应力应变、疲劳与脆断、断裂力学

关于焊接残余应力与应变问题的分析与探讨;中厚板多层焊后焊层对焊缝纵向残余应力影响的数值分析;1420铝锂合金动态低应力无变形焊接技术;数值计算模拟工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响;焊接应力场与应变场的计算与讨论     

1420铝锂合金激光焊接接头拉伸性能分析

针对2.5 mm厚1420铝锂合金板材,研究了修饰焊和焊后热处理对激光焊接接头拉伸性能的影响,并且分析了轧制方向对接头拉伸性能的作用.试验结果表明:修饰焊对接头拉伸性能影响不大,但可明显改善焊缝成形,减少焊缝缺陷;热处理工艺对接头的拉伸性能影响最大,能显著提高接头的抗拉强度;轧制方向对接头的拉伸性能没有影响.     

1420铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接力学性能

针对厚度为2.8 mm的1420铝锂合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接研究,了解搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对接头组织和性能影响.结果表明,在优化焊接参数条件下,1420铝锂合金的搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率均能够达到母材的90%,并且较大的焊接热输入有利于进一步提高搅拌摩擦焊接头的强度系数.通过拉伸断口扫描及显微硬度观察,1420铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头拉伸断口主要为准解理和韧窝断裂的复合断口,对比各个区域的显微硬度,焊缝区域硬度高于母材,且后退侧热力影响区硬度最高,而且搅拌摩擦焊接头中存在典型的"S"线特征.     

1420铝锂合金双光点激光焊接头组织性能

在2mm厚1420铝锂合金双光点激光焊接试验的基础上,研究接头的组织与性能。对比分析单、双光点激光焊接头各区域的组织、显微硬度及室温拉伸力学性能,并观察断口形貌。结果表明:1420铝锂合金双光点激光焊接头组织与单光点激光焊接头组织分布类似,从熔合区至焊缝中心依次是等轴细晶、柱状晶和等轴树枝晶,但较单光点接头细化;双光点激光焊接头各区域硬度低于母材,但高于单光点激光焊接头;双光点激光焊接头焊态抗拉强度较母材下降,但略高于单激光焊接头,可达母材的86%。     

阵列射流冲击热沉搅拌摩擦焊接新方法

基于动态低应力无变形技术的原理,设计开发了阵列射流冲击热沉搅拌摩擦焊接新方法.结果表明,采用该方法可以有效减小搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力,焊后试件基本无变形.采用射流冲击热沉的动态低应力无变形搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分布规律与常规搅拌摩擦焊类似,但应力峰值明显降低,约为常规FSW接头应力峰值的45%,可以实现FSW薄壁结构的低应力无变形焊接.该项技术可以提高一些铝合金材料FSW接头性能,具有较好的技术经济价值.     

2198和C24S异种铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织和力学性能

对2198和C24S异种铝锂合金进行搅拌摩擦焊对接试验,分析接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:前进侧和返回侧热影响区的板条状组织均发生了粗化,前进侧热力影响区的晶粒被拉长,返回侧热力影响区的变形晶粒周围存在细小的再结晶晶粒,焊核区为细小的2198和C24S铝锂合金再结晶晶粒,且2198铝锂合金的再结晶晶粒更大。焊接速度在60~120 mm/min变化时,2198铝锂合金位于前进侧的接头抗拉强度更高;接头拉伸试样的断裂均发生在2198铝锂合金的热力影响区,最大抗拉强度为382 MPa,达到了2198铝锂合金母材抗拉强度的82.7%;接头的焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区均发生软化,焊核区中2198铝锂合金的硬度比C24S铝锂合金的更低。     

2195铝锂合金超声TIG焊的组织与性能分析

采用了普通TIG焊和超声复合TIG焊对2 mm厚度的2195铝锂合金进行了平板对接焊,并对两种焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究. 结果表明,由于超声的作用效果,超声TIG焊的焊缝具有更加致密的组织,熔合区附近的等轴细晶区区域较宽;拉伸性能测试表明,超声TIG焊接头具有较高的拉伸性能,接头强度系数比普通TIG焊提高6.7%,断后伸长率提高1.36%,拉伸接头均断裂在热影响区硬脆的晶界相内,显微硬度测试表明超声TIG焊接头受热影响软化区域较窄.     

