Radial vibration of the composite ultrasonic transducer of piezoelectric and metal rings

The radial composite ultrasonic transducer of a piezoelectric ceramic ring and a metal ring is studied. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic ring polarized in the thickness direction and a metal ring are analyzed and their electromechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. On the basis of the electromechanical equivalent circuits of the piezoelectric and the metal ring and the radial boundary conditions, the total electromechanical equivalent circuit for the composite ultrasonic transducer is also obtained. The resonance frequency and anti-resonance frequency equations of the composite ultrasonic transducer are given. Some radial composite ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured and their resonance and anti-resonance frequencies are measured. Experiments show that the measured resonance frequencies are in a good agreement with the theoretical results.     

纵-扭复合超声振动加工系统设计及频率简并研究

纵-扭复合超声振动加工技术在硬脆性材料的加工中受到越来越多的重视,针对该种需求,设计了一种纵-扭复合超声振动加工系统,基于有限元方法对该类系统普遍存在的频率简并问题进行了研究。利用数值解析方法设计出超声换能器和超声变幅杆,之后在变幅杆上做出螺旋槽,一部分纵向振动转换为扭转振动;以目标频率附近的纵、扭谐振频率尽量接近为原则,利用有限元软件分析系统的结构参数对纵、扭谐振频率的影响规律,实现频率简并;在此基础上对系统进行模态分析和瞬态动力学分析,结果表明系统可以实现纵-扭复合超声振动,验证了此种频率简并方法的有效性和实用性。     

Study on a new type of radial composite piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers in radial vibration

In this paper, a new type of radial composite ultrasonic transducers in radial vibration is presented and studied. The radial composite ultrasonic transducer consists of a solid piezoelectric ceramic thin disk and a hollow metal thin, circular ring in radial vibration; and they are connected together in the radial direction. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic thin disk and a hollow, metal, thin, circular ring are analyzed, respectively. Their radial electromechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. Based on the electromechanical equivalent circuits and using the boundary conditions between the piezoelectric ceramic thin disk and the hollow, metal, thin ring, the electromechanical equivalent circuit of the radial composite ultrasonic transducer is derived and the resonance frequency equation is obtained. The theoretical results from the resonance frequency equation are in good agreement with the measured radial resonance frequencies, and they also are in a good agreement with the results from the numerical method.     

Radially composite piezoelectric ceramic tubular transducer in radial vibration

The radially composite piezoelectric tubular transducer is studied. It is composed of radially poled piezoelectric and a long metal tube. The electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of the radially poled piezoelectric and metal tube in radial vibration is obtained. Based on the force and velocity boundary conditions, the six-port electro-mechanical equivalent circuit for the composite tubular transducer is given and the resonance/anti-resonance frequency equations are obtained. The relationship between the resonance frequency and the dimensions is analyzed. Numerically simulated results obtained by the finite element method are compared with those from the analytical method. Composite piezoelectric tubular transducers are designed and manufactured. The resonance/anti-resonance frequencies are measured, and it is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the simulated and experimental results. It is expected that radially composite piezoelectric tubular transducers can be used as high-power ultrasonic radiators in ultrasonic applications, such as ultrasonic liquid processing.     

Radiation impedance and equivalent circuit for piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducers of vibrational mode-conversion

The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducer, which can be used in either gas or liquid media, is studied in this paper. The composite transducer is composed of a longitudinal sandwich piezoelectric transducer, a mechanical transformer, and a metal circular plate in flexural vibration. Acoustic radiation is produced by the flexural circular plate, which is excited by the longitudinal sandwich transducer and transformer. Based on the classic flexural theory of plates, the equivalent lumped parameters for a plate in axially symmetric flexural vibration with free boundary conditions are obtained. The radiation impedance of the plate is derived and the relationship between the radiation impedance and the frequency is analyzed. The equivalent circuits for the plate in flexural vibration and the composite transducer are given. The vibrational modes and the harmonic response of the composite piezoelectric transducer are simulated by the numerical method. Based on the theoretical and numerical analysis, two composite piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured, their admittance-frequency curves are measured, and the resonance frequency is obtained. The flexural vibrational displacement distribution of the transducer is measured with a laser scanning vibrometer. It is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the measured resonance frequency and the displacement distribution.     

A U-shaped linear ultrasonic motor using longitudinal vibration transducers with double feet

A U-shaped linear ultrasonic motor using longitudinal vibration transducers with double feet was proposed in this paper. The proposed motor contains a horizontal transducer and two vertical transducers. The horizontal transducer includes two exponential shape horns located at the leading ends, and each vertical transducer contains one exponential shape horn. The horns of the horizontal transducer and the vertical transducer intersect at the tip ends where the driving feet are located. Longitudinal vibrations are superimposed in the motor and generate elliptical motions at the driving feet. The two vibration modes of the motor are discussed, and the motion trajectories of driving feet are deduced. By adjusting the structural parameters, the resonance frequencies of two vibration modes were degenerated. A prototype motor was fabricated and measured. Typical output of the prototype is no-load speed of 854 mm/s and maximum thrust force of 40 N at a voltage of 200 V(rms).     

