确定性测试矢量生成的低功耗设计

在组合电路内建自测试过程中,为了保证在获得较高故障覆盖率的条件下,减少测试功耗,提出了一种确定性低功耗测试矢量的生成结构,该结构利用可配置反馈网络的LFSR作为确定性矢量生成器,并结合单翻转矢量插入逻辑的时钟复用原理,使确定性测试矢量间插入了单一跳变的测试矢量。通过对组合电路集ISCAS’85的实验,表明该设计不仅提高了故障覆盖率,缩短了测试时间,而且能有效降低电路的总功耗、平均功耗和峰值功耗。     

基于分布估计算法的组合电路测试生成

基于遗传算法生成的测试矢量集的故障覆盖率要低于确定性方法．本文分析指出造成这种现象的一个可能原因在于，组合电路测试生成过程中存在高阶、长距离模式，从而导致遗传算法容易陷人局部极值或早熟收敛．为此，本文首次提出使用分布估计算法生成测试矢量．该方法使用联合概率分布捕捉电路主输人之间的关联性。从而避免了高阶、长距离模式对算法的影响，缓解了算法早熟收敛问题．针对ISCAS-85国际标准组合电路集的实验结果表明，该方法能够获得较高的故障覆盖率．     

基于LFSR优化的BIST低功耗设计

在BIST(内建自测试)过程中,线性反馈移位寄存器作为测试矢量生成器,为保障故障覆盖率,会产生很长的测试矢量,从而消耗了大量功耗。在分析BIST结构和功耗模型的基础上,针对test-per-scan和test-per-clock两大BIST类型,介绍了几种基于LFSR(线性反馈移位寄存器)优化的低功耗BIST测试方法,设计和改进可测性设计电路,研究合理的测试策略和测试矢量生成技术,实现测试低功耗要求。     

基于LFSR优化的BIST低功耗设计

在BIST(内建自测试)过程中,线性反馈移位寄存器作为测试矢量生成器,为保障故障覆盖率,会产生很长的测试矢量,从而消耗了大量功耗.在分析BIST结构和功耗模型的基础上,针对test-per-scan和test-per-clock两大BIST类型,介绍了几种基于LFSR(线性反馈移位寄存器)优化的低功耗BIST测试方法,设计和改进可测性设计电路,研究合理的测试策略和测试矢量生成技术,实现测试低功耗要求.     

基于低功耗的BIST测试生成结构优化设计

针对内建自测试(Built-In Self-Test,BIST)技术的伪随机测试生成具有测试时间过长,测试功耗过高的缺点,严重影响测试效率等问题,提出一种低功耗测试生成方案,该方案是基于线性反馈移位寄存器(LFSR)设计的一种低功耗测试序列生成结构--LP-TPG(Low Power Test Pattern Generator),由于CMOS电路的测试功耗主要由电路节点的翻转引起,所以对LFSR结构进行改进,在相邻向量间插入向量,这样在保证原序列随机特性的情况下,减少被测电路输入端的跳变,以ISCAS'8585基准电路作为验证对象,组合电路并发故障仿真工具fsim,可得到平均功耗和峰值功耗的降低,从而达到降低功耗的效果.验证结果表明,该设计在保证故障覆盖率的同时,有效地降低了测试功耗,缩短了测试序列的长度,具有一定的实用性.     

低功耗单输入跳变测试理论的研究

介绍一种随机单输入跳变(RSIC)低功耗测试方案.基本原理是在原线性反馈移位寄存器(LFSR)的基础上加入代码转换电路,对LFSR输出的随机测试向量进行变换,从而得到随机单输入跳变测试序列,可以在不损失故障覆盖率的前提下,降低被测电路的开关翻转活动率,实现测试期间的低功耗.文中给出了RSIC测试序列的生成准则,以CC4028集成电路为被测电路作了研究,结果表明在进行低功耗测试时,单输入跳变测试序列比多输入跳变测试序列更加有效,在不影响故障覆盖率的情况下可以将开关翻转活动率降低到58%,证实了该方案的实用性.     

基于双模式LFSR的低功耗BIST结构

传统的BIST结构中,由于LFSR产生大量的测试矢量在测试过程中消耗了大量的功耗。为了减少测试矢量的数目而不影响故障覆盖率,我们提出了一种新的基于双模式LFSR的低功耗BIST结构。首先介绍了功耗模型和延迟模型的基础知识,然后给出了用于生成双模式LFSR的矩阵,并介绍了解矩阵方程式的算法。随后说明了新的BIST结构和用于矢量分组的模拟退火算法。最后,基于Benchmark电路的实验证明这种结构可以在不降低故障覆盖率的同时减少70％的功耗。     

一种基于神经网络的组合电路测试生成算法

介绍了一种基于神经网络的组合电路测试生成算法。利用Hopfield神经网络模型将组合电路表示成对应的神经网络,通过建立被测电路的约束网络,构造神经网络的能量函数,使组合电路的测试矢量对应神经网络能量函数的最小值点,使得测试生成问题数学化,并使用遗传算法求解能量函数的最小值点得到故障电路的测试矢量。通过在一些标准电路的实验表明,该测试生成算法有效可行。     

时序电路测试生成新算法研究

为解决同步时序电路的测试难题,提高时序电路测试生成效率,进行了时序电路测试生成算法的研究,将粒子群优化算法应用在时序电路的测试生成中。为验证PSO算法性能,首先将其用于函数优化,能获得较好的优化结果。之后建立自动测试生成离散粒子群速度—位置模型,针对国际标准时序电路的验证结果表明,与同类算法相比,该算法可以获得较高的故障覆盖率和较小的测试矢量集。     

基于模块化结构的N位加法器的测试生成

针对单个ｓｔｕｃｋ－ａｔ故障，研究了Ｎ位加法器的测试矢量生成问题，对于行波进位加法器，只需８个测试矢量就可得到１００％的故障覆盖率；对于Ｎ位先行进位加法器，只需Ｎ＾２＋２Ｎ＋３个测试矢量即可得到１００％的故障覆盖率。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks