Numerical modelling of ice ridge keel action on subsea structures

The present paper describes a numerical simulation of the keel-structure interaction where the keel geometry, ice thickness and interaction speed present a scaling ratio of 1:20. The rubble is represented by a Drucker-Prager material with cohesive softening and no dilatation. The partial differential equations are solved with the non-linear Eulerian finite element method of Abaqus Explicit V6.8.2. The results are compared to physical experiments conducted in the ice basin of the Hamburg ship model basin (HSVA). Two identical cubic subsea structures were impacted into the unconsolidated keel portion of two ice ridges with different thermal properties. The results indicate that only slight dilatation occurs, and the models are able to estimate the rubble action and deformed shape. A progressive failure of the rubble occurs. The rubble action is influenced more by the friction angle than it is in punch tests, due to higher confinement at the failure surface.     

纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的力学性能

为研究纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的力学性能,采用Voronoi随机泡沫模型对闭孔泡沫材料的细观几何结构进行模拟,并将纳米纤维随机分布在泡沫材料的胞壁中,利用改进的自动搜索耦合（ASC）技术将纤维单元与基体单元进行耦合,建立了能够反映纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料细观结构的数值模型。在此基础上,进一步研究了泡沫模型随机度、相对密度以及纳米纤维长径比和质量分数对纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料弹性模量与屈服强度的影响规律。结果表明:由所建立的数值模型得到的纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的弹性模量和屈服强度与实验值吻合较好;提高泡沫模型的随机度会使复合泡沫材料的弹性模量和屈服强度增加,而当随机度达到0.450以后,材料的弹性模量和屈服强度几乎不再发生变化;当相对密度在0.05~0.30范围内变化时,复合泡沫材料的弹性模量与屈服强度几乎随相对密度的增加呈线性增长;提高纳米纤维长径比和质量分数也会使材料的弹性模量和屈服强度得到提高,但当纤维长径比达到500以后,纤维长径比的增强作用逐渐减弱。所得结论对纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的制备具有重要意义。      

碳纳米管力学性能分析的分子结构有限元模型

基于分子结构力学理论,将C—C共价键等效比拟为空间梁单元,利用ANSYS的二次开发工具APDL语言编程创建能够恰当模拟碳纳米管原子间相互作用势的分子结构有限元模型,应用该模型详细研究碳纳米管在简单拉伸和纯扭转时的力学性能及其尺度效应,即手性角和管径变化对碳纳米管杨氏模量、泊松比和剪切模量的定量影响。计算结果表明,杨氏模量和剪切模量与大部分相关文献的结果吻合,但泊松比的数值结果和尺度依赖性规律在国内外文献中尚未获得统一观点,且在弹性模量、泊松比和剪切模量之间未发现明确的定量关系。     

基于弯曲实验的DP980力学性能研究

目的 针对仅通过单向拉伸实验无法准确表征金属板材在弯曲成形过程中的力学性能变化的问题,研究通过弯曲实验获取材料力学性能参数.方法 对高强钢DP980展开力学性能测试研究,主要通过弯曲实验对材料弯曲变形过程中形成的弯矩曲率进行测试,将得到的弯矩曲率转化为应力-应变.分别将弯曲和拉伸得到的应力-应变数据导入到三点弯和辊弯成...     

皇冠梨静压力学特性及模拟研究

目的 建立皇冠梨生理特性与力学损伤关系模型,实现果实静压过程的模拟研究。方法 通过材料松弛试验和静态压缩试验,研究果实材料力学特性。使用三维扫描方法辅助建立果实有限元模型,并对果实静载损伤过程进行模拟。结果 使用Maxwell黏弹性材料本构模型,成功模拟了果实流变特性。通过静压试验将所建立的梨果实黏弹性材料模型与传统弹塑性材料模型进行对比,误差降低了7%,从而验证了模拟的准确性。根据von Mises等效应力分布结果进行预测,发现在静载力为161.21 N时梨果实会出现明显损伤。结论 以上研究使用2种材料对静态压缩试验进行仿真模拟,进一步验证了使用数值模拟方法对水果静力学过程模拟的可靠性。为皇冠梨果实机械化采摘、储存包装及加工搬运过程提供了理论依据。     