用于超声清洗复合振动换能器的研究

本文研究了一种由纵向振动夹心式压电超声换能器与弯曲圆盘组成的用于液体中超声处理的复合振动辐射器。推出了恢复合振动系统的共振频率设计方程，分析了各个振动模式的机电转换特性及其声波辐射特性，测量了振动系统的共振频率及其有效机电耦合系数。从实验及理论结果可以看出，振动系统的频率测试值与设计值基本符合。在一定的共振频率上，该振动系统具有最大的有效机电耦合系数，是一种很有前途的功率超声辐射器。     

On the performance characterization of ultrasonic air transducerswith radiating membranes

An ultrasonic air transducer used for sensing essentially requires an efficient transduction into the surrounding medium. A transducer consisting of a metal membrane coupled with a resonating piezoelectric disk, the latter being driven in its radial mode of vibrations, has been found to be significantly applicable in this aspect. The present study reports the performance characterization at resonance and at higher frequencies of two such transducers with different dimensions of the housings. Vibrational amplitude characteristics are studied employing phase-locked laser interferometry technique that presents sufficiently high displacement amplitude of the membrane at resonance. A consequent high-acoustic pressure field is also obtained. The design aspects for such ultrasonic air transducers with efficient transduction capability and adjustable bandwidth are discussed     

Piezoelectric ceramic rectangular transducers in flexural vibration

Based on the equivalent elastic method and coupled vibration theory, an analytic method is presented to study the flexural vibration of rectangular transducers consisting of piezoelectric ceramic thin plates. By introducing a mechanical coupling coefficient, the flexural vibration of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin plate is reduced to two simple, one-dimensional flexural vibrations of narrow piezoelectric ceramic strips. The resonance frequency equations for the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducers in flexural vibration are derived under the free and simply supported boundary conditions analytically. The relationship between the resonance frequency and the flexural vibrational order, the geometrical shape, and the dimensions of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducer is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the one-dimensional vibrational theory for the flexural vibration of a narrow piezoelectric ceramic strip and the stripe-mode flexural vibrational theory for the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin plate can be derived directly from the theory obtained in this paper. Experimental results show that the measured resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducers in flexural vibration under free-boundary conditions are in good agreement with the calculated results. The method presented in this paper can be used in the resonance frequency analysis of vibrating systems in coupled vibration.     

Development of a low-frequency high purity A0 mode transducer for SHM applications

The reliability of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems based on guided ultrasonic waves is improved if pure modes are generated by the transducers. A piezoelectric- based transducer generating high purity A₀ mode guided waves at low frequencies (around 20 kHz) was developed. The through-thickness resonance of a piezoelectric element was lowered to the frequency region of interest by use of backing masses and low-stiffness front layers. Soft front layers also reduced significantly the transmission of in-plane displacements caused by Poisson's ratio effects in the piezoelectric element to the structure. Parametric studies were undertaken by varying the backing mass length, the transducer diameter, and the thickness of the front layer. The thickness of the plates on which the transducers were operated was found to be a critical issue and these effects were evaluated. Results obtained by finite-element analysis were validated by experimental measurements and showed that signals with A₀/S₀ energy ratios substantially above 40 dB can be obtained.     

基于机械品质因数的全波压电超声换能器设计

针对全波压电超声换能器常规设计方法存在的尺寸参数较多、计算较复杂等问题,研究了一种利用机械品质因数设计全波压电超声换能器的方法.基于压电超声理论推导了全波压电超声换能器的频率方程,利用电学理论推导了全波压电超声换能器各组成部分的等效电路,利用等效电路求取了在任意等效截面处的等效机械阻抗,进而推导出全波压电超声换能器各部...     

c-Axis zig-zag ZnO film ultrasonic transducers for designing longitudinal and shear wave resonant frequencies and modes

A method for designing frequencies and modes in ultrasonic transducers above the very-high-frequency (VHF) range is required for ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation and acoustic mass sensors. To obtain the desired longitudinal and shear wave conversion loss characteristics in the transducer, we propose the use of a c-axis zig-zag structure consisting of multilayered c-axis 23° tilted ZnO piezoelectric films. In this structure, every layer has the same thickness, and the c-axis tilt directions in odd and even layers are symmetric with respect to the film surface normal. c-axis zig-zag crystal growth was achieved by using a SiO(2) low-temperature buffer layer. The frequency characteristics of the multilayered transducer were predicted using a transmission line model based on Mason's equivalent circuit. We experimentally demonstrated two types of transducers: those exciting longitudinal and shear waves simultaneously at the same frequency, and those exciting shear waves with suppressed longitudinal waves.     

Piezoelectric ultrasonic motor using longitudinal-torsional composite resonance vibration

A piezoelectric ultrasonic motor, which uses longitudinal and torsional composite vibration, is examined in order to obtain high torque characteristics with small diameter. Piezoelectric ceramic elements, oscillating in both longitudinal and torsional modes, respectively, are used as piezoelectric stiffened modes having high electromechanical coupling factors k(33) and k(15), respectively. It is found that the resonant frequencies for longitudinal mode and torsional mode could coincide with each other in the ultrasonic motor, according to finite element method analysis and experimental measurement. The motor operating in both resonant vibrations indicated good performance. The 20-mm diameter motor exhibited 4 kgfcm maximum torque, 450 r/min maximum rotational speed, 40% maximum efficiency, and quick responsiveness, within 2.5 ms.     

