PN code acquisition using smart antenna for spread-spectrum wireless communications. I

The smart antenna (a blind adaptive antenna array) has brought much attention to its ability to improve the future code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless communications systems. However, Adachi et al. (1998), employed only one out of M elements that are in a smart antenna array during the pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition process due to the difficulty in obtaining the weight coefficients of the smart antenna and PN code acquisition jointly and adaptively. Yet, as the PN code is acquired, all M elements are used by Adachi et al. to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a reverse link. We propose an efficient PN code acquisition scheme where all elements are employed during PN code acquisition. Also, we show that by using all elements, the PN code acquisition time can be shortened by at least 40% for a given signal-to-noise ratio and M=5, compared to the single element case. Furthermore, the power of a random access user signal in the reverse link can be lowered at least 3 dB. The additional computational load and complexity to use the proposed PN code acquisition are insignificant.     

智能天线辅助的PN 码同步捕获新方法研究

为有效解决强干扰环境下长PN 码的同步捕获问题,研究了基于自适应滤波器的PN 码同步捕获方法,给出了基于自适应滤波器权矢量范数的同步捕获判决准则,与传统的基于均方误差的判决相比,这种方法可以大幅提高判决的正确概率。在此基础上,研究了智能天线权值与PN 码同步联合捕获算法,并对其性能进行了计算机仿真验证,结果表明这种空时联合的捕获算法可以有效实现低SINR 环境下的长PN 码捕获。     

一种差分传输参考直扩超宽带系统的实现方案

文中提出了一种差分传输参考直扩超宽带系统的实现方案。该方案利用接收信号的前一个码元作为本地参考信号，解差分恢复出扩频序列，然后通过数字匹配滤波器完成PN码的相关匹配来实现同步捕获，而后采用类似方法解调实现信息恢复。通过对系统的同步性能及其误码率性能进行分析和仿真试验,结果表明该方案不仅可以实现快速的同步捕获，并且具有复杂度低、占用资源少等优点。     

伪码FFT快捕恒虚警门限的研究

FFT捕获是伪码快速捕获的主要方式,伪随机码FFT快捕属于二元信号检测。通过相关输出最大相关值和门限比较来搜索伪码相位,这种情况下虚警捕获门限不能根据每个随机变量的分布来确定,而要根据最大值分布来确定门限。针对这一问题,推导了包络检波和平方检波伪随机码频域快捕恒虚警门限,并进行了仿真,验证了结论的正确性。     

高动态突发扩频通信中伪码和多普勒频移的快速捕获

在高动态突发扩频通信系统中,要求接收机在很短时间内实现伪码和多普勒频移的快速捕获。目标的高速运动使接收机基带信号中存在较大的多普勒频移。针对伪随机序列相关峰的多普勒频移敏感特性,分析了多普勒频移对伪码捕获和数据解调的影响,提出了采用单通道匹配滤波进行伪码捕获,采用三通道并行相关器搜索多普勒频移的接收机捕获方案。该方案可有效减少硬件资源消耗,同时缩短捕获时间。     

一种快速的PN码同步捕获方法

针对直扩系统中长PN码同步捕获速度慢的问题,利用推导的串接短PN码与长PN码具有相似相关性的结论,对直扩系统中PN码同步捕获的并行匹配滤波捕获方法进行改进,得到了简单可行的串并结合捕获方法。然后,结合一个周期内PN码相关值,采用迭代的方式,选取简单、实用的自适应门限,实现了突发通信中PN码的快速同步捕获。采用该自适应门限的捕获方法无需估计噪声,计算量小。仿真实验表明所提方法捕获概率高,抗噪性能强。     

利用PN码的盲自适应波束形成算法

本文基于卫星导航定位系统接收机的智能天线抗干扰应用背景。研究了利用PN码的盲自适应波束形成算法。首先介绍了LS-DRMTA算法，然后提出了DR-LMS类自适应波束形成算法。仿真结果表明，DR-LMS类算法具有和LS-DRMTA算法；DR-LMS类算法。     