A numerical model of ice crushing using a foam analogue

A numerical model for ice crushing has been constructed that takes into account the physical processes identified in many experimental studies. These include the presence and evolution of high-pressure and low-pressure zones, the rapid removal of ice through melting, and the transformation of relatively intact ice (high-pressure zone material) to low-pressure pulverized ice through the creation and shattering of spalls. The model produces cyclic sawtooth load events and pressure distributions that are roughly characteristic of observed ice behavior. The visual and quantitative results suggest that the physical principles incorporated in the model are correct. While still in the early stages of development, with refinements the model has potential for use in simulations of various ice/structure interaction scenarios.     

双随机分布细观分析模型与复合材料性能预报

发展了一种细观力学有限元分析方法——拟真实的参数化双随机分布模型, 该模型综合考虑了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的真实微结构特点和纤维单丝综合力学性能测试结果的离散性特征, 模拟了复合材料中纤维排列和强度分布的随机性。借助移动窗口法研究了该参数化双随机分布模型的可靠性, 确定了其代表性体积单元的尺寸。基于能量法原理推导了单向复合材料的弹性模量预测公式, 结合能量法和渐进失效分析方法, 利用该细观力学有限元方法分别预测了单向纤维增强树脂基复合材料T300/5228的弹性模量和强度性能。数值模拟结果和大部分试验结果吻合良好, 表明发展的细观力学有限元方法能够较好地预测复合材料的力学性能。      

有限元简化模型应用于超声换能器模拟分析

依据有限元方法的基本物理思想,在某些不需要计算辐射声场的准确声学参数和波束特性的工程应用方面,对流体模型进行充分简化,提出了简化模型处理的有效方法,利用该方法对超声换能器进行模拟分析,并进行了样品的制作和测试,实测结果与模型简化分析处理的结果基本一致。可以证明,用该方法进行换能器的优化设计是可行和高效的。     

三维编织复合材料与金属胶接结构的力学性能及优化

通过试验和理论研究了三维编织纤维增强树脂基复合材料（FRP）与钢板的单搭粘结性能。建立了三维编织复合材料和钢板的单搭粘结有限元模型,并基于内聚区模型和Hashin破坏准则来模拟胶接层及三维编织复合材料的破坏,分别从极限载荷、破坏位移和破坏模式三方面将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了有限元模型的有效性。在此模型基础上,研究了胶层厚度、粘结长度对单搭粘结极限载荷和破坏位移的影响,并提出针对不同工况下的优化方案选择的建议。最后建立了一种新型连接结构,相比较于原有单搭接连接方式,其拉伸强度和弯曲强度均有了较大提升。     

Ultrasonic determination of the particle concentration in model suspensions and ice slurry

The development of ice slurry for refrigeration systems and the enhancement of its efficiency depend on an accurate control of the ice concentration. We present here an ultrasonic method capable to measure precisely the particle concentration in ice slurry. To calibrate the ultrasonic measurement, we first determine the sound velocity and attenuation in two model suspensions (glass beads/polyethylene glycol and polyethylene beads/vaseline oil) for different particle volume fractions. The experimental results show a good agreement with the predictions of the two-component models in the long-wavelength limit. Additionally, the sound attenuation reveals a clear signature of the aggregate formation in the nearly iso-dense suspension. We next conduct the measurement of the sound velocity in the polypropylene glycol ice slurry where the ice concentration changes with temperature. The ice concentrations extracted from our sound velocity measurements are well consistent with the values determined from the binary phase diagram.     

