Analysis of cigarette smoke condensates by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry I acidic fraction

Cigarette smoke condensate is a complex chemical matrix, and analysis of its components is very difficult because of the limitation of the peak capacity and sensitivity of conventional chromatography and the extensive and laborious sample preparation that is frequently required. In this study, the acidic fraction of mainstream cigarette smoke condensate has been investigated by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS). Different column systems were tested and compared under proper GCxGC/TOFMS conditions. Auto data processing by TOFMS software combined with manual identification was used to assign the components. Over 1000 compounds, with S/N > or = 100, including 139 organic acids and over 150 phenols were tentatively identified by the developed method.     

顶空-气相色谱法测定卷烟主流烟气粒相物中吡啶

为研究气相色谱测定卷烟主流烟气粒相物中吡啶含量,采用碳酸钠水溶液作基质校正剂,通过顶空进样、DB-WAXETR色谱柱分离、火焰离子化检测器检测。结果表明:吡啶在0.20~16.20μg/mL质量浓度范围内线性拟合度为0.9998,加标回收率在98.4%~104.7%之间,定量限为0.08μg/支,RSD小于5%,该方法可以快速、准确地测定卷烟主流烟气粒相物中吡啶。     

Species-selective analysis by microcolumn multicapillary gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection.

A glass rod (5-20 cm long, 2 mm o.d.) containing more than 1200 parallel microchannels (< 40 microns i.d.) was converted into a high-resolution (> 100 theoretical plates cm-1) GC column by coating the inside of each channel in a way that compensated for the dispersion of the channel inner diameter. The columns were evaluated for the separation of mixtures of several organometallic (Hg, Sn, Pb) compounds prior to on-line sensitive metalselective detection by ICPMS. Chromatographic separation conditions were optimized to enable a rapid (within a maximum 30 s) multielemental speciation analysis. Absolute detection limits were 0.1 pg for Hg, 0.05 pg for Sn, and 0.03 pg for Pb using the carrier gas flows of approximately 200 mL min-1. The microcolumn multicapillary GC/ICPMS developed was applied to the analysis of a number of environmental samples. The results were validated with certified reference materials for tin (BCR477, PACS-2) and mercury (DORM-1, TORT-1).     

固相萃取-双柱气相色谱法测定水中多种有机磷农药残留

针对单一气相色谱柱定性分析易出现假阳性误判的情况,采用固相萃取-气相色谱双柱技术测定环境水体中多种有机磷农药的残留量。水样中的有机磷农药通过HLB固相萃取小柱富集,经洗脱浓缩后,用DB-35MS和HP-5毛细管气相色谱柱、火焰光度检测器测定。方法的平均加标回收率为86.1%～118%,相对标准偏差为3.2%～6.8%,最低检出限为20～40ng/L,可满足环境水体中痕量有机磷农药残留的分析需要。     

自动固相萃取与气相色谱--质谱联用测定水中有机磷农药

采用自动固相萃取法预处理,用气相色谱-质谱仪测定有机磷农药。最低检出限在0.10~0.30mg/L之间,水样加标回收率为75%~105%,样品经5次重复测定后相对标准偏差均小于6.0%。结果表明,该法具有简单、快速、准确的特点。     

Application of time array detection to capillary column gas chromatography/conventional time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The technique of time array detection (TAD) is designed to take advantage of the high spectral generation rate available in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. In TAD, a number of successive TOF arrival time transient signals are summed to produce each recorded mass spectrum. The TOF/TAD technique offers significant improvements over conventional scanning mass spectrometers for the analysis of capillary GC effluents. Up to 20 mass spectra per second were generated to demonstrate the accurate reconstruction of the chromatographic profile and the lack of mass spectral distortion despite the rapidly changing analyte concentration. Varying the number of TOF transients per recorded spectrum allows the chromatography to be optimized for speed of analysis without sacrificing chromatographic resolution or detection limits. Components of charcoal lighter fluid were chromatographically separated in less than 4 min with quality mass spectra obtained for each eluent.     

Applicability of cloud point extraction coupled with microwave-assisted back-extraction to the determination of organophosphorous pesticides in human urine by gas chromatography with flame photometry detection

A procedure for the determination of organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs) - phorate, diazinon, parathion-methyl, fenthion and quinalphos - in human urine was developed using the cloud point extraction of nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) coupled with microwave-assisted back-extraction prior to gas chromatography with flame photometry detection (GC-FPD) analysis. The upper organic solution obtained from back-extraction was centrifugated simply for further cleanup for the sake of automatic injection. A preconcentration factor of 50 was obtained for these five OPPs extracted from only 10 mL of a sample. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.07 ng mL(-1) for phorate, fenthion and quinalphos, 0.04 ng mL(-1) for diazinon and 0.08 ng mL(-1) for parathion-methyl. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.21, 0.12, 0.24, 0.21 and 0.21 ng mL(-1), respectively. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by bias, which ranged from +6.85 to -14.68%. Precision was also good; the relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) were less than 9%. The method showed to be potential for biological monitoring.     

Quantitative method for the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette tobacco and mainstream cigarette smoke by use of isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

An improved liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA). It utilizes four stable isotope-labeled internal standards instead of two as reported by others. A separate internal standard for each analyte is required to minimize sample matrix effects on each analyte, which can lead to poor analyte recoveries and decreases in method accuracy and precision if only one or two of the internal standards are used, especially for complex sample matrixes and when no sample cleanup steps are performed as in this study. In addition, two ion-transition pairs (instead of one) are used for each analyte for the confirmation and quantification, further enhancing the method's accuracy and robustness. These improvements have led to a new LC-MS/MS method that is faster, more sensitive, and selective than the traditional methods and more accurate and robust than the published LC-MS/MS methods. The linear range of the method was from 0.2 to 250 ng/mL with a limit of detection of each TSNA varied from 0.027 to 0.049 ng/mL. Good correlations between the results obtained by the new method and the traditional method were observed for the samples studied.     

