基于粒子滤波的机载单站无源跟踪算法

针对空中观测平台对远距离海面慢速运动目标定位跟踪这一非线性估计问题,介绍了专门处理非线性估计问题的粒子滤波算法,将粒子滤波算法(Particle Filter,PF)应用于机载单站无源定位跟踪问题,有效提高了对慢速运动目标的单站无源定位跟踪性能,解决了传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法在非线性估计时存在收敛速度慢的问题。通过与扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的仿真比较表明,粒子滤波算法可实现对慢速运动目标的高精度定位跟踪,且性能优于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。     

复合K噪声下机动目标跟踪自适应UPF算法

针对复合K噪声下机动目标跟踪系统具有强非线性非高斯的特点,提出了一种自适应无迹粒子滤波(Adaptive Unscented Particle Filter,AUPF)算法.该算法建立在常加速模型及其改进滤波算法基础上,并将无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF)与强跟踪滤波(Strong Tracking Filter,STF)算法相结合作为提议分布,提高了系统跟踪一般机动和阶跃机动的能力.在给出复合K噪声模型的基础上,利用AUPF算法对几种典型机动目标进行了计算机仿真,并同无迹粒子滤波(Unscented Particle Filter,UPF)算法进行了比较.仿真结果表明,复合K噪声下AUPF算法能更有效地对各种机动目标进行跟踪,具有较高的跟踪精度.     

基于拟熵自适应启动局部搜索策略的混合粒子群算法

在继承综合学习粒子群算法（Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimizer,CLPSO）全局探索优势的基础上,引入具有高效收敛性能的传统局部搜索（Orthodox Local Search,OLS）方法,提出了基于拟熵自适应启动局部搜索策略的混合粒子群算法（Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with Adaptive starting strategy of Local Search based on Quasi-Entropy,ALSQE-HPSO）.采用拟熵指标解决何时启动OLS这一关键问题.对8个标准函数的10维和20维问题的测试结果,表明了ALSQE-HPSO算法的性能优势.本文提出的算法也与包含两种基于CLPSO的改进算法和一种带OLS的粒子群算法在内的其他6种改进粒子群算法进行了对比,实验结果表明ALSQE-HPSO算法的性能优于对比算法.     

基于改进SFLA-PF算法的OFDM系统的目标跟踪

在OFDM通信系统中,为了解决非线性的目标跟踪问题,提出了基于改进混合蛙跳算法(SFLA)和粒子滤波算法(PF)相结合的方法来研究动态目标跟踪技术.首先利用高斯变异的局部搜索能力强和柯西变异的全局搜索能力强等优点对混合蛙跳算法进行改进,然后用改进后的混合蛙跳算法来优化粒子滤波算法进行动态跟踪,其优点不需要重采样步骤,有效地保持了粒子的多样性和有效性.仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效实现动态目标跟踪,并且跟踪效果优于同等条件下的混合蛙跳算法和粒子滤波算法.     

一种基于差分演化的粒子滤波算法

针对粒子滤波(Particle Filter, PF)存在的粒子退化和贫化问题,该文提出一种基于差分演化(Differential Evolution, DE)的PF算法。首先,为了充分利用最新的观测信息,采用无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF)来产生重要性分布,对重要性分布产生的采样粒子不再做传统重采样操作,而是直接把采样粒子当作DE中的种群样本,粒子权重作为样本的适应函数,对粒子做差分变异、交叉、选择等迭代优化,最后得到最优的粒子点集。试验结果表明,该算法有效缓解了传统PF算法中的粒子退化和贫化,提高了粒子的利用率,具有较好的估计精度。     

正则化粒子滤波在水下目标跟踪中的应用

针对传统卡尔曼滤波(KF)及扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)在非线性目标跟踪模型中,跟踪精度较差的问题,本文给出了一种基于正则化粒子滤波(RPF)的水下目标跟踪算法。文中在一种模拟水下目标跟踪环境的非线性动态模型中对所提出的算法进行了仿真试验,并将其跟踪性能与扩展卡尔曼滤波和标准粒子滤波算法(PF)进行了比较。仿真结果表明,PF算法比EKF算法滤波精度更高,RPF的跟踪性能优于PF和RPF,而且随着粒子数的增加,PF和RPF的跟踪性能也不断提高。     

EKF、PF在目标跟踪中的研究

介绍两种目标跟踪算法—扩展卡尔曼滤波器（Extended Kalman Filter,EKF）、粒子滤波器（Particle filter,PF）。EKF利用泰勒级数方法,将非线性问题转化到线性空间,再利用卡尔曼滤波器进行滤波,并达到一阶估计精度。PF是一种采用蒙特卡罗采样的贝叶斯滤波方法,它将复杂的目标状态分布表示为一组加权值,通过寻找在粒子滤波分布中最大权值的粒子来确定目标最可能所处的状态分布,已成为复杂环境下进行目标跟踪的最好的方法。文中通过仿真实验,对二者的性能进行了仿真比较,结果证明在复杂的非高斯非线性环境中,PF的性能明显优于EKF,但计算复杂,耗时长。     

基于串行重采样改进的检测前跟踪算法研究

针对基于粒子滤波的弱小目标检测前跟踪算法(Particle Filter Track Before Detect, PF-TBD)存在采样粒子数目随空间维数呈指数增长、计算量急剧增加等问题,提出一种基于串行重采样改进的检测前跟踪算法(Serial Resampling Track Before Detect, SR-TBD)。所提算法通过对粒子状态的位置空间与速度空间进行串行采样,实现搜索帧间能量的有效积累,并降低状态维数造成计算量的增加,提升算法收敛速度。通过算法仿真与传统 PF-TBD 算法对比,表明本文提出的改进算法在算法收敛速度、运算量等方面均得到提升。     

区间量测下自适应交互多模型箱粒子滤波机动目标跟踪

针对现有交互多模型箱粒子滤波(Interacting Multiple Model Box Particle Filter,IMMBPF)算法在区间量测目标跟踪过程中模型切换和跟踪精度方面的不足,结合自适应交互多模型算法,提出了一种自适应交互多模型箱粒子滤波(Adaptive IMMBPF,AIMMBPF)算法。该算法利用模型似然后验信息构建修正因子,并结合阈值对马尔可夫转移概率矩阵进行自适应修正,使得匹配模型的概率快速增大,并且可以减小非匹配模型的影响,即使在目标运动模型先验信息不足或者不准确情况下,也能对模型转移概率进行自适应更新。对于量测常受到未知分布和偏差的区间误差所影响而呈现区间形式的问题,将箱粒子代替普通粒子,拟合后验概率密度从而进行滤波。仿真结果表明,相比于原有算法,该算法在区间量测机动目标跟踪的应用中,拥有更优的模型匹配度和目标跟踪精度。     

结合匈牙利指派和改进粒子滤波的多目标跟踪算法

使用汽车雷达进行多目标跟踪时,为了提高航迹关联效率并改善非线性场景跟踪效果,提出了结合匈牙利指派和卡尔曼重要性采样的粒子滤波(Particle Filter with Kalman Importance Sampling,PF-KIS)算法。首先,将航迹关联分解为聚类和指派,通过密度聚类筛选并整合有效目标,经过匈牙利指派得到目标和航迹的最佳匹配关系,避免产生多余联合事件,提高关联效率;其次,以卡尔曼滤波的结果作为粒子滤波的先验,使采样粒子分布更合理,提高估计精度,进而改善非线性跟踪能力。实验表明,算法平均航迹关联正确率约为95%;非线性场景误差约为卡尔曼滤波的1/2,有效地改善了非线性场景跟踪能力。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks