Descriptive Sensory Analysis of Irradiated Frozen or Refrigerated Chicken

The effects of irradiation of refrigerated and frozen chicken on sensory properties were investigated on skinless boneless breasts (white) and leg quarters (dark). Irradiation did not affect appearance of moistness and glossiness of raw chicken (white or dark). Leg quarters irradiated while refrigerated were darker (p 0.05) than controls (nonirradiated chicken). Raw irradiated chicken had higher “fresh chickeny,” bloody, and sweet aromatic aroma intensities compared to nonirradiated samples. Cooked irradiated frozen dark meat had more chicken flavor, and cooked irradiated refrigerated dark meat was more tender than controls. No other sensory attributes of cooked chicken were affected. The state at which chicken had been irradiated (refrigerated or frozen) did not affect sensory properties.     

Sensory acceptability of raw and extruded bovine rumen protein in processed meat products

The use of bovine rumen protein (raw and extruded) as a replacement for extruded soy protein concentrate in three meat products (pork sausage, chicken hamburger, and kibbe) was investigated. Similarity between rumen and soy protein meat products was assessed using triangle tests and sensory acceptability evaluated by consumer panelists using a nine-point hedonic scale. The addition of raw rumen protein was detected in all meat product types tested, while extruded rumen protein was only detected in kibbe. The addition of raw rumen protein decreased the acceptability of pork sausage aroma and flavor, but improved kibbe appearance, texture and overall acceptability. The addition of extruded rumen protein reduced the acceptability of chicken hamburger texture, but improved pork sausage flavor. Replacement of soy protein by bovine rumen protein is feasible based upon sensory results, but depended upon its form and the type of meat product to which it was added.     

不同电子束辐照处理对传统镇巴腊肉品质的影响

为研究电子束辐照对传统镇巴腊肉品质的影响,对不同剂量（0～8 kGy）电子束辐照处理的腊肉进行测定。结果表明：电子束辐照处理能减少腊肉中的菌落总数,随着辐照剂量的增大,腊肉的硬度降低,过氧化值、蛋白羰基含量逐渐增加,过氧化值、蛋白羰基含量在8 kGy剂量下达到最高,分别为0.047 g/100 mg、3.84 nmol/mg;2 kGy剂量组的腊肉在有效降低菌落总数的同时,也较好维持了腊肉的色泽、质构、脂肪及蛋白氧化程度,品质较优;电子鼻测定结果表明,2 kGy剂量组与对照组腊肉的总体风味较为接近,与感官评价结果一致。综合考虑,2 kGy是电子束辐照传统镇巴腊肉的适宜剂量。     

电子束辐照对蟹肉嗅感及其关键气味物质的影响

为分析电子束辐照对蟹肉嗅感的影响及利用电子束辐照技术消减蟹肉过敏性提供依据。研究1、3、5、7、9?kGy电子束辐照对细点圆趾蟹蟹肉感官、挥发性风味及相对气味活度值的影响。结果发现,辐照后蟹肉嗅感有一定变化,感官评分随辐照剂量的增加而有所降低;电子鼻分析结果显示,1、3、5?kGy组蟹肉的嗅感变化不显著,7、9?kGy组蟹肉的嗅感变化显著;经1、3、5、7、9?kGy剂量辐照,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪鉴定到的蟹肉挥发性风味成分的种数由对照组的55?种分别增至60、57、62、60?种和58?种,但辐照对蟹肉中起关键和有修饰作用的气味物质的种类基本没有影响。总之,经5?kGy及以下剂量辐照,蟹肉能较好地保持其原有嗅感,7?kGy和9?kGy辐照会导致轻微异味的产生。     

Quality of electron beam irradiation of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) at medium dose levels (1.0-3.2 kGy)

We assessed the effect of electron beam irradiation of packaged fresh blueberries at doses greater than 1.0 kGy on the quality attributes of the fruits. Irradiation experiments were conducted using a 10 MeV (18 kW) linear accelerator with single beam fixture. Fruits were stored at 5 °C and 70.4% RH for 14 days and tested at days 0, 3, 7 and 14 for physico-chemical, textural, microstructural, and sensory characteristics. Control samples consisted of non-irradiated fruits. Irradiation at doses higher than 1.1 kGy did affect (P<0.05) the texture of blueberries as the fruits became considerably softer and less acceptable throughout storage. Only irradiation at 3.2 kGy affected the color of blueberries by the end of storage. Irradiation slightly reduced the respiration rates of the blueberries by the end of storage. In terms of overall quality, texture and aroma, only fruits exposed to 3.2 kGy were found unacceptable by the sensory panelists. Irradiation at the dose levels used in this study did not affect the density, pH, water activity, moisture content, acidity and juiciness of blueberries. Electron beam irradiation of blueberries up to 1.6 kGy is a feasible decontamination treatment that maintains the overall fruit quality attributes.     

