60Si2Mn钢摩擦焊后热处理工艺的改进

对60Si2Mn钢摩擦焊焊接接头热处理后的组织和性能进行了研究,通过显微镜(OM)观察焊缝的界面层显微组织形貌特征,分析了热处理工艺对焊接接头性能的影响.结果表明:该钢摩擦焊焊接接头为珠光体+铁素体+马氏体组织,组织不均匀.经正火预处理后,焊接接头为细小粒状珠光体,再进行淬火加回火处理,组织均匀,为回火索氏体,焊缝下屈...     

热输入对Q1100钢焊接接头低温韧性及耐蚀性能的影响

采用10 kJ/cm和15 kJ/cm两种焊接热输入对Q1100超高强钢进行熔化极气体保护焊,研究焊接接头的组织性能及局部腐蚀行为。结果表明：两种热输入焊接接头的焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和少量的粒状贝氏体,粗晶区组织均为板条贝氏体,细晶区组织均为板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体,临界相变区组织为多边形铁素体、马奥岛和碳化物的混合组织。两种热输入焊接接头中电荷转移电阻均为母材>热影响区>焊缝区,母材耐蚀性最好,热影响区次之,焊缝区耐蚀性最差。在腐蚀过程中,焊缝区作为阳极最先被腐蚀,当腐蚀一定时间后,腐蚀位置发生改变,阳极腐蚀区域转移到母材区,而焊缝区作为阴极得到保护。热输入为10 kJ/cm时,焊接接头具有更好的低温韧性和耐蚀性,其焊缝和热影响区-40℃冲击功分别为46.5 J和30.2 J。     

Q960E超高强钢焊接接头组织和性能研究

目的 对Q960E超高强钢的焊接工艺进行研究以获得高强高韧的焊接接头。方法 选择超高强钢Q960E作为母材、FK1000ER120S–G焊丝作为填充材料进行MAG焊,采用改变焊接电流的方式来研究焊接热输入对焊接接头组织和性能的影响。结果 当焊接电流为155～230 A时,均获得了全焊透无明显缺陷的焊缝。随着焊接热输入的增大,焊接接头中各亚区宽度增大,其中焊缝区变化最为显著,在最小热输入条件下焊缝宽度为3.98 mm,在最大热输入条件下焊缝宽度增至5.53 mm。对焊接接头进行组织分析发现,焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和板条马氏体;完全相变区组织主要为板条马氏体;未完全相变区组织主要为回火马氏体和部分重结晶形成的马氏体。硬度测试表明,在热影响区的回火区发生了软化现象,最低硬度仅为290HV;在完全相变区发生了硬化现象,硬度最大值可达500HV。在不同热输入条件下,焊接接头各亚区硬度变化趋势一致,焊接接头抗拉强度为995～1 076 MPa,拉伸试验均断裂在热影响区,断后伸长率为9.33%～10.21%,断裂时存在颈缩现象,为韧性断裂。随着热输入的增加,粗晶区马氏体板条束宽度增大,未完全相变区...     

高温长期加热对异种钢焊接接头碳迁移及组织性能的影响

本文用热处理方法对奥氏体和珠光体异种钢接头的碳迁移现象及其对接头组织和机械性能的影响进行了研究,认为:焊缝金属有析出物出现;熔合区形成一个增碳层;热影响区形成一个脱碳的铁素体带。随回火参数 P 值增加,焊缝析出物增多,晶界加厚;增碳层加宽;脱碳层铁素体晶粒长大;接头拉伸强度,弯曲角和梅氏冲击值均降低,但这种降低在一定温度(如490℃)下逐步达到饱和。     

焊丝成分对超高强装甲钢焊接接头组织与性能的影响

利用气体保护电弧焊工艺完成了4.5 mm和9.0 mm超高强装甲钢的焊接,研究了焊丝(MG70S-6和ER307Si焊丝)成分对接头组织与性能的影响,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等表征方法对焊接接头各区域进行微观组织和物相结构的分析,并测试了接头的硬度分布、拉伸性能和冲击韧性。结果表明,焊接接头成形质量良好,无明显未熔合、气孔、裂纹等缺陷,焊缝区组织为片状马氏体、针状铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体,完全淬火区组织为马氏体和贝氏体,不完全淬火区组织为马氏体和铁素体,回火区析出网状渗碳体。焊接接头的热影响区软化现象较为明显,接头难以达到与母材等强,断裂主要发生在焊缝区,呈现出脆性断裂特征。采用ER307Si焊丝焊接的9.0 mm装甲钢接头的焊缝室温冲击功达到94 J,完全满足使用要求。     

