Evaluation of the effects of fish and vegetable omega-3 PUFA complex on the erythrocyte fatty acid composition in patients with ischemic heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance

Anti-atherogenic diet supplemented with "Eicolen" (30% linseed oil, and 70% cod-liver oil, 9 grams per day) has been analyzed in 10 cases of ischemic heart disease, and in 11 cases of ischemic heart disease complicated by impaired glucose tolerance. The fish and vegetable PUFA omega-3 from "Eicolen" have been found to improve clinical condition as well as to modify erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition. The ratio omega-6/omega-3 decreased in both groups in different grade.     

The effect of an antiatherosclerotic diet including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine and plant origins on the indices of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with ischemic heart disease and a disordered carbohydrate tolerance

The dynamic of natural antibodies against catecholamines and alpha-2-macroglobulin, thrombin, antithrombin III and parameters of cellular immunity in 92 patients with ischemic heart disease and ischemic heart disease complicated by impaired glucose tolerance was studied of influence of antiatherosclerotic diet with fish and vegetable PUFA omega-3 from "Eicolen". Besides favorable influence to a clinical picture of the disease universal normalizing influence of antiatherosclerotic diet with addition Eicolen on parameters of humoral a cellular immunity.     

Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of vegetable and animal origin on clinical and metabolic indicators and the intensity of lipid peroxidation in patients with ischemic heart disease and impaired carbohydrate tolerance

Use fish and vegetable PUFA omega-3 from "Eicolen" in diet of patients with ischemic heart disease and ischemic heart disease complicated by impaired glucose tolerance resulted in positive dynamic of clinical manifestation, blood lipids and coagulograms of the patients, and did not influence significantly on lipid peroxidation.     

Effects of feeding rumen-protected linseed fat to postpartum dairy cows on plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and metabolic and reproductive parameters

High-yielding dairy cows experience a negative energy balance and inflammatory status during the transition period. Fat supplementation increases diet energy density, and plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been proposed to improve immune function. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with a rumen-protected and n-3 PUFA-enriched fat could ameliorate both the energetic deficit and immune status of postpartum high-yielding dairy cows, improving overall health and reproductive efficiency. At 11 d in milk (DIM), cows were randomly allocated to groups (1) n-3 PUFA (n = 29), supplemented with encapsulated linseed oil supplying additional up to 64 g/d (mean 25 ± 4 g/d) of α-linolenic acid (ALA), or (2) control (n = 31), supplemented with hydrogenated palm oil without ALA content. Fat supplements of the n-3 PUFA and control groups were available through an automated, off-parlor feeding system, and intake depended on the cow's feeding behavior. Plasma ALA concentrations were higher in n-3 PUFA than control cows, following a linear relation with supplement ingestion, resulting in a lower n-6/n-3 ratio in plasma. Metabolic parameters (body condition score and glucose and β-hydroxybutyric acid blood concentrations) were unaffected, but milk yield improved with increased intake of fat supplements. Plasma total adiponectin concentrations were negatively correlated with ingestion of n-3 PUFA-enriched fat supplement, following a linear relation with intake. Conception rate to first AI increased with higher intake of both fats, but a decrease of calving-to-conception interval occurred only in n-3 PUFA cows. Postpartum ovarian activity and endometrial inflammatory status at 45 DIM were unaffected. In conclusion, this study evinced a positive linear relation between rumen-protected linseed fat intake and plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations, which modulated adiponectin expression and improved reproductive parameters.     

Optimization of diet therapy in patients with gallstones complicated with obesity and impaired glucose tolerance

It was investigated the influence of a diet with lower glycaemic index on clinico-metabolic parameters in obese patients with gallstones and impaired glucose tolerance. The results investigations indicated that the lowering of glycaemic index and the caloric reduction of diet have a beneficial effects on dynamic of parameters of functional status of liver and gallbladder. It was noted the increase of medical effect of diet in correction of obesity and impaired parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in this patients in process of dietotherapy.     

Study of the state of lipid peroxidation system: antioxidant protection during the use of soy oil in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension]

Usage of antisclerotic diet with PUFA n-3 from soy oil in patients with IHD and HBP resulted in positive dynamic of clinic manifestation, blood lipids and coagulogramms of the patients. The decrease of intensity of lipid peroxidation was also revealed. The results showed that soy oil may be recommended for preventive and treatment diets.     