Antilisterial activity and consumer acceptance of irradiated chicken breast meat vacuum-infused with grape seed and green tea extracts and tartaric acid

Contamination of poultry with pathogenic bacteria contributes to human foodborne disease, causes damage to industry brand names, and has a significant economic impact on the food industry in the form of both damage to industry brand names and losses associated with recalls. Irradiation is a safe and effective means of decontaminating poultry products, but the maximum dose strengths allowed negatively impact poultry sensory quality characteristics. The 1st objective of this study was to investigate the potential interactive inhibitory effects of natural antimicrobials as components of a vacuum-marination in addition to various dose levels of irradiation. Tartaric acid (TA) at 2 levels and grape seed (GS) and green tea (GT) extracts were combined, vacuum-infused into chicken breast fillets, and irradiated at 1, 2, and 3 kGy by electron beam irradiation. The 2nd objective was to use a consumer test group to evaluate TA and plant extract infusion into chicken breast fillets with and without irradiation at 2 kGy on overall impression, flavor, texture, appearance, and tenderness. The results showed that samples vacuum-infused with TA at 37.5 and 75.0 mM and irradiated at 1 kGy significantly reduced Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) levels by 2 and 3 log CFU/g compared to the control after 12 d of refrigerated storage. Vacuum-infusion of TA at 37.5 and 75.0 mM at 2 and 3 kGy irradiation, reduced L.m. to near nondetectable levels. The addition of TA and GS and GT to chicken breast fillets with and without irradiation did not significantly impact consumer preference, tenderness, appearance, or flavor. The addition of tartaric acid and natural plant extracts to chicken marinades could contribute to the prevention of L.m. contamination.     

电子束辐照对沙拉酱微生物及品质的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

对市购沙拉酱用0、1、2 kGy不同剂量进行电子束辐照,研究电子束辐照对沙拉酱的杀菌效果及辐照后常温放置40 d后产品的微生物、色泽、质构、风味、稳定性等指标的变化,为沙拉酱物理冷杀菌的技术可行性和工艺设定提供技术参考依据。结果表明,电子束辐照对外源添加致病菌鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及沙拉酱自身菌落总数、霉菌和酵母有良好的杀灭效果,1 kGy电子束辐照可降低致病菌3~6个log,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母不再检出。室温放置40 d后,感官评价发现1 kGy电子束辐照对沙拉酱色泽、体态、香气、滋味无显著影响,电子鼻分析、质构参数及离心解析率也与未辐照处理无明显差别,但2 kGy电子束辐照的滋味评分显著低于未辐照处理和1 kGy辐照处理,质构参数与未辐照处理、1 kGy辐照处理差异显著。电子束辐照可有效控制沙拉酱中致病菌,1 kGy剂量处理对沙拉酱色泽、质构、风味、稳定性无明显影响,可用于沙拉酱杀菌保鲜。     

Changes in quality, liking, and purchase intent of irradiated fresh-cut spinach during storage

The use of ionizing radiation to enhance microbial safety of fresh spinach at a maximum dose of 4 kGy has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, whether spinach can tolerate those high doses of radiation is unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of irradiation and storage on quality, liking, and purchase intent of fresh-cut spinach. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity values and total phenolic content were not consistently affected by irradiation. However, the ascorbic acid content of irradiated sample decreased rapidly during storage, resulting in these samples being lower in ascorbic acid content than controls after 7 and 14 d of storage at 4 °C. Sensory evaluation by a 50-member panel revealed that purchase intent and ratings for liking of appearance, aroma, texture, flavor, and overall were not affected by irradiation at doses up to 2 kGy. Therefore, irradiation at doses up to 2 kGy may be used to enhance microbial safety without affecting consumer acceptance or overall antioxidant values of irradiated spinach.     

Retention of quality and nutritional value of 13 fresh-cut vegetables treated with low-dose radiation

Improving the microbial safety while maintaining quality of fresh fruits and vegetables will increase consumer confidence in fresh produce. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of irradiation at 1 kGy, a dose that potentially inactivates E. coli O157:H7 by 5 logs, on the quality of 13 common fresh-cut vegetables: iceberg, romaine, green and red leaf lettuce, spinach, tomato, cilantro, parsley, green onion, carrot, broccoli, red cabbage, and celery. The results showed that the appearance of irradiated samples was similar to the nonirradiated ones except that irradiated carrots, celery, cilantro, and green onions had higher appearance scores than corresponding nonirradiated vegetables. There was no difference in the instrumental texture between irradiated samples and nonirradiated ones. The aroma of several irradiated vegetables was significantly better than controls after 14-d storage, because these control samples decayed or senesced. The 1 kGy irradiation did not affect vitamin C content of most vegetables; however, irradiated green and red leaf lettuce had 24% to 53% lower vitamin C contents than the controls. Our results suggest that most fresh-cut fruits and vegetables tested can tolerate up to 1 kGy irradiation without significant losses in any of the quality attributes.     

Effect of radiation processing on the quality of chilled meat products

Effect of radiation processing on the shelf-life and safety of some ethnic Indian meat products like chicken chilly, mutton shammi kababs and pork salami during chilled storage was investigated. Radiation processing resulted in dose dependent reduction in microbial counts. A dose of 3 kGy was found to be optimal for the shelf-life extension. In all the three irradiated (3 kGy) meat products the shelf-life was extended by more than 2 weeks at 0-3 °C compared to the corresponding non-irradiated samples. Staphylococcus spp. were completely eliminated by irradiation at a dose of 2 kGy. Some increase in lipid peroxidation on irradiation was observed as measured by TBA assay but it did not affect the sensory attributes of the product.     

FRANKFURTERS EXTENDED WITH WHEAT GERM PROTEIN: SENSORY PROPERTIES AND CONSUMER RESPONSE1

In this study, 103 consumers evaluated the sensory acceptance of frankfurters extended with wheat germ protein flour (WGPF). Consumers as a whole did not perceive any differences in the attributes of appearance, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance. However, samples with WGPF were scored lower for intensities of hot dog flavor and spiciness. Perception of intensities of attributes varied depending on age, frequency of consumption, and whether the consumer was male or female. WGPF did not influence the overall acceptance of the product. A trained panel found a difference in smoky flavor due to treatment and a weak difference in smoky aroma and flavor due to storage. Trends suggested an effect due to increasing levels of WGPF on aroma and flavor of frankfurters.