基于静力凝聚的高精度变截面梁单元及其几何非线性分析研究

基于Euler-Bernoulli梁单元基本假定,通过静力凝聚获得截面特性沿单元轴向连续变化的变截面梁单元高精度刚度矩阵,并提出一种基于随动坐标法求解变截面梁杆结构大位移、大转动、小应变问题的新思路。首先依据插值理论和非线性有限元理论推导出三节点变截面梁单元的切线刚度矩阵,然后使用静力凝聚方法消除中间节点自由度,从而得到一种新型非线性两节点变截面梁单元。结合随动坐标法,在变形后位形上建立随动坐标系,得到变截面梁单元的大位移全量平衡方程。实例计算表明,该新型变截面梁单元具有较高的计算精度,可应用于变截面梁杆系统大位移几何非线性分析。     

一类考虑温度效应的截面插值梁模型

提出了一种截面插值梁模型,利用该模型求解梁在非均匀热载荷作用下的动静态响应,解决了传统梁理论无法处理受不均匀温度场的梁的问题。利用拉格朗日插值函数对梁单元的截面和轴向分别插值,构造梁的位移场。将位移场代入热弹性动力学方程,得到单元应变和应力,再依据虚功原理推导出单元刚度矩阵、质量矩阵以及等效节点载荷列阵,求解得到热应力。利用热应力的横向剪切力更新单元刚度矩阵,计算梁在热载荷作用下的振动特性。计算结果表明,该方法得到的结果与实体单元模型结果吻合,并且更易于处理受非均匀热载荷作用的细长结构,同时能很好地反映截面的形状、受载及响应结果。     

一种考虑截面完整变形特征的空间三维梁有限元模型

提出了一种基于截面插值的三维空间梁模型。首先引入截面插值函数——拉格朗日函数描述截面形状,以位移向量为未知变量描述截面位移,在此基础上依据插值理论构造梁单元位移场,不同于传统梁单元通过假定的中性轴挠度和转角来确定梁截面各点位移,该梁模型摒弃了中性轴假设与平截面假设,通过截面插值函数得到梁截面面内、面外变形;然后通过有限元理论推导了梁单元刚度矩阵与质量矩阵,并采用MATLAB编制了相应的有限元程序;最后通过几个典型算例展开分析,并将该单元的计算结果与经典梁理论和商用有限元软件数值计算结果进行对比,算例结果表明该单元有着更好的适用性和更高的精度。     

计及二阶效应的梁杆系统动力响应分析方法研究

基于动力刚度法和有限元理论提出了一种考虑二阶效应计算梁杆动力响应的新方法。通过求解轴向力作用下Bernoulli-Euler 梁横向和轴向挠度自由振动微分方程,利用位移边界条件反解出待定系数,得到了动态精确形函数;使用经典有限元方法推导了考虑截面自身旋转惯量的质量阵和考虑二阶效应的刚度阵,该质量阵和刚度阵各元素均为轴力和圆频率的超越函数;建立了杆系结构瞬态动力学分析的动力平衡方程,给出了稳定和高效的求解方案。对几个典型的算例进行了计算分析,并与通用软件ANSYS 的计算结果进行了比较。计算结果表明:该分析梁杆系统动力响应的新方法具有较高的计算精度和效率,特别是能够准确地计入轴力对于梁杆动力响应的影响。     

计及二阶效应的一种变截面梁精确单元刚度阵

推导一种精确的Bernoulli-Euler变截面梁单元,解决了传统变截面梁单元在结构稳定性分析中存在的计算精度较低的问题,以常见的外形沿轴向按线性变化的变截面梁为例,给出梁单元的精确刚度阵。放弃传统有限元通过插值理论构建变形场,并通过虚位移原理获取单元刚度阵的方法,直接从计入二阶效应的单元平衡微分方程中得到变截面梁的载荷位移关系,进而得到有限元格式的变截面梁精确刚度阵。借助于变截面梁单元刚度阵,可导致与精确的微分方程解析法同样的计算精度。通过与几个经典算例和ANSYS计算结果比较表明:该精确刚度阵可直接应用于结构稳定性分析,获得变截面梁结构精确的欧拉临界力。     

