在相同的冲击能量下,θ越大,分层破坏越严重,损伤区面积也越大。利用SEM-505扫描电子显微镜对发生穿透性断裂、层间分层断裂或仅出现冲击损伤等破坏形式的断口表面进行了观察和分析,讨论了影响该复合材料冲击断裂和冲击损伤性能的因素。     

复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性

本文采用铰链式双悬臂梁试件对碳/双马来酰亚胺复合材料的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性进行了研究,分析比较了层间断裂韧性G_IC的表达方法,用三次多项式和幂函数拟合实验柔度的方法得到的结果比较满意,实验结果表明纤维桥连对单向层合板的G_IC的影响是显着的,用刀片切割桥连纤维后G_IC值下降百分之二十,分散性也有显着下降。另外发现G_IC值随试件厚度增加而增大。     

CF/PEEK复合材料界面层结构与性能关系研究

本文根据聚醚醚酮(PEEK)在碳纤维表面形式的横晶层的结构特征分析,建立了CF/FEEK复合材料界面层微观力学性能的理论方程,计算了界面层的杨氏模量.通过超声浸渍法测量复合材料的力学性能验证了计算结果,证明所进行的分析合理.计算结果表明,PEEK界面横晶层在垂直于纤维方向的杨氏模量E_r随PEEK结晶度的增大,或随横晶中PEEK晶片长度的增大而增大,并随晶片厚度的增大而减小.该界面层的上述模量值始终高于界面层附近球晶的模量值E_s,两者之间的比值E_T/E_s;依赖于横晶及球晶中的晶片长度b、厚度c和宽度a.由于界面层的模量高于非界面层的模量,当复合材料中纤维表面形成横晶时,复合材料将有较高的刚性.     

高锰奥氏体低温钢力学性能及Hall-Petch关系的研究

高锰奥氏体低温钢作为一种经济型低温钢材料,具有非常巨大的发展空间.为进一步研究晶粒尺寸对高锰奥氏体低温钢的影响,本文对其进行了不同工艺的固溶处理,测试了不同晶粒尺寸实验钢的室温拉伸及低温冲击性能, 通过扫描电镜(SEM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)等方法进行表征并计算其Hall-Petch关系式.-196 ℃冲击实验结果表明,高锰奥氏体低温钢拥有良好而稳定的超低温冲击性能,且其超低温冲击性能不随晶粒尺寸的增加而发生变化.经计算实验钢屈服强度所对应的Hall-Petch常数K_y为7.27 MPa·mm^0.5,明显小于其他被研究的奥氏体高锰钢.进一步计算拉伸过程中不同真应变ε对应的Hall-Petch常数K(ε),发现在拉伸过程中,受TWIP效应产生的变形孪晶影响,K(ε)值随应变量的增加而增加;当真应变达到0.3时,组织内变形孪晶不再继续生成,加工硬化过程不再进行,K(ε)也达到极大值.     

Al与γ－Al2O3润湿角的计算

本文应用金属的形核理论对目前无法用实验进行准确测定的易氧化金属Al与γ-Al₂O₃的润湿角进行了计算。计算结果发现Al与γ-Al₂O₃的润湿角在30°到50°这一范围之间,即30°<θ≤50°。     

Analytic and numerical studies on mode I and mode II fracture in elastic-plastic materials with strain gradient effects

This paper presents a study on fracture of materials at microscale (∼1 μm) by the strain gradient theory (Fleck and Hutchinson, 1993; Fleck et al., 1994). For remotely imposed classical K fields, the full-field solutions are obtained analytically or numerically for elastic and elastic-plastic materials with strain gradient effects. The analytical elastic full-field solution shows that stresses ahead of a crack tip are significantly higher than their counterparts in the classical K fields. The sizes of dominance zones for mode I and mode II near-tip asymptotic fields are 0.3l and 0.5l,while strain gradient effects are observed within land 2l to the crack tip, respectively, where l is the intrinsic material length in strain gradient theory and is on the order of microns in strain gradient plasticity (Fleck et al., 1994; Nix and Gao, 1998; Stolken and Evans, 1997). The Dugdale–Barenblatt type plasticity model is obtained to provide an estimation of plastic zone size for mode II fracture in materials with strain grain effects. The finite element method is used to investigate the small-scale-yielding solution for an elastic-power law hardening solid. It is found that the size of the dominance zone for the near-tip asymptotic field is the intrinsic material lengthl. For mode II fracture under the small-scale-yielding condition, transition from the remote classical K _IIfield to the near-tip asymptotic field in strain gradient plasticity goes through the HRR field only when K _IIis relatively large such that the plastic zone size is much larger than the intrinsic material length l. For mode I fracture under small-scale-yielding condition, however, transition from the remote classical K _I field to the near-tip asymptotic field in strain gradient plasticity does not go through the HRR field, but via a plastic zone. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