模型缩聚-模型修正迭代方法的研究

模型修正中通常需要解决自由度匹配问题,模型缩聚是解决这一问题的一种方法。当有限元建模误差较大时,模型缩聚的近似会大大降低模型修正的精度。针对这一问题,提出了模型缩聚-模型修正迭代方法,消除模型缩聚带来的误差。文中应用IRS缩聚和基于频响函数的模型修正方法对提出的迭代方法进行了具体讨论。通过板梁混合结构的数值模拟实验,比较了现有修正方法和迭代修正方法的修正精度。结果表明提出的迭代方法有效提高了修正精度,使修正后的模型频率和物理参数更逼近真实值。同时该方法具有较高的迭代收敛效率,符合实际工程应用的要求。     

基于实测数据的弦支穹顶计算模型修正

 为了使有限元计算模型给出的分析结果与相应的实测结果有良好的相关性,确保计算结果能切实有效地预测结构实测结果,并指导实际结构建造的顺利进行,对一弦支穹顶结构的试验模型实测结果与有限元模型计算结果进行对比分析,发现了理论模型与实际结构之间的差异,识别出导致差异的主要原因,并提出了基于测试结果对计算模型进行修正的算法与理论．通过对一实际试验模型进行的修正计算表明,修正算法能够基于实测数据便捷地对模型进行修正．最后对修正计算模型和原始模型的计算结果与实际模型结构的测试结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,修正后的计算模型较原始模型计算结果与实际模型的实测结果更加吻合,修正模型能够更加准确地描述实际结构．     

Model test study of the nonsimultaneous failure of ice before wide conical structures

From 2007 to 2008, a series of model tests were performed to observe the ice failure before wide conical structures. The variable testing parameters include the water line diameter of the model cone and ice speed. When D/h > 25, the failures of ice wedges around the cone start to behave nonsimultaneously in these tests. The rubble piece size and the ride-up height were found to have linear relationships with the ratio of D/h in the tests. Several independent zones of bending were found in the nonsimultaneous failure process of ice. With the increasing of the ratio of D/h and the number of independent zones, the total ice force was found being reduced by degrees.     

Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites: A coarse-grained model

In this work, a coarse-grained (CG) model of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymer matrix composites is developed. A distinguishing feature of the CG model is the ability to capture interactions between polymer chains and nanotubes. The CG potentials for nanotubes and polymer chains are calibrated using the strain energy conservation between CG models and full atomistic systems. The applicability and efficiency of the CG model in predicting the elastic properties of CNT/polymer composites are evaluated through verification processes with molecular simulations. The simulation results reveal that the CG model is able to estimate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites with high accuracy and low computational cost. The effect of the volume fraction of CNT reinforcements on the Young's modulus of the nanocomposites is investigated. The application of the method in the modeling of large unit cells with randomly distributed CNT reinforcements is examined. The established CG model will enable the simulation of reinforced polymer matrix composites across a wide range of length scales from nano to mesoscale.     

Mechanical properties of three-dimensional braided composites

Recently developed digital element approach, which treats textile composite manufacturing process as a nonlinear solid mechanics problem, was successfully used to investigate the complicated microstructure of 3D braided rectangular preform. The yarns interaction and cross-sectional deformation, which were neglected in traditional topological model, could be analyzed exactly. Results showed that yarns inside 3D braided preform were curvy, which was opposite to the straight-yarns assumption of topological model and, yarns curvature inside the preform, which was very difficult to be explored before both experimentally and theoretically, was investigated numerically. After that, the mechanical properties of 3D rectangular braided composites, such as tensile stiffness, shear stiffness and Poisson ratio were calculated through the volume-average-compliance method. Comparison was conducted for those from the topological model and digital element approach, and topological model was found to underestimate greatly both the tensile stiffness and shear stiffness.     

