湿排粉煤灰固化强度试验研究

通过对海水湿排粉煤灰、水泥固化粉煤灰进行室内无侧限抗压强度试验和三轴压缩试验,以及对海水湿排固化粉煤灰材料强度形成机理分析,得到了水泥固化海水湿排粉煤灰基本力学性质及指标．通过设计试验对不同龄期、水泥固化剂掺量及养护条件影响因素进行分析,得到水泥固化海水湿排粉煤灰在不同条件下的强度变化规律．试验结果表明,水泥固化海水湿排粉煤灰具有良好的稳定性和耐久性,拌和固化混合料强度随龄期稳定增长,随水泥掺量增加强度提高．该试验研究对挡土结构、路基加固及地基处理等工程应用有重要的理论与实践研究价值．     

A review of the stabilization of tropical lowland peats

The Deep Mixing Method, which involves the formation of in situ stabilized peat columns, is suitable for deep peat stabilization, whereas the mass stabilization technique is used to stabilize the soil of shallow peat deposits instead of the costly and problematic removal and replacement method. The concept of soil-cement stabilization involves the addition of water to cement, resulting in a chemical process known as cement hydration. Stabilization of peat by cement, which requires a significant strength increase in the cement-stabilized peat or organic soil, is attributed largely to physicochemical reactions that include cement hydration, hardening of the resulting cement paste and interactions between soil substances and primary and secondary cementation hydration products. The factors that affect these physicochemical reactions and the interactions of peat soil-cementation products that influence peat stabilization are the amount of solid particles, the water: soil ratio, the quantity of binder, the presence of humic and/or fulvic acids, the soil pH and the amount of organic matter in the peat. With the Air Curing Technique, stabilized peat samples for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were kept at a normal air temperature of 30 ± 2 °C and strengthened by gradual moisture content reduction instead of the usual water-curing technique or water submersion methods that have been common practice in past experiments involving the stabilization of peat with cement. The principle of using the Air Curing Technique to strengthen stabilized peat is that peat soil at its natural moisture content contains sufficient water (water content from 198 to 417 %) that, when mixed with cement, a curing process takes place that causes the stabilized peat soil to gradually lose its moisture content and to become drier and harder throughout the curing period. This process does not require the addition of water.     

The influence of different curing conditions onthe pore structure and related properties of fly-ash cement pastes and mortars

The influence of two different curing conditions (in water at 27°C, and in air at 15°C and 60% relative humidity) on the mechanical and durability properties of fly-ash cement pastes and mortars are studied. Cement pastes and mortars at two water/cement or binder ratios were prepared in the laboratory and tested for compressive strength, chloride and water penetration. The mercury intrusion porosity of the samples is monitored to provide mechanistic explanations for the measured results. The results show that fly ash has significantly different influence on the strength, porosity and durability parameters of cement pastes and mortars when the cementitious materials are subjected to different curing conditions.     

Phase composition changes due to ammonium-sulphate: attack on Portland and Portland fly ash cements

The behaviour of Portland cement and Portland cement with 30% fly ash in 10% ammonium-sulphate solution was studied within a comprehensive research program. All materials have been chemically analysed and their physico-chemical and mechanical properties have been investigated. X-ray diffraction was used for following changes into microstructure after storage of samples in ammonium-sulphate solution, and phase composition changes were identified. Based on XRD analysis of the phase composition changes it could be concluded that the main product of the ammonium-sulphate attack on cements is gypsum, followed by ettringite. The presence of gypsum is increased with the time of exposing of samples in the solution for both types of cement, but it has occurred that the increase of this phase is higher in the PCBP samples containing fly ash. Compressive strengths of PCB and PCBP samples after curing in water for 14 days and exposed in ammonium-sulphate solution for 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days are investigated. PCBP samples containing fly ash have better behaviour in ammonium-sulphate solution. Addition of fly ash to Portland cement makes this cement become more resistant to the sulphate aggressive environment.     

粉煤灰脱硫石膏复合胶凝材料的配合比与水化

在活性激发剂作用下,将粉煤灰、脱硫石膏和水泥混合,制备成一种新型的复合胶凝材料,然后在优选试验基础上确定了复合胶凝材料的基本配合比.研究了典型配合比粉煤灰-脱硫石膏-水泥净浆在复合激发剂作用下的水化过程,结果表明:粉煤灰早期火山灰活性显著提高;脱硫石膏除自身析晶、具有一定的增强效应外,还是粉煤灰火山灰活性理想的硫酸盐激发剂.粉煤灰3d即开始明显水化,脱硫石膏对粉煤灰水化活性激发效果明显.     

水泥粉煤灰搅拌桩复合地基的离心模型试验及现场实测效果研究

在水泥桩体中掺入一定量的粉煤灰不仅可以节约资源,还可以增强桩体在酸性地基中的抗腐蚀性能。为了研究水泥粉煤灰搅拌桩处治饱和黄土地基的适用性,以蒲渭高速公路为工程依托,以水泥与粉煤灰不同重量比组成的固化剂及其不同掺入比配制的试件进行的无侧限抗压强度试验、直剪试验和固结压缩试验为基础,选择最佳配比后进行水泥粉煤灰搅拌桩的离心模型试验,并与现场实测结果相对比。结果表明:当水泥与粉煤灰的重量比不小于2∶1时,粉煤灰的添加对试件的抗剪强度影响不大;固化剂掺入比达到15%以后,水泥粉煤灰土与水泥土试件的强度相差值减小;离心模型试验所得工后沉降量小于0.3m;现场实测工后沉降量和桩体强度均符合设计要求。水泥粉煤灰搅拌桩处理饱和黄土地基是经济可靠的。     

Physical and mechanical properties of municipal solid waste incineration residues with cement and coal fly ash using X-ray Computed Tomography scanners

A significant volume of Municipal Solid Waste incineration bottom ash and fly ash (i.e., incineration residues) are commonly disposed as landfill. Meanwhile, reclamation of landfill sites to create a new land space after their closure becomes an important goal in the current fewer and fewer land availability scenario in many narrow countries. The objective of this study is to reclaim incineration residue materials in the landfill site by using cement and coal fly ash as stabilizers aiming at performing quality check as new developed materials before future construction. Indeed, physical and mechanical properties of these new materials should be initially examined at the micro scale, which is the primary fundamental for construction at larger scale. This research examines quantitative influences of using the combination of cement and coal fly ash at different ratio on the internal structure and ability of strength enhancement of incineration residues when suffering from loading. Couple of industrial and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners combined with an image analysis technique were utilized to characterize and visualize the behavior and internal structure of the incineration residues-cement-coal fly ash mixture under the series of unconfined compression test and curing period effect. Nine types of cement solidified incineration residues in term of different curing period (i.e., 7, 14, 28 days) and coal fly ash addition content (i.e., 0%, 9%, 18%) were scanned before and after unconfined compression tests. It was shown that incineration residues solidified by cement and coal fly ash showed an increase in compression strength and deformation modulus with curing time and coal fly ash content. Three-dimension computed tomography images observation and analysis confirmed that solidified incineration residues including incineration bottom and fly ash as well as cement and coal fly ash have the deliquescent materials. Then, it was studied that stabilized parts play a more important role than spatial void distribution in increment or reduction of compression strength.     

Study on lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder

In this study a new type of lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder was prepared to improve the performances of lime–fly ash binder which was a typical semi-rigid road base material binder in China. The modified lime powder had much higher activity than ordinary quick lime or slaked lime powder, it was the best alkali activator to prepare