环氧基-玻璃纤维层合板大挠度弯曲特性的实验研究

用影栅云纹法研究了两种铺设方式的环氧基一玻璃纤维复合材料层合板大挠度弯曲的基本特性。包括梁、矩形板和三角形板三种类型、七种具体型式的试件。载荷均为垂直于试件表面的集中力,作用方式分对称和不对称两种。最大挠度δ在2.5至10倍板厚h之间。实验揭示了这两种复合材料层合板在大挠度弯曲时的基本特性和规律,为建立相应的理论和计算方法提供了基础。     

环氧网络结构设计与复合材料增韧的研究

本文以自由体积理论,对BF₃MEA固化环氧网络结构与T_g的关系进行了研究,并分析了组分对网络T_g的贡献,为确定固化剂的影响,对BF₃MEA及DDS固化环氧网络的断裂韧性进行了测试。结果表明,DDS固化体系的韧性要比BF₃MEA固化的相应的环氧网络的高。根据理论分析及实验结果,对复合材料基体的网络结构进行了重新设计,在提高复合材料层间韧性的同时保证其耐热性不会下降。实验结果验证了这一设想。     

SiC颗粒增强铝合金基梯度复合材料拉伸力学性能及其评价

对SiC颗粒增强铝合金基梯度复合材料的拉伸力学性能进行了研究。提出了一种新的材料力学性能评价指标——梯度系数K_x。理论研究表明,金属基梯度复合材料(MMGC)各组分性能的差异使其在拉伸变形时产生了三轴应力。实验及断口分析表明,由拉伸试验获得的材料平均力学性能指标弹性模量E和屈服强度σ_0.2近似符合ROM法则;此类材料的拉伸力学性能受SiC颗粒梯度分布方式的影响。外层为基体,芯部为高SiC含量的材料拉伸断口具有韧性断裂特征,能发挥其性能优势。反之,断口表现出脆性断裂特征,降低了材料的力学性能;受多种因素影响,裂纹穿过层间界面时,会引起断裂方式和扩展方向的改变。当梯度层间SiC颗粒体积分数相差较大时,材料会产生分层开裂;梯度系数K_σb和K_δ可反映材料的梯度分布方式和性能的优劣程度,梯度系数K_E则反映了材料性能的稳定性程度。     

对称层板的一种解法

复合材料多层粘合板, 当它在几何上及弹性上都具有对中面的对称性时, 就不要考虑面内应力与弯、扭应力的耦合效应。这时, 其分析方法与均质各向异性板的分析方法相同。但必须考虑横向剪切变形的影响, 本文提出从设定横向剪切应力的分布出发, 导出一种解法。算例说明这种方法的精度较好。      

Damping optimization of symmetrically laminated plates with transverse shear deformation using lamination parameters

This paper deals with the damping characteristics of symmetrically laminated plates with transverse shear deformation. First, the effect of laminate configuration on the damping characteristics is investigated for cantilevered laminated plates based on the Reissner–Mindlin’s first-order shear deformation theory. To examine the effect of laminate configuration, the concept of specific damping capacity is introduced and the damping characteristics are represented on the lamination parameter plane, where the damped stiffness invariants in transverse shear are newly proposed in this paper. Next, the optimal laminate configurations for the cantilevered laminated plates with maximal damping are determined taking into account the transverse shear effect by using differential evolution in which lamination parameters are used as intermediate design variables. The relation between the laminate configurations and the damping characteristics is discussed based on the concept of lamination parameters.     

Optimum stacking sequence design of laminated composite circular plates with curvilinear fibres by a layer-wise optimization method

The optimum stacking sequence design for the maximum fundamental frequency of symmetrically laminated composite circular plates with curvilinear fibres is investigated for the first time using a layer-wise optimization method. The design variables are two fibre orientation angles per layer. The fibre paths are constructed using the method of shifted paths. The first-order shear deformation plate theory and a curved square p-element are used to calculate the objective function. The blending function method is used to model accurately the geometry of the circular plate. The equations of motion are derived using Lagrange’s method. The numerical results are validated by means of a convergence test and comparison with published values for symmetrically laminated composite circular plates with rectilinear fibres. The material parameters, boundary conditions, number of layers and thickness are shown to influence the optimum solutions to different extents. The results should serve as a benchmark for optimum stacking sequences of symmetrically laminated composite circular plates with curvilinear fibres.     

Analysis of symm≐tric cross-ply laminated elastic plates using a higher-order theory: Part I—Stress and displacement

A simple theory for bending of composite anisotropic plates that are laminated symmetrically about their mid-plane is presented. This theory incorporates transverse shear deformation and transverse normal stress as well as the higher-order effects and fulfills the static conditions on the external boundary planes. Further on, by using Lévy-type solutions considered in conjunction with the state space concept, the state of stress and displacement of rectangular plates for a variety of edge conditions is determined and the results are compared to their first-order shear deformation and classical counterparts, obtained by using the same state-space technique.     