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and type 2 diabetes: Impact on the glycemic control mechanism

There is a growing mortality related to co-morbidities associated with diabetes mellitus. Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been associated with low cardiometabolic risk and reduction of inflammatory process. The objective of this paper is to review the impact of PUFA intake on glycemic control in diabetic patients as well as to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. Medline/PubMed electronic database was searched to identify studies published within last five years regarding the effect of PUFA intake on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetics. The search terms used were “polyunsaturated fatty acid(s),” “PUFA,” and “diabetes.” We included only interventional studies that assessed the effects of PUFA intake on glucose metabolism – fasting glucose, serum insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR assessment– in type 2 diabetics. Initially, 48 articles were identified, of which one was not available and 41 did not match the inclusion criteria. Within the selected studies, three articles showed an improvement in fasting blood glucose, two showed an increase in fasting glycemia, and there was no effect of intervention in one article only. Based on the analyzed clinical interventional studies, supplementation of 0.42–5.2-g PUFA/day for at least eight weeks may become an alternative treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in Asian subjects.     

Invited review: Cytochrome P450 enzyme involvement in health and inflammatory-based diseases of dairy cattle

Dairy cattle are at the greatest risk of developing diseases around the time of calving because of compromised immune responses and the occurrence of oxidative stress. Both the development of compromised immunity and oxidative stress are influenced directly or indirectly by the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and fat-soluble vitamins. The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family of enzymes is central to the metabolism of both classes of these compounds, but to date, the importance of CYP450 in the health of dairy cattle is underappreciated. As certain CYP450 isoforms metabolize both PUFA and fat-soluble vitamins, potential interactions may occur between PUFA and fat-soluble vitamins that are largely unexplored. For example, one CYP450 that generates anti-inflammatory oxylipids from arachidonic acid additionally contributes to the activation of vitamin D. Other potential substrate interactions between PUFA and vitamins A and E may exist as well. The intersection of PUFA and fat-soluble vitamin metabolism by CYP450 suggest that this enzyme system could provide an understanding of how immune function and oxidant status interconnect, resulting in increased postpartum disease occurrence. This review will detail the known contributions of bovine CYP450 to the regulation of oxylipids with a focus on enzymes that may also be involved in the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E that contribute to antioxidant defenses. Although the activity of specific CYP450 is generally conserved among mammals, important differences exist in cattle, such as the isoforms primarily responsible for activation of vitamin D that makes their specific study in cattle of great importance. Additionally, a CYP450-driven inflammatory positive feedback loop is proposed, which may contribute to the dysfunctional inflammatory responses commonly found during the transition period. Establishing the individual enzyme isoform contributions to oxylipid biosynthesis and the regulation of vitamins A, D, and E may reveal how the CYP450 family of enzymes can affect inflammatory responses during times of increased susceptibility to disease. Determining the potential effect of each CYP450 on disease susceptibility or pathogenesis may allow for the targeted manipulation of the CYP450 pathways to influence specific immune responses and antioxidant defenses during times of increased risk for health disorders.     

Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of ethanol extract of Artemisia princeps in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet

Artemisia princeps is commonly used as a food ingredient and in traditional Asian medicine. In this study, we examined the effects of long-term administration of an ethanol extract of A. princeps (APE) on body weight, white adipose tissue, blood glucose, insulin, plasma and hepatic lipids, and adipocytokines in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Daily feeding of a 1% APE diet for 14 weeks normalized elevated body weight, white adipose tissue, and plasma glucose and insulin levels, and delayed impaired glucose tolerance in mice a fed high-fat diet. These events were not observed in mice fed a control diet containing 1% APE. Liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels were similar in mice fed a 1% APE-diet and those fed a control diet. In the high-fat diet groups, APE inhibited hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) and suppressed the elevation of plasma leptin, but had no effect on adiponectin levels. These findings suggest that the regulation of leptin secretion by APE may inhibit FAS activity with subsequent suppression of triglyceride accumulation in the liver and adipose tissues. Inhibition of lipid accumulation can, in turn, lead to improvements in impaired glucose tolerance.     