Development of a radial-torsional vibration hybrid type ultrasonic motor with a hollow and short cylindrical structure

A longitudinal-torsional hybrid-type ultrasonic motor has larger torque and lower revolution speed compared with other kinds of ultrasonic motors. It drives devices directly and precisely, so it is adaptable to many fields, especially aeronautics and astronautics, as a servo actuator. Due to the different sound propagation speeds of longitudinal and torsional vibrations in the stator, it is difficult to match resonant frequencies of longitudinal and torsional vibrations. In this paper, a new radial-torsional vibration hybrid-type ultrasonic motor is put forward, which utilizes longitudinal vibration derived from radial vibration by the Poisson effect. The short, hollow cylindrical structure easily makes resonant frequencies of first-order radial and torsional vibrations into degeneracy. First, the new structure of the motor is presented. Second, the principle of matching the resonant frequencies is developed, and the motor geometry is optimized by ANSYS software. Finally, a 60-mm diameter prototype is fabricated, which performs well. The no-load velocity and maximum torque are 25 r/min and 5 N·m, respectively. This kind of motor is small, light, and noiseless.     

扭转振动压电超声换能器的研究

本文对夹心式复合结构压电超声扭转振动换能器进行了系统的理论研究，该换能器由两段金属真圆棒及切向极化的压电陶瓷圆片堆复合而成，文中首先研究了切向极化压电陶瓷细长管的扭转振动性，推出了其机电等效电路，并提出了压电陶瓷细长管截面扭转系数的概念。，     

扭转振动压电超声换能器的研究

用声强技术检测区分板壳结构的空气传声与结构传声时，结构的辐射效率之差决定了检测结果的可信度，文中分析了实际结构的在声场激励下的实测辐射效率与无限大结构的空气传声辐射效率之差，及对区检测结果的影响。实验结果证实了理论分析。     

Broadband ultrasonic transducers using a LiNbO3 plate with a ferroelectric inversion layer

Some heat treatment of a lithium niobate (LiNbO/sub 3/) plate induces domain inversion, thereby yielding a ferroelectric inversion layer. In such a piezoelectric plate with an inversion layer, even-order thickness-extensional modes, as well as odd-order modes, can be excited piezoelectrically. Therefore, the ultrasonic transducer using such a piezoelectric plate is expected to operate over a wide frequency range. In this paper, it is shown that broadband ultrasonic transducers can be obtained at a certain thickness ratio of inversion layer to plate, and that the transducer characteristics differ depending on whether the inversion layer is on the front side or on the backside. The broadband characteristics are experimentally demonstrated by fabricating transducers with 9 MHz or 75 MHz center frequency using 36/spl deg/ rotated Y-cut LiNbO/sub 3/ plates with a ferroelectric inversion layer.     

Finite-element analysis of vibrational modes in piezoelectric ceramic disks

The natural vibrational modes of axially symmetric piezoelectric ceramic disks have been calculated by the finite-element method. The disks are of the type used as active elements in compressional wave ultrasonic transducers, and are electrically polarized in thickness with full electrodes on the disk's major faces. To optimize disk geometry for ultrasonic transducer application, the dependence of the vibrational modes on the disk diameter-to-thickness ratio for ratios from 0.2 (a tall cylinder) to 10.0 (a thin disk) has been studied. Series and parallel resonance frequencies for each of the modes are determined through an eigenfrequency analysis, and effective electromechanical coupling coefficients are calculated. The modal displacement fields in the disk are calculated to determine the physical nature of each mode. An analysis of the complete spectrum of piezoelectrically active modes as a function of diameter-thickness ratio is presented for the ceramic PZT-5H, including and identification of radial, edge, length expander, thickness shear, and thickness extensional vibrations. From this analysis, optimal diameter-to-thickness ratios for good transducer performance are discussed.     

大功率纵-弯超声振动系统的研究

本文研究了一种大功率纵－弯昨合模式超声振动系统。该系统由两个纵向大功率夹心式压电超声换能器及一个均匀截面直棒组成。文中给出了该振动系统的具体结构及其共振频率设计方程。根据均匀直棒的纵向及弯曲振动理论，导出了振动系统中纵向及弯曲振动同频共振的条件。     

The chirp-Z transform applied to adhesively bonded structures

A signal-processing technique based on the chirp-Z transform is presented to evaluate the echo signals of longitudinal ultrasonic transducers in contact with bonded materials. Both a simulated glass-glass interface of variable thickness and a realistic double lap bonded aluminum sample were tested. The observed frequency dips and peaks in the transducer spectrum from pulse-echo and through-transmission modes were recorded and related to the condition of zero reflection coefficient at the interfacial layer. Resulting thickness predictions for different transducer center frequencies ranging from 5-20 MHz are in excellent agreement with experimental measurements