Thermomechanical postbuckling analysis of symmetric and antisymmetric composite plates with imperfections

In the present paper the postbuckling response of symmetrically and antisymmetrically laminated composite plates subjected to a combination of uniform temperature distribution through the thickness and in-plane compressive edge loading is presented. The structural model is based on a higher-order shear deformation theory incorporating von Karman nonlinear strain displacement relations. Adopting the Galerkin procedure, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are solved using the Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. The critical buckling temperature is obtained from the solution of the linear eigenvalue problem. Postbuckled equilibrium paths are obtained for symmetrically laminated cross-ply, quasi-isotropic and antisymmetric angle-ply composite plates with and without initial geometric imperfections. Modal participation of each mode in the postbuckling deflection is reported using a multi-term Galerkin procedure.     

Optimal lay-up design of variable stiffness laminated composite plates by a layer-wise optimization technique

The optimal lay-up design for the maximum fundamental frequency of variable stiffness laminated composite plates is investigated using a layer-wise optimization technique. The design variables are two fibre orientation angles per ply. Thin plate theory is used in conjunction with a p-element to calculate the fundamental frequencies of symmetrically and antisymmetrically laminated composite plates. Comparisons with existing optimal solutions for constant stiffness symmetrically laminated composite plates show excellent agreement. It is observed that the maximum fundamental frequency can be increased considerably using variable stiffness design as compared to constant stiffness design. In addition, optimal lay-ups for the maximum fundamental frequency of variable stiffness symmetrically and antisymmetrically laminated composite plates with different aspect ratios and various combinations of free, simply supported and clamped edge conditions are presented. These should prove a useful benchmark for optimal lay-ups of variable stiffness laminated composite plates.     

Optimization of shear-deformable laminated plates under buckling and strength criteria

A shear deformable laminated theory is used to study the optimal design of rectangular plates under biaxial compressive loads. Such loads lead to plate failure by buckling or material failure which corresponds to the violation of the selected strength criterion. The minimum of the two loads (buckling load or material failure load) determines the critical failure load for a given set of problem parameters. At the optimum values of the ply angles, buckling or both failure criteria may be operational depending on the laminate thickness. The present study investigates the effect of laminate thickness on the optimal design and gives numerical results for symmetrically laminated angle-ply plates.     

Large deflections and stability FEM analysis of shear deformable compressed anisotropic flat panels

This paper deals with the non-linear analysis of multilayered axially compressed plates in the static elastic conservative cases. A finite element model based on a Reissner-Mindlin theory involving von Kármán nonlinearity is developed. Results related to the classical Kirchhoff plate approximations are obtained via application of a penalty technique to the shear correction factor. The numerical investigations have concerned the large deflections and postbuckling behaviour of symmetrically and non-symmetrically anisotropic flat panels. The main conclusions are: (1) the non-linear effects very much depend on lay-up and boundary conditions, moreover for the asymmetric laminated long plates the snapping-type instability occurs; (2) the shear deformation effects are very much subordinate to both multilayered lay-up and load levels, furthermore they are greater in the large deflections field; (3) it has been observed that in the neighbourhood of a singularity (of buckling point type) of the tangent stiffness matrix, the use of an arc-length type algorithm could lead to a new buckled path and that happens without employing an appropriate turning bifurcation algorithm with an accompanying eigenvalues calculation, but via a non-convergent iteration in the loadstep.     

基于灵敏度分析的复合材料层合板优化设计

工程结构中的复合材料层合板的几何参数往往具有随机性质.如何研究随机参数层合板的灵敏度,并对参数进行优化分析,这对正确估计结构设计的可靠性有着非常重要的意义.根据层合板的一阶剪切理论,采用样条有限元法,推导并建立了层合板的振动方程,刚度矩阵,质量矩阵,比例阻尼矩阵以及求解反对称层合板响应灵敏度的计算公式,在基于灵敏度分析的基础上,进行了复合材料层合板的基频分析和优化设计,并用网格法计算最佳铺层角.数值算例验证了算法的有效性.     

An enriched macro finite element for the static analysis of thick general quadrilateral laminated composite plates

This article presents the formulation of an enriched macro finite element based on the trigonometric shear deformation theory for the static analysis of symmetrically laminated composite plates. Shear correction factor is not required because this theory accounts for tangential stress-free boundary conditions on the plate boundary surfaces. The macro element is obtained using the principle of virtual work and Gram-Schmidt orthogonal polynomials as enrichment functions. The implementation of the obtained algorithm is simple and efficient, and allows studying general quadrilateral plates with a single macro element. Several examples are presented to show the capability and applicability of the developed formulation.