EFFECT OF CUCURBITA FICIFOLIA FRUIT EXTRACT ON LIPID PROFILE AND ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Cucurbita ficifolia ( C. ficifolia ) commonly known as pumpkin is a cultivated plant whose fruit can be used for treating various diseases, one of which is diabetes mellitus. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of long term feeding of C. ficifolia fruit extract on blood glucose, lipid profiles and the oral glucose tolerance test in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Treatment for 30 days showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and a significant increase in high density lipoprotein level. A significant effect on oral glucose tolerance was also noted. Chronic administration showed an improvement in the oral glucose tolerance curve. These results suggest that C. ficifolia fruit extract exhibits hypoglycemic as well as hypolipidemic effects in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Cucurbita ficifolia , also referred to as pumpkin, is commonly used as a traditional remedy for diabetes in Asia, Africa and South America. The present study investigated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of C. ficifolia fruit extract in rats with streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes. Findings from this study demonstrate that C. ficifolia fruit extract has been shown to have, besides hypoglycemic properties, strong hypolipidemic action on diabetic hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia as well. Therefore, consumption of C. ficifolia fruit as a therapeutic diet may be useful in the treatment of diabetes.     

Possible effects of dietary polyphenols on sugar absorption and digestion

Excessive post‐prandial glucose excursions are a risk factor for developing diabetes, associated with impaired glucose tolerance. One way to limit the excursion is to inhibit the activity of digestive enzymes for glucose production and of the transporters responsible for glucose absorption. Flavonols, theaflavins, gallate esters, 5‐caffeoylqunic acid and proanthocyanidins inhibit α‐amylase activity. Anthocyanidins and catechin oxidation products, such as theaflavins and theasinsensins, inhibit maltase; sucrase is less strongly inhibited but anthocyanidins seem somewhat effective. Lactase is inhibited by green tea catechins. Once produced in the gut by digestion, glucose is absorbed by SGLT1 and GLUT2 transporters, inhibited by flavonols and flavonol glycosides, phlorizin and green tea catechins. These in vitro data are supported by oral glucose tolerance tests on animals, and by a limited number of human intervention studies on polyphenol‐rich foods. Acarbose is a drug whose mechanism of action is only through inhibition of α‐amylases and α‐glucosidases, and in intervention studies gives a 6% reduction in diabetes risk over 3 years. A lifetime intake of dietary polyphenols, assuming the same mechanism, has therefore a comparable potential to reduce diabetes risk, but more in vivo studies are required to fully test the effect of modulating post‐prandial blood glucose in humans.     

Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in overweight and obese Costa Rican schoolchildren

BACKGROUND: Worldwide obesity has become an unprecedented public health challenge. In addition, a notable increase in the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus has emerged. In Costa Rica, there are no epidemiological data to establish the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the pediatric population. However, information from the Endocrinology Department of the Children's National Hospital indicates an increased number of cases in the last 2 to 3 years. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in overweight and obese schoolchildren. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 214 healthy 8- to 10-year-old children from urban schools of San José, Costa Rica. Anthropometric measurements and blood determinations of glucose, insulin, proinsulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, C-peptide, and leptin were performed. Indexes were calculated to assess insulin resistance. Information on social and lifestyle variables was obtained from questionnaires, and acanthosis nigricans was certified by a physician. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software for Windows, version 10.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was very low (0.5%) in the studied population. However, hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose tolerance were present in 20.6% and 6.5% of the subjects, respectively. On the basis of the Fasting Glucose-to-Insulin Resistance Ratio (FGIR), 46.7% of the children showed insulin resistance. Girls and obese children (body mass index > or = 95th percentile) were more likely to have higher serum insulin levels and insulin resistance than boys and overweight children (BMI > or = 85th percentile). Compared with the lowest quintile, children in the highest quintile of body-fat tissue had higher insulin resistance but had similar serum concentrations of glucose, C-peptide, and proinsulin. Positive family histories of type 2 diabetes mellitus and sedentarism (73.7% and 40.7%, respectively) were highly prevalent among overweight and obese children. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in obese children indicates a worrisome trend in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Costa Rica. Strategies for weight reduction, obesity prevention, and promotion of healthy lifestyles are necessary to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes during childhood and adolescence.     