杆、梁有限元模型的模态的振荡性质

杆、弦、梁等常见一维连续体的固有模态具有振荡性质。一维连续体进行离散后的固有模态是否仍具有振荡性质，表征着数值计算是否真实反映了原问题。业已通过化柔度矩阵为三对角矩阵的乘积的方法证明了：常见支承条件下的有限差分梁、杆以及采用集中质量矩阵的有限元杆、弦的模态具有振荡性质。在有限元计算中，Euler梁通常采用带转角变量的Hermite三次插值函数进行离散，目前尚未见到此种离散梁的模态是否具有振荡性质的论述。从连续杆、弦、梁的振荡性质出发，结合有限元解的特性，指出在集中质量矩阵的条件下，如果离散模型在结点集中力作用下，结点位移与解析解相等，则此离散模型的模态具有振荡性质；具体说来，杆、弦的有限元模型模态具有振荡性质，从最小余能原理构造的梁有限元模型模态具有振荡性质；对于Hermite三次插值函数的位移Euler梁单元，若截面参数在单元内取常数，模态也具有此性质；但是，若截面参数在单元内不为常数，模态未必具有振荡性质。     

浅析质量矩阵对动力计算精度的影响

通过一致质量矩阵和集中质量矩阵的显式表达，对比分析了质量矩阵对Euler-Bernoulli梁理论和两结点双线性插值梁理论动力计算精度的影响。并通过Python有限元程序的数值模拟，揭示了两结点双线性插值梁的优越性。理论推导和数值分析结果表明：梁单元动力计算前必须进行网格剖分；网格密度的增大并不能提高Euler-Bernoulli梁集中质量矩阵的动力精度，而一致质量矩阵的收敛性显著高于集中质量矩阵。     

考虑剪切效应三维纤维梁单元的几何非线性增量有限元分析

该文以三维连续介质力学和虚功原理为基础,推导了增量U.L.有限元列式,该列式保留了大位移刚度矩阵项,并对该刚度矩阵进行修正使其成为对称矩阵。根据增量U.L.列式,推导了三维纤维梁单元的刚度矩阵。该单元采用平截面假定,以轴向节点位移表示截面上任意一点的位移,并结合Timoshenko梁理论来考虑剪切效应。以上原理编制分析程序,通过几个算例分析,证明了该方法的精确性、通用性。     

液化场地中Timoshenko桩自由振动与屈曲的精确数值解

基于单桩的Timoshenko梁模型和桩-土相互作用的Winkler模型,建立考虑轴力效应的具有分布参数的Timoshenko梁模型微分控制方程,确定对应的齐次方程的通解,并以此作为有限单元的基函数。推导得精确形函数矩阵,建立分布参数Timoshenko梁的精确有限单元,根据拉格朗日方程得到有限元离散方程和单元刚度矩阵、几何刚度矩阵和一致质量矩阵。应用建立的精确Timoshenko梁单元于分层液化土中单桩-土-结构系统的自由振动与屈曲模态分析,通过与对应解析解以及常规有限元解的对比,表明精确Timoshenko桩基础单元的可靠性与较常规有限元法的优势。     