激光焊接工艺对铝锂合金T形接头微观组织的影响

以5A90铝锂合金T形接头为研究对象,在两侧分别进行激光焊,对焊后接头进行金相、SEM以及显微硬度测试,目的是为了探讨激光焊接工艺对5A90铝锂合金T形接头微观组织的影响。结果表明,5A90铝锂合金激光焊T形接头焊缝边缘存在狭窄的等轴细晶区(EQZ),向焊缝中心依次为柱状枝晶和等轴枝晶;焊缝金属中的析出相数量少于母材,且T形接头先施焊的一侧焊缝析出相数量高于后施焊侧的焊缝;合金元素Al、Mg含量在焊缝中心区从底部到顶部呈现先高后低的变化;焊缝中心硬度值由顶部到底部有所增加,由于后施焊焊缝的热处理作用,后施焊焊缝金属的硬度值高于先施焊焊缝。     

薄壁铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接应力变形与控制

搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接残余应力变形表现出与传统熔焊不同的规律,文中研究了薄壁铝合金搅拌摩擦焊残余应力分布规律和焊接变形控制方法,结果表明,纵向残余应力峰值并非出现于焊缝中心,热影响区和热机影响区是残余应力相对较大的区域.基于动态低应力无变形焊接方法,设计开发了一套热沉系统,进行了动态低应力无变形FSW试验.研究表明,动态低应力无变形焊接技术可以有效减小搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力和变形,接头残余应力分布规律与常规搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分布类似,但应力峰值降低50%以上.     

焊后热处理对铝锂合金电子束焊接头组织与性能的影响

对2090铝锂合金电子束焊接头进行焊后热处理,热处理工艺为530℃固溶0.5h+190℃时效12h。结果发现,焊接接头的抗拉强度由焊态下的331MPa提高到热处理后的415MPa,焊后热处理使接头的强度大大提高。金相组织观察表明,铝锂合金电子束焊接头经过热处理后焊缝晶粒形貌由焊态下的等轴树枝晶转变成等轴晶,并且在晶粒内部和晶界处析出细小的强化相。XRD相结构分析显示接头焊缝中的强化相主要为δ′(Al3Li)、T1(Al2CuLi)、β′(Al3Zr)等。TEM观察证实,热处理后2090铝锂合金接头焊缝中析出了多量的球状δ′相和针状T1相。拉伸断口分析表明,铝锂合金电子束焊接头在焊态下为带韧窝的穿晶断裂,经过热处理后接头断裂模式转变为沿晶断裂。     

6N01S-T5铝合金高速激光-MIG复合焊接工艺

针对高速列车侧墙6N01S-T5铝合金熔化焊时存在焊接变形大,接头软化严重等问题,提高激光-MIG复合焊的焊接速度降低热输入,并通过显微硬度、拉伸试验测试,结合金相及扫描电镜下的EDS分析,对比了高、低焊接速度两种工艺下接头力学性能及微观组织的差异;采用三坐标测量仪和X射线残余应力测试仪对试样焊接变形和残余应力进行测试分析.结果表明,当焊接速度达到4.8 m/min时焊缝仍能保证较好的成形;相比于0.6 m/min低速焊接,焊接效率大幅度提高,焊缝金属填充量减少68%,接头软化区宽度减小约60%;试件焊后变形及高应力分布区域变窄;焊缝组织细密,接头平均抗拉强度为207 MPa,达到母材强度的71%.     

线能量对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形的影响

利用有限元分析和实验测试，研究了TC4钛合金平板激光焊接线能量对变形和残余应力的影响规律，并通过焊缝金相实验分析了线能量与焊接残余应力和变形的内在关系。结果表明：钛合金激光焊接产生的纵向残余拉伸应力约700MPa～850MPa，而横向残余拉伸应力只有50MPa～80MPa。激光焊接线能量增加时，纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽，峰值应力降低，而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高。在临界焊透规范以上焊接时，角变形随线能量的增大而减小，但横向收缩变形增大。试件被完全穿透焊接时，线能量对角变形的影响作用降低。     

焊接残余应力对高强度钢低匹配对接接头静载强度的影响

采用有限元方法研究了焊后拉伸条件下高强度钢等匹配和低匹配对接接头内部应力的变化情况。结果表明,焊后横向和纵向拉伸载荷增至临界失效载荷期间,等匹配和低匹配接头的焊缝区和母材区应力均一直持续增加,但焊缝及近缝母材区应力在焊接残余应力基础上的增加较远端母材区缓慢;最终近缝母材区的应力明显高于远端母材区,未表现出内应力完全调匀的特征;这意味着由于焊接残余应力的存在,高强度钢宽板等匹配焊接结构的静载强度可能略有损失,而高强度钢宽板低匹配焊接结构更将在焊缝低强的影响下损失更大的静载强度。     

Effects of welding parameters and welding sequence on residual stress and distortion in Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy for T-shaped welded joint

The distribution of temperature and then the distribution of residual stress and distortion in the stiffened aluminum alloy Al6061-T6 plates under the metal inert gas (MIG) welding process were investigated by three dimensional thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model using Ansys software. The properties of materials were considered temperature-dependent and the filler metal was added to the workpiece by the element birth and death technique. In three modes of current, two different speeds and two various sequences, the distribution of residual stress and distortion were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that increase in welding speed decreased the vertical deflection in the plate, transverse shrinkage and angular distortion of plate and the lateral deflection of stiffener, but increased the maximum longitudinal tensile stress in the plate and stiffener. Furthermore, increase in current increased the residual stress and deformation in the plate and stiffener, and the change in the welding sequence changed the distribution of the distortion in the plate and the stiffener without significant change in the distribution of the longitudinal residual stress.     