Elemental speciation analysis by multicapillary gas chromatography with microwave-induced plasma atomic spectrometric detection

Multicapillary column gas chromatography (MC-GC)/microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MIP AES) was developed for fast speciation analysis of organotin compounds in the environment. Ethylated butyltin compounds could be separated isothermally within less than 30 s (instead of ～5-10 min) without sacrificing either the resolution or the sample capacity of conventional capillary GC with oven temperature gradient programming. Careful optimization of the pressure and temperature GC program allowed a comprehensive organotin speciation analysis including phenyltin compounds within less than 2.5 min, increasing the sample throughput 6-fold. Compatibility of MC-GC with an MIP atomic emission detector (MIP-AED) was discussed. MC-GC/MIP-AES was validated for the analysis of sediment (PACS-1 and BCR 462) and biological (NIES11) certified reference materials.     

Analysis of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke particulate matter by laser desorption mass spectrometry

Laser desorption ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LDI-FTICRMS) was used to investigate particulate matter (PM) associated with mainstream (MSS) and sidestream cigarette smokes (SSS). The high mass resolution and the high mass measurement accuracy allowed a molecular formula for each detected signal in the 150-500 m/z range to be assigned. The high number of peaks observed in mass spectra required additional data processing to extract information. In this context, Kendrick maps and Van Krevelen diagrams were drawn. These postacquisition treatments were used to more easily compare different cigarette smokes: (i) MSS from different cigarettes and (ii) MSS and SSS from the same cigarette. In both ion detection modes, most of the detected species were found to be attributed to C(6-31)H(2-35)N(0-7)O(0-9) compounds. The compounds observed in the study of SSS appeared to be more unsaturated and less oxygenated than those observed when MSS of the same cigarette was investigated.     

On-column micro gas chromatography detection with capillary-based optical ring resonators

We developed a novel on-column micro gas chromatography (microGC) detector using capillary based optical ring resonators (CBORRs). The CBORR is a thin-walled fused silica capillary with an inner diameter ranging from a few tens to a few hundreds of micrometers. The interior surface of the CBORR is coated with a layer of stationary phase for gas separation. The circular cross section of the CBORR forms a ring resonator and supports whispering gallery modes (WGMs) that circulate along the ring resonator circumference hundreds of times. The evanescent field extends into the core and is sensitive to the refractive index change induced by the interaction between the gas sample and the stationary phase. The WGM can be excited and monitored at any location along the CBORR by placing a tapered optical fiber against the CBORR, thus enabling on-column real-time detection. Rapid separation of both polar and nonpolar samples was demonstrated with subsecond detection speed. Theoretical work was also established to explain the CBORR detection mechanism. While low-nanogram detection limits are observed in these preliminary tests, many methods for improvements are under investigation. The CBORR is directly compatible with traditional capillary GC columns without any dead volumes. Therefore, the CBORR-based muGC is a very promising technology platform for rapid, sensitive, and portable analytical devices.     

High-performance liquid chromatography of lignin-derived phenols in environmental samples with diode array detection

Lignin-derived and standard phenols were successfully analyzed with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection. The 11 major phenols produced by cupric oxide (CuO) oxidation were clearly and rapidly separated. Determination by diode array detection also allowed detection of interfering impurities within individual HPLC peaks. The lignin phenols were accordingly corrected and quantified. This method yields precise and reliable data for various environmental samples such as dissolved organic matter from aqueous samples and sediments and can also be applied to various particulate materials such as detritus and plant tissues. An interlaboratory method comparison with humic substance standards from the International Humic Substances Society revealed differences in lignin phenol concentrations, whereas lignin parameters better coincided.     

Online comprehensive two-dimensional characterization of puff-by-puff resolved cigarette smoke by hyphenation of fast gas chromatography to single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: quantification of hazardous volatile organic compounds

This work presents the direct coupling of a custom-made smoking machine (SM) to fast gas chromatography combined with single-photon ionization mass spectrometry (GC × SPI-MS) utilizing a six-port, two-position valve for online puff-resolved comprehensive two-dimensional investigation of cigarette smoke. The innovative electron-beam pumped rare gas excimer light source (EBEL) filled with argon provided vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons of 9.8 ± 0.4 eV (126 ± 9 nm) for SPI. Puff-by-puff quantification of 14 hazardous volatile organic smoke constituents from the 2R4F Kentucky research cigarette was enabled for two smoking regimes, i.e., ISO and Canadian Intense, after determination of photoionization cross sections. The investigated analytes comprised NO, acetaldehyde, butadiene, acrolein, propanal, acetone, isoprene, furan, crotonaldehyde, isobutanal, butanal, 2-butanone, benzene, and toluene. The determined amounts of these compounds in cigarette smoke agreed excellently with the literature values. Furthermore, the two well-known patterns of puff-by-puff behaviors for these different smoke constituents were obtained for both whole smoke and gas-phase measurements.     

Controlling gradient phase distributions in a model of active antenna array with locally coupled elements

The regime of synchronization with a certain gradient phase distribution and the possibility of controlling such distribution in a linear array of oscillators coupled by phase-locked loops (PLLs) have been theoretically studied. It is shown that a constant phase progression can be controlled by manipulating collective dynamics, with oscillator eigenfrequencies and coupling coefficients being the control parameters. The proposed principle of control, based on the nonlinear dynamics of PLL-coupled oscillators, can be used in solving the problems of phasing and controlled beam scanning in antenna arrays operating in different frequency bands.