A particle‐based moving interface method (PMIM) for modeling the large deformation of boundaries in soft matter systems

The mechanics of the interaction between a fluid and a soft interface undergoing large deformations appear in many places, such as in biological systems or industrial processes. We present an Eulerian approach that describes the mechanics of an interface and its interactions with a surrounding fluid via the so‐called Navier boundary condition. The interface is modeled as a curvilinear surface with arbitrary mechanical properties across which discontinuities in pressure and tangential fluid velocity can be accounted for using a modified version of the extended finite element method. The coupling between the interface and the fluid is enforced through the use of Lagrange multipliers. The tracking and evolution of the interface are then handled in a Lagrangian step with the grid‐based particle method. We show that this method is ideal to describe large membrane deformations and Navier boundary conditions on the interface with velocity/pressure discontinuities. The validity of the model is assessed by evaluating the numerical convergence for a axisymmetrical flow past a spherical capsule with various surface properties. We show the effect of slip length on the shear flow past a two‐dimensional capsule and simulate the compression of an elastic membrane lying on a viscous fluid substrate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超弹性SMA复合阻尼器的计算模型及参数分析

介绍了超弹性SMA复合阻尼器的构造及工作原理,并根据它的受力特性,建立了该阻尼器的力学计算模型,针对模型中的关键参数:阻尼器内滑条槽深与接触面摩擦系数、SMA丝的预应变及缠绕量、环境温度及位移幅值等对阻尼器力学性能的影响规律进行了分析。分析结果表明:阻尼器的初始刚度、输出力和滞回面积随内滑条槽深、SMA丝缠绕量、接触面的摩擦系数的增加而增加;在不同的位移幅值下,阻尼器的荷载-位移曲线形状分别呈三角形、四边形和五边形等多边形形式,表现为变刚度的特性;阻尼器的屈服位移和输出力随环境温度的升高而线性增加;当对SMA丝施加一定的初始预应变,SMA复合阻尼器表现为摩擦型阻尼器。最后,将模型结果与实验结果进行了对比,两者基本吻合。     

Damage resistance of single lap adhesive composite joints by transverse ice impact

This paper focuses specifically on the high velocity transverse impact of composite joints by hailstones. Impact tests with ice spheres onto composite lap joint specimens were conducted to determine the failure threshold energy describing damage initiation, and to investigate the modes of damage. The damage areas imaged by ultrasonic scanning were quantitatively measured and the specimens were also sectioned and observed with optical microscopy to determine the exact location of damage. The damage area versus impact kinetic energy was found to increase dramatically for impacts beyond the failure threshold. Delamination of the composite originated at the bond overlap termination facing away from the impact side. The damage usually occurred at specific ply locations and a transition of the delamination to other ply locations was also observed. Numerical simulation of the impact was conducted and the results show that the plies where delaminations were observed to occur have the highest peel and shear stresses.     

Mechanical analysis of 3D braided composites: a finite element model

The analysis of 3D braided composites is more difficult due to its complex microstructure. A new type of finite element method is developed to predict the effective moduli and the local stress within 3D braided composites under the 3D mechanical loading. To verify the present method, the material properties of undamaged 3D braided composites predicted in this paper are compared with the previous work. To demonstrate this method, some examples are analyzed.     

铝合金轮毂弯曲疲劳试验的有限元模型

在铝合金轮毂产品开发阶段,针对试压铸小批量样件来进行的弯曲疲劳试验,是必须通过的台架试验之一．为避免试验的盲目性,减少试验次数,从而降低试验成本,提高试验的可靠性,有限元数值分析技术被采用,并已成为铝合金轮毂开发的先进设计技术手段．为正确应用该技术进行虚拟台架试验,必须建立有效的计算模型．基于理论分析与应用实践,考虑螺栓预紧力影响的非线性接触,以及加载杆与轮毂的材料异同,建立了轮毂弯曲疲劳台架试验的3种有限元力学模型：加载杆与轮毂为同种材料的整体线弹性分析模型、加载杆与轮毂为不同材料的线弹性分析模型、考虑各元件间的接触关系及螺栓预紧力影响的非线性分析模型．通过分析与比较,以及典型轮毂的试验验证,研究了以上3种有限元力学模型的优缺点、应用范围及计算的可靠程度,并以典型轮毂为例,用试验验证了模型的准确性．研究表明：加载非线性模型较为准确;线弹性模型可以用于轮辐处易发生疲劳破坏的分析;加载杆与轮毂材料异同对最大等效应力影响不大;对螺栓孔附近易破坏的轮毂,应采用考虑预紧力影响及非线性接触的模型．