30CrMnSiNi2A与Q235异种钢焊接接头组织与性能分析

目的探讨30CrMnSiNi2A与Q235异种钢焊接接头的组织与性能。方法采用手工电弧焊对两者进行焊接,为了获得性能良好的焊接接头,焊前对其进行焊前预热,焊后对其进行焊后退火。通过X射线探伤检测,拉伸、冲击试验,显微硬度检测及光学显微镜金相分析等一系列工艺试验,对焊接接头进行研究。结果焊缝质量等级达到Ⅰ级;焊缝组织为先共析铁素体、针状铁素体、珠光体组织;30CrMnSiNi2A侧热影响区组织为回火索氏体,粗晶区组织片层厚度大于细晶区组织片层厚度;Q235侧热影响区由不完全重结晶区、细晶区、粗晶区组成。结论 30CrMnSiNi2A与Q235钢焊接后,获得了工艺性、力学性能良好的接头,可运用于2种材料焊接的实际生产。     

退火处理对异种钢激光焊接头组织及性能的影响

目的 通过研究相同时间不同退火温度下304/Q345激光焊接头的组织和性能,得到优化后的退火处理制度,为制定异种钢激光焊退火工艺提供一定的理论指导和技术支撑。方法 基于前期大量试验,在激光功率和离焦量不变的情况下,调节焊接速度由15 mm/s到35 mm/s,通过改变焊接速度获得性能优异的焊接接头。由于异种钢物理化学性能差异较大,接头组织不均匀,因此还需对激光焊接头进行退火处理。结果 焊缝区显微组织由板条马氏体与残余奥氏体组成,Q345低碳钢热影响区显微组织为多面体状铁素体与黑色珠光体,其中铁素体含量更多,304奥氏体不锈钢热影响区在奥氏体晶界上析出了铁素体。不同退火温度下碳元素均由Q345低碳钢侧向焊缝迁移,在Q345低碳钢侧形成脱碳层,在焊缝中形成黑色条带状增碳层。随着退火处理温度的升高,峰值温度升高,高温停留时间变长,碳迁移强度随之增加,黑色条带状区域增碳层宽度增大。拉伸性能测试结果表明,试样均断裂于Q345母材一侧,且断口存在韧窝,属于典型韧性断裂。此外,焊缝区硬度(390HV左右)最高,热影响区硬度(300HV)次之,母材的硬度(130HV左右)最低。结论 在给定试验参数范围内,优化后的最佳退火工艺参数为550 ℃-1.5 h。     

焊接热输入对Q345R钢接头湿硫化氢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

实际焊接过程中焊接参数会影响焊接热输入,进而影响焊接接头的显微组织和性能.为此,研究了一系列焊接热输入条件下Q345R钢焊接接头的显微组织及其在湿硫化氢环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性.结果表明:当焊接热输入从44.2 kJ/cm增加到49.7 kJ/cm时,铁素体晶粒增大;当焊接热输入达到55.3 kJ/cm时,焊缝区组织出现了针状铁素体;在湿硫化氢环境下慢应变速率拉伸,所有焊接热输入下的焊接接头均出现明显的应力腐蚀开裂,同时发现在相同浓度的湿硫化氢环境下,当焊接热输入从44.2 kJ/cm增加到49.7 kJ/cm时,焊接接头的应力腐蚀敏感性指数随之增大,当焊接热输入增大到55.3 kJ/cm时,由于焊缝区出现了针状铁素体,使其应力腐蚀敏感性得到缓解.     

T92/Super304H异种钢焊接接头的性能研究

根据新型耐热钢T92和Super304H钢的焊接特点制定了适宜的焊接工艺,研究了焊制的T92/Su-per304H异种钢焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,T92/Super304H异种钢接头的各项力学性均能满足使用要求。焊缝金属的韧性远低于T92钢侧热影响区,焊缝金属的结晶形态对焊缝韧性有很大的影响。焊接接头中焊缝金属的硬度值最高,而T92钢侧热影响区硬度最低,并且不同热影响区部位显微硬度变化较大,Super304H钢侧热影响区硬度变化不大。     

高阻尼锰铜合金/40CrNiMoA异种材料焊接工艺研究

介绍了高阻尼锰铜合金GZ50与齿轮钢40CrNiMoA异种材料TIG焊接工艺,并对焊接接头拉伸、冲击、冷弯、疲劳性能和接头金相组织、冲击断口、显微硬度以及接头耐海洋大气腐蚀性能等进行了分析.结果表明,采用合理的焊接工艺参数和焊后消应力处理,保证了焊接接头各项性能指标满足要求,焊缝金相组织均匀,断口为韧性断裂;GZ50合金侧和40CrNiMoA钢侧的热影响区宽度基本相同,GZ50合金侧的热影响区与基体组织由于热作用的不同,各相形态与比例不同;焊接接头在海洋大气环境中,12个月的腐蚀速率比6个月的腐蚀速率约低1/2.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.