Hybrid MUSIC Dolph–Chebyshev algorithm for a smart antenna system

This paper presents practical design of a smart antenna system based on direction‐of‐arrival estimation and Dolph–Chebyshev beam forming. Direction‐of‐arrival estimation is based on the multiple signal classification algorithm for identifying the directions of the source signals incident on the sensor array comprising the smart antenna system. The smart antenna system design involves a hardware part, which provides real data measurements of the incident signals received by the sensor array. This paper presents the Dolph–Chebyshev method for the synthesis and design of antenna arrays with periodic element spacing. A Field‐Programmable Gate Array implementation is presented for an antenna array application employing digital beamforming. The array comprises 10 elements, equal in number receiving radio frequency and intermediate frequency components, as well as a Spartan‐3E Field‐Programmable Gate Array‐based unit, which is responsible for the control of the array. Low‐cost and switched‐beam, and fully adaptive antenna array suitable for 2‐GHz applications are proposed in this paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

扩频通信系统中一种改进的快速编码捕捉方法

针对扩频通信系统中传统的滑动相关捕捉法对于较长的刚码序列编码捕捉时间较长的问题，提出了一种改进的编码捕捉方法，该方法采用三条相同支路同时搜索的方式来实现PN码的快速捕捉，不仅不受PN码长度限制，而且电路实现简单，可以有效的降低虚警概率。理论分析和仿真实验均表明：提出的改进方法大大缩短了系统的捕捉时间。     

Adaptive PN code acquisition using instantaneous power-scaled detection threshold under Rayleigh fading and pulsed Gaussian noise jamming

An adaptive serial search pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition scheme is proposed, in which the detection threshold is scaled by the instantaneous received power measured prior to PN code correlation. We observe that the proposed scheme achieves significantly improved mean acquisition times compared to the conventional nonadaptive schemes under Rayleigh fading and pulsed Gaussian noise jamming. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is shown to be optimum under pulsed Gaussian noise jamming in the sense that it forces the worst case jamming fraction to unity.     

直扩通信系统中FFT捕获算法的改进

直扩通信系统的解扩与解调都是依赖于有效的伪码捕获,为了实现伪码的快捕,对经典FFT捕获算法进行了部分改进。在经典FFT捕获算法的基础上采用了2倍码速率采样并且增加了一个多普勒频移控制器。首先对改进算法进行了理论分析,然后用MATLAB对其进行了仿真验证,仿真结果捕获图证明该算法在预设参数下可以实现有效快捕,而且在不降低捕获精度和抗干扰性能的同时缩短了捕获时间,从而进一步提高了FFT算法的捕获性能。     

A closed-loop coherent PN acquisition system with a pre-loopestimator

We propose a closed-loop system with a pre-loop code phase estimator (PLE) for acquisition of the pseudonoise (PN) signal in direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. It consists of two major parts: a PLE and a closed-loop acquisition subsystem. The system uses an auxiliary signal, as opposed to the PN signal itself, to correlate with the incoming signal. The PLE uses the correlation result to obtain an estimate of the incoming code phase. Then, starting with this initial estimate, the closed-loop subsystem will acquire the code phase of the incoming PN signal. With coherent carrier demodulation, mean and variance of the acquisition time of the proposed scheme are obtained and compared to those of the conventional serial-search acquisition receiver and the closed-loop system without the pre-loop estimator. Results show that, with proper choices of parameters, the proposed system acquires the PN phase significantly faster than the other two systems     

An efficient demodulation scheme for VLC signal image processing

With the development of visible light communication (VLC) and widespread applications of smart terminals with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, researchers pay more and more attention in VLC systems with CMOS-based receiver. The blooming effect and light noise make the threshold decision in image processing difficult, which deteriorates the system performance a lot. In this paper, an efficient demodulation scheme is proposed to improve the performance of image processing. In the proposed demodulation scheme, a region of interest (ROI) based column matrix selection scheme is employed to avoid blooming effect, and an adaptive contrast enhancement (ACE) algorithm is designed to increase the contrast of bright and dark stripes. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme especially fits for high fluctuation data pattern. The demodulation with a data rate of 5.76 kbit/s can successfully achieve 7% forward error correction (FEC) limit even when the illuminance is very low.     

A Generalized Analysis for a Dual Threshold Sequential Detection PN Acquisition Receiver

Spread spectrum techniques have become very useful in modern communications. A common spread spectrum technique is to directly modulate a pseudorandom noise (PN) code onto the carrier. Systems employing this technique are called direct sequence (DS) systems. A primary concern with direct sequence systems involves PN code synchronization (acquisition) of the incoming and local signals to within at least one PN symbol followed by a fine alignment (tracking) which must be maintained throughout transmission. This paper is concerned with the PN acquisition aspect of code synchronization. Specifically, a dual threshold sequential detection receiver is analyzed and a general expression is derived which addresses the probability that the sequential detection procedure ceases after an arbitrary number of samples. This expression is needed in order to support a characteristic function approach in deriving acquisition Probability as a function of time which will be the topic of a subsequent paper.     