Chemotaxis toward carbohydrates and peptides by mixed ruminal protozoa when fed,fasted, or incubated with polyunsaturated fatty acids

In contrast to the well-characterized chemotaxis and migratory behavior between the dorsal and ventral locations of the rumen by isotrichids, we hypothesized that chemotaxis toward soluble nutrients maintains entodiniomorphid protozoa in the particulate fraction. The objectives of these experiments were to compare the dose-responsive chemotaxis (1) toward different glucose concentrations when ruminal samples were harvested from fed versus fasted cows; (2) toward increasing concentrations of glucose compared with xylose when protozoa were harvested from a fed cow; (3) toward peptides of bacterial, protozoal, and soy origin; and (4) toward glucose when mixed ruminal protozoa were previously incubated for 0, 3, or 6 h in the presence of emulsified polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; Liposyn II, Hospira, Lake Forest, IL). In experiment 1, isotrichid protozoa decreased chemotaxis toward increasing glucose concentration when cows were fasted. Entodiniomorphids exhibited chemotaxis to similar concentrations of glucose as did isotrichids, but to a lesser magnitude of response. In experiment 2, xylose was chemotactic to both groups. Xylose might draw fibrolytic entodiniomorphid protozoa toward newly ingested feed. In contrast, even though isotrichids should not use xylose as an energy source, they were highly chemoattracted to xylose. In experiment 3, entodiniomorphids were not selectively chemoattracted toward bacterial or protozoal peptides compared with soy peptides. In experiment 4, despite isotrichid populations decreasing in abundance with increasing time of incubation in PUFA, chemotaxis to glucose remained unchanged. In contrast, entodiniomorphids recovered chemotaxis to glucose with increased time of PUFA incubation. Current results support isotrichid chemotaxis to sugars but also our hypothesis that a more moderate chemotaxis toward glucose and peptides explains how they swim in the fluid but pass from the rumen with the potentially digestible fraction of particulates.     

Effect of chronic consumption of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) on glucose metabolism in pre-diabetics and type 2 diabetics: A systematic review

Pistachio is a nut with high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyphenols and carotenoids content, and the synergism between these compounds appears to affect glucose metabolism. In this systematic review we analyzed studies in which the effect of chronic consumption of pistachio on markers of glucose metabolism was evaluated in pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetics. We used the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Lilacs databases. The research terms used were pistachio, pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, blood glucose, hyperglycemia and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Four articles were selected, of which three tested the intake of 50 to 57 g of pistachio/day and one 20% of the daily caloric intake, for a period of 1 to 4 months. Studies reported a decrease in fasting blood glucose, insulinemia, HOMA-IR, and fructosamine, but no change in HbA1c. Lower concentrations of miR-192 and miR-375 were also found, which correlated positively with HOMA-IR. The synergism between PUFA, MUFA, polyphenols and carotenoids present in pistachios can modulate specific miRNA, increasing insulin sensitivity through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. This modulation can be used as a tool to monitor the response to interventions, favoring the prevention and treatment of complications related to diabetes.     

Interaction of barley β-glucan and tea polyphenols on glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Soluble dietary fiber and antioxidants have received much attention as most important components of functional foods. However, few data are available on the effects of the combination of tea polyphenols (TP) and β-glucan (BG) on blood glucose in a diabetic rat. The effects of administration of barley BG and TP or their combination (TP + BG) on blood glucose, lipid profiles, and antioxidant parameters on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Significant improvements on the blood glucose level, serum lipid parameters (decreases in triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and increase in HDL-C), lipid peroxidation (decrease in malondiadehyde content), and serum antioxidant status (increases in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity) resulted in diabetic rats after administering TP + BG. This study, therefore, demonstrated that the intake of TP + BG has beneficial effects on glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, and serum antioxidant status. It also revealed that TP + BG is better than TP or BG alone in improving glucose metabolism and antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Practically, the present study suggested that polyphenols-rich cereal foods are help for type 2 diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Although TP or BG was definitely helpful in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus, synthetic anti-hyperglycemic effects were found between TP and BG. The fortification of a BG-rich cereal diet with TP could be used as a strategy to maintain health of diabetic subjects.     

Blueberry anthocyanins in health promotion: A metabolic overview

Diet has gained scientific community attention due to the crucial role in health maintenance, but also in disease treatment, and essential in disease prevention. Several food and food components, particularly phenolic rich foods, have been investigated as they present themselves as putative functional foods. In the past decades, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and consequently, metabolic syndrome (a set of disorders as impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes) incidence is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate and this phenolic rich foods, specially berries have been investigated to their potential beneficial effect in this disorders.In the present work the chemistry of blueberries (BB) (fruits of some Vaccinium species) was summarised as well as the knowledge about bioavailability and biokinetic of anthocyanins from blueberries with particular emphasis on its implications in metabolic disorders.     