压电功能梯度层合梁的力-电-热耦合梁单元及最优振动控制

给出了一个压电功能梯度层合梁振动分析的两节点力-电-热耦合梁单元,并将其用于功能梯度层合梁的振动最优控制。在这个多场耦合梁单元中,功能梯度材料的等效力学性能用Voigt或Mori-Tanaka模型表征;梁的位移场用Shi改进的三阶剪切变形板理论描述;压电层的电势场用Layer-wise理论分层表征,且呈高阶非线性电势场的压电层可离散成数个子层。用Hamilton原理推导了压电功能梯度梁的力-电-热耦合单元列式,用拟协调元法给出了多场耦合梁单元的高计算效率的显式单元刚度矩阵,以及采用线性二次型(LQR)最优控制算法进行压电功能梯度层合梁的最优振动控制。使用所得力-电-热耦合梁单元进行了压电功能梯度层合梁的静力和动力分析。数值算例表明,所得力-电-热耦合梁单元可靠、准确和高效,LQR最优控制算法得到最优控制电压可有效抑制功能梯度梁的振动且实现控制系统能量的优化。     

Mixed state-vector finite element analysis for a higher-order box beam theory

If thin-walled closed beams are analyzed by the standard Timoshenko beam elements, their structural behavior, especially near boundaries, cannot be accurately predicted because of the incapability of the Timoskenko theory to predict the sectional warping and distortional deformations. If a higher-order thin-walled box beam theory is used, on the other hand, accurate results comparable to those obtained by plate finite elements can be obtained. However, currently available two-node displacement based higher-order beam elements are not efficient in capturing exponential solution behavior near boundaries. Based on this motivation, we consider developing higher-order mixed finite elements. Instead of using the standard mixed formulation, we propose to develop the mixed formulation based on the state-vector form so that only the field variables that can be prescribed on the boundary are interpolated for finite element analysis. By this formulation, less field variables are used than by the standard mixed formulation, and the interpolated field variables have the physical meaning as the boundary work conjugates. To facilitate the discretization, two-node elements are considered. The effects of interpolation orders for the generalized stresses and displacements on the solution behavior are investigated along with numerical examples.     

具有分布材料特性的梁反应分析方法

同一梁单元内材料具有不同性质时,传统梁单元的单元位移插值函数不能合理地描述梁内部的位移变化,导致计算精度较低。给出了一种计算同一单元内具有分布材料特性的梁反应的有限元方法,有效解决了传统梁单元的局限性。同时,给出了同一单元内具有分布材料特性的梁单元的一致等效节点荷载和一致质量矩阵的建立方法。与传统梁单元相比,使用该方法进行静力分析和特征值分析均可获得较高的计算精度,并且使用一个单元即可给出精确的单元内力和位移分布。此研究为分析同一单元内具有分布材料特性的梁的静力与动力反应问题提供了简单的方法和有价值的理论基础。     

A three‐noded shear‐flexible curved beam element based on coupled displacement field interpolations

An efficient shear‐flexible three‐noded curved beam element is proposed herein. The shear flexibility is based on Timoshenko beam theory and the element has three degrees of freedom, viz., tangential displacement (u), radial displacement (w) and the section‐rotation (θ). A quartic polynomial interpolation for flexural rotation ψ is assumed a priori. Making use of the physical composition of θ in terms of ψ and u, a novel way of deriving the polynomial interpolations for u and w is presented, by solving force‐moment and moment‐shear equilibrium equations simultaneously. The field interpolation for θ is then constructed from that of ψ and u. The procedure leads to high‐order polynomial field interpolations which share some of the generalized degrees of freedom, by means of coefficients involving material and geometric properties of the element. When applied to a straight Euler–Bernoulli beam, all the coupled coefficients vanish and the formulation reduces to classical quintic‐in‐w and quadratic‐in‐u element, with u, w, and ?w/?x as degrees of freedom. The element is totally devoid of membrane and shear locking phenomena. The formulation presents an efficient utilization of the nine generalized degrees of freedom available for the polynomial interpolation of field variables for a three‐noded curved beam element. Numerical examples on static and free vibration analyses demonstrate the efficacy and locking‐free property of the element. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于等参公式的三节点梁单元