热沉影响钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的试验分析

采用切条应力释放法测量了钛合金TC4薄板常规钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)和动态控制低应力无变形GTAW对接试件中的纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布。测量结果表明,钛合金常规GTAW缝中残余拉应力峰值小于其母材屈服强度,焊缝附近存在残余压缩塑性应变;动态控制低应力无变形GTAW焊技术中热沉的冷却作用使得热源与热沉之间的高温金属承受强烈的拉伸作用,产生拉伸塑性变形,部分抵消了焊接过程中已产生的缩短的塑性变形,使得试件中纵向残余塑性应变减小,焊接残余拉应力峰值降低,残余压应力水平降低。切条应力释放法是一种简便有效的薄板焊后残余应力测量方法,能够满足工程应用的精度要求。     

钛合金薄板带热沉的TIG焊温度场

采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法比较研究了钛合金薄板常规钨极氩弧焊(TIG)及带热沉的TIG焊焊接过程中温度场的形态与演变历史。相对于预置温度场的静态焊接应力和变形控制技术,带热沉的TIG焊接技术又称动态控制低应力无变形焊接技术(DC-LSND,Dynamically controlled low stress no-distortion)。该技术中。在热源之后紧随起冷却作用的热沉装置。研究结果表明。采用DC-LSND技术在热沉附近形成了中间低两边高的马鞍形温度场,热沉作用部位存在温度低谷,该温度区冷却收缩造成对附近高温区的拉伸作用,使焊缝不协调应变减小,焊缝中的残余拉应力降低,防止了焊接变形的产生。对DC-LSND畸变温度场的研究是了解这种方法控制变形机理的前提。     

Microstructural characteristics in friction stir welded aluminium alloys

In order to elucidate distortion and residual stress generated by welding of high strength steel (HT780) by laser beam, a series of experiments and analyses were carried out. The angular distortion generated by bead-on-plate welding was V-shaped and its magnitude was about 2 mm. The longitudinal bending distortion was extremely small. On the surface of the plate, the residual stress component in the welding direction was tensile and it was smaller than the yield stress in the weld metal. The residual stress was almost zero outside the weld metal. The phase transformation range in the cooling stage and the temperature dependency of mechanical properties were obtained. The mechanical properties in the phase transformation range in the cooling stage could not be specified due to transformation expansion. Therefore, they were idealized by considering transformation expansion and transformation superplasticity. The validity of the idealized mechanical properties was verified by simulating the experiment by the thermal elastic–plastic analysis. It was elucidated that the welding out-of-plane distortion and tensile residual stress were largely controlled by phase transformation in the cooling stage, although the bead width of laser beam welding was extremely narrow.     

Stress and distortion mitigation technique for welding titanium alloy thin sheet

Abstract

A stress and distortion mitigation technique for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V thin sheet is presented. The proposed welding technique incorporates a trailing heat sink (an intense cooling source) with respect to the welding torch, and it is also called the Dynamically Controlled Low Stress No-Distortion (DC-LSND) technique. The development of this mitigation technique is based on both detailed welding process simulation using the advanced finite element technique and systematic laboratory experiments. The finite element method is used to investigate the detailed thermomechanical behaviour of the weld during conventional GTAW and DC-LSND GTAW. With detailed computational modelling, it is found that by the introduction of a heat sink at some distance behind the welding arc, a saddle shaped temperature field is formed as a result of the cooling effects of the heat sink; the lowest temperature exists in the zone where the heat sink is applied. High tensile action on the surrounding zone is generated by abrupt cooling and contraction of the metals beneath the heat sink, which increases the tensile plastic strain developed during the cooling process and decreases the compressive plastic strain developed in the heating process, and therefore mitigates the residual stresses and plastic strains within and near the weld. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the DCLSND technique and the validity of the computational model. With a proper implementation of the DC-LSND technique, welding stress and distortion can be reduced or eliminated in welding titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V thin sheet, while no appreciable detrimental effects are caused on the mechanical properties of welded joints by applying the heat sink in the GTAW process.     

钛合金带热沉钨极氩弧焊中热沉作用

采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法研究了钛合金TC4薄板常规及带热沉的钨极氩弧焊焊接过程中温度及应力应变的分布,考察了热沉对温度场和应力应变场的影响规律,探讨了使用该技术实现应力和变形控制的机理.结果表明:带热沉的钨极氩弧焊焊接过程中,紧随热源之后热沉急冷作用使得试件形成马鞍形温度场,而热沉作用部位温度最低.热沉作用部位的急冷收缩对周围金属产生拉伸作用,使得焊缝及近缝区金属升温过程中产生的压缩塑性应变减小,冷却过程中产生的拉伸塑性应变增大,接头中不协调应变减小,残余应力降低.实验测量与有限元模拟结果吻合良好,证实了采用热沉控制应力与变形的有效性和有限元模型的正确性.