Preventive effect of sesame seed cake on hyperglycemia and obesity against high fructose-diet induced Type 2 diabetes in rats

The present study investigates the hypoglycemic and antiobesity effect of sesame seed cake (SSC) on rats fed with high fructose diet (HFD). SSC contained dietary fibre, lignans and phenolic compound. One month of HFD feeding induced significantly the obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidaemia, insulin insensitivity and increased atherogenic index (AI). Treatment of SSC along with feed material decreased the weight gain, normalised the blood glucose (BG) level, reduced the serum cholesterol and improved the glucose tolerance significantly. In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), rats fed with HFD supplemented with 2% and 4% SSC significantly reduced the plasma glucose after 120 min of glucose loading, indicating an improved glucose tolerance. In conclusion, the intake of SSC supplementation can be adopted as a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of obesity induced Type 2 hyperglycemia.     

低分子量蛹虫草多糖降血糖活性的研究

采用高血糖小鼠模型验证低分子量蛹虫草多糖在体内的降血糖活性。以腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建小鼠糖尿病模型,小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、低分子量蛹虫草多糖高、中、低剂量组,研究低分子量蛹虫草多糖对小鼠空腹血糖值、糖耐量、脏器指数、体重、血清总胆固醇(TC)和三酰甘油(TG)等指标的影响。连续灌胃给药4周,与模型组相比,剂量组小鼠的体重呈升高趋势,具有显著性差异(p0.01),高剂量组(200 mg/kg)降糖效果最好,给药4周后空腹血糖降至13.7±2.4 mmol/L,结果表明,低分子量蛹虫草多糖显示出较好的降血糖效果,能明显降低糖尿病小鼠血糖值,且在一定范围内能改善小鼠糖耐量异常,同时能有效减轻高血糖对肾脏和肝脏的损伤和缓解由糖代谢紊乱所引发的体重下降问题。     

Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review

Interest in meat fatty acid composition stems mainly from the need to find ways to produce healthier meat, i.e. with a higher ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids and a more favourable balance between n-6 and n-3 PUFA. In pigs, the drive has been to increase n-3 PUFA in meat and this can be achieved by feeding sources such as linseed in the diet. Only when concentrations of α-linolenic acid (18:3) approach 3% of neutral lipids or phospholipids are there any adverse effects on meat quality, defined in terms of shelf life (lipid and myoglobin oxidation) and flavour. Ruminant meats are a relatively good source of n-3 PUFA due to the presence of 18:3 in grass. Further increases can be achieved with animals fed grain-based diets by including whole linseed or linseed oil, especially if this is "protected" from rumen biohydrogenation. Long-chain (C20-C22) n-3 PUFA are synthesised from 18:3 in the animal although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) is not increased when diets are supplemented with 18:3. DHA can be increased by feeding sources such as fish oil although too-high levels cause adverse flavour and colour changes. Grass-fed beef and lamb have naturally high levels of 18:3 and long chain n-3 PUFA. These impact on flavour to produce a 'grass fed' taste in which other components of grass are also involved. Grazing also provides antioxidants including vitamin E which maintain PUFA levels in meat and prevent quality deterioration during processing and display. In pork, beef and lamb the melting point of lipid and the firmness/hardness of carcass fat is closely related to the concentration of stearic acid (18:0).     

益生菌对2型糖尿病小鼠的调节作用

目的:研究益生菌对2型糖尿病小鼠的降糖效果以及潜在的降糖机制。方法:以实验室34株益生菌为研究对象,利用α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性筛选具有降糖功效的菌株,并通过体外表面疏水性、自聚性衡量菌株益生特性,将筛选出的目标益生菌应用于动物模型,探究其降糖功效及潜在机制。采用高脂饮食结合链脲佐菌素方法建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型,所有小鼠连续灌胃8周后,检测其血糖水平、葡萄糖耐受量、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素水平及胰岛素抵抗状况、血清炎症因子水平、胰高血糖素样肽-1以及粪便中短链脂肪酸含量。结果:在体外筛选实验中,副干酪乳杆菌J5和干酪乳杆菌K11有着良好的抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性和肠道黏附能力。动物实验中,干酪乳杆菌K11能够显著降低小鼠的血糖水平(P<0.05),改善糖耐量受损以及胰岛素抵抗(P<0.05);显著降低小鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-6含量;明显提高血清中胰高血糖素样肽-1水平和粪便中短链脂肪酸的含量(P<0.05)。结论:干酪乳杆菌K11可显著调节2型糖尿病小鼠的血糖,作用机制可能与其调节肠道菌群产物短链脂肪酸、促进胰高血糖素样肽-1分泌并调节炎症因子有关。