为了提高非线性分析的计算精度和效率,详细介绍了基于等参公式的三节点梁单元,推导了这种梁单元考虑几何非线性的切线刚度矩阵,并给出了高斯积分点的分布。在此基础上编制有限元程序,考虑了单元的大转角、大位移和剪切变形的影响,并采用von-Mises屈服准则和Zeigler随动硬化法则考虑了材料非线性的影响。与试验结果和通用程序的对比分析表明,这种方法具有较高的精度和效率,并且能方便地用于变截面杆系结构的空间双重非线性分析。     

从 Levinson 高阶梁理论的一致变分到高次翘曲梁理论

将矩形截面梁的截面翘曲位移设定为3次Legendre多项式的形式,利用弹性力学平面应力问题分项的不完全的广义变分原理,导出高次翘曲梁理论,得到形式简单易求解的方程。由于引入轴向拉伸的情况,使梁的平面内变形问题得以统一;计及了梁表面剪切荷载的作用,并严格满足表面剪应力边界条件;通过引入轴向位移约束参考点间距离的概念对梁端翘曲约束作更精致地描述,且使得该理论包含了变分一致或者不一致的高阶剪切梁理论。该理论的推导还表明,Levinson梁理论的变分不一致仅仅局限于有转角约束的梁端。通过算例,将高次翘曲梁理论与弹性力学平面应力问题以及Timoshenko梁理论、Levinson梁理论进行比较,初步显示出该理论的优越性。     

C beam elements based on the Refined Zigzag Theory for multilayered composite and sandwich laminates

The paper deals with the development and computational assessment of three- and two-node beam finite elements based on the Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) for the analysis of multilayered composite and sandwich beams. RZT is a recently proposed structural theory that accounts for the stretching, bending, and transverse shear deformations, and which provides substantial improvements over previously developed zigzag and higher-order theories. This new theory is analytically rigorous, variationally consistent, and computationally attractive. The theory is not affected by anomalies of most previous zigzag and higher-order theories, such as the vanishing of transverse shear stress and force at clamped boundaries. In contrast to Timoshenko theory, RZT does not employ shear correction factors to yield accurate results. From the computational mechanics perspective RZT requires C⁰-continuous shape functions and thus enables the development of efficient displacement-type finite elements. The focus of this paper is to explore several low-order beam finite elements that offer the best compromise between computational efficiency and accuracy. The initial attention is on the choice of shape functions that do not admit shear locking effects in slender beams. For this purpose, anisoparametric (aka interdependent) interpolations are adapted to approximate the four independent kinematic variables that are necessary to model the planar beam deformations. To achieve simple two-node elements, several types of constraint conditions are examined and corresponding deflection shape-functions are derived. It is recognized that the constraint condition requiring a constant variation of the transverse shear force gives rise to a remarkably accurate two-node beam element. The proposed elements and their predictive capabilities are assessed using several elastostatic example problems, where simply supported and cantilevered beams are analyzed over a range of lamination sequences, heterogeneous material properties, and slenderness ratios.     

A two‐noded locking–free shear flexible curved beam element

A new two‐noded shear flexible curved beam element which is impervious to membrane and shear locking is proposed herein. The element with three degrees of freedom at each node is based on curvilinear deep shell theory. Starting with a cubic polynomial representation for radial displacement (w), the displacement field for tangential displacement (u) and section rotation (θ) are determined by employing force‐moment and moment‐shear equilibrium equations. This results in polynomial displacement field whose coefficients are coupled by generalized degrees of freedom and material and geometric properties of the element. The procedure facilitates quartic polynomial representation for both u and θ for curved element configurations, which reduces to linear and quadratic polynomials for u and θ, respectively, for straight element configuration. These coupled polynomial coefficients do not give rise to any spurious constraints even in the extreme thin regimes, in which case, the present element exhibits excellent convergence to the classical thin beam solutions. This simple C⁰ element is validated for beam having straight/curved geometries over a wide range of slenderness ratios. The results indicates that performance of the element is much superior to other elements of the same class. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.