一种改进的两级相干累加码捕获方法

为了提高伪码捕获性能,在分析常用相干-非相干码捕获平方损耗及捕获性能的基 础上,提出了一种改进的两级相干累加伪码捕获算法。通过在第二级累加之前对多普勒频偏 进行有效补偿,实现了相干累加,提高了捕获性能;采用FFT实现,解决了工程实现的难 度。与传统的相干-非相干累加码捕获算法相比,该方法具有捕获门限低、多普勒频偏可估 计等优点。计算机仿真表明,该方法仅比理论值恶化1 dB,具有高效的捕获性能。 同时,分析表明该方法实现简单、快捷,具有很好的工程应用前景。     

Blind adaptive multiuser detection for DS/SSMA communications withgeneralized random spreading

A new spreading scheme and an accompanying blind adaptive receiver structure are proposed for direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communications in a slowly-varying, frequency-selective fading channel. Each user's spreading sequence is given by the Kronecker product of a long-period pseudonoise (PN) sequence, which is accurately modeled by a random sequence, and a short-length deterministic signature code. This spreading scheme bridges the gap between pure PN spreading and pure short-code spreading schemes. It is shown that with this spreading scheme, the channel response to the desired signal component is easily estimated without relying on the spectral decomposition of the signal correlation matrix. With the estimate of the channel response, the receiver suppresses interference based on the maximum signal-to-interference ratio criterion. The blind adaptive receiver requires only coarse timing information and a priori knowledge of the desired user's PN sequence for adaptation. Numerical results show that the adaptive receiver significantly suppresses interference by successfully estimating the channel response and the interference statistics with a low computational complexity. An extension to spatio-temporal processing using an array antenna is also discussed     

Blind adaptive interference suppression for the near-far resistantacquisition and demodulation of direct-sequence CDMA signals

Two key operations required of a receiver in a direct-sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA) system are the timing acquisition of transmissions that are starting up or have lost synchronization, and the demodulation of transmissions that have been acquired. The reliability of both these operations is limited by multiple-access interference, especially for conventional matched filter-based methods, whose performance displays an interference floor and is vulnerable to the near-far problem. Recent work has shown that, provided timing information is available for a given transmission, it can be demodulated reliably using blind or training-sequence-based adaptive interference suppression techniques. These techniques are near-far resistant, unlike the matched filter demodulator, and do not require explicit knowledge of the interference parameters, unlike nonadaptive multiuser detectors. In this paper, we present a blind adaptive interference suppression technique for joint acquisition and demodulation, which has the unique feature that the output of the acquisition process is not simply the timing of the desired transmission, but a near-far resistant demodulator that implicitly accounts for knowledge of the timing and amplitudes of all transmissions to suppress the multiple-access interference. The only knowledge required by the scheme is that of the desired transmission's signature sequence, so that it is amenable to a decentralized implementation. On the other hand, it can be efficiently implemented as a centralized scheme in which the bulk of the computations for the adaptation are common to all transmissions that need to be acquired or demodulated     

应用LMS自适应滤波器实现直接序列扩频系统伪码同步

在直扩系统中,伪随机序列的同步必须在数据解调判决前完成。介绍了一种新型的同步方法,这种方法利用LMS自适应滤波器来检测收发端的码延迟,具有比传统的相关检测更优良的性能。更重要的是,这种方法根据稳定后的滤波器工作特性,可直接实现PN码的跟踪,不需要额外电路。     

大动态下扩频码捕获的一种改进方法

针对现有扩频码捕获方法在大动态下捕获时间长、硬件资源消耗大、动态适应性差的问题,提出了一种改进的扩频码捕获方法。新方法把码钟多普勒的补偿放在本地扩频码上进行,先对接收信号进行降采样和存储再进行频率分槽和补偿,一次采样实现了所有频率槽的搜索。计算结果表明,完成同样的捕获过程新方法所需时间和存储器容量不到原方法的1/5,且具备更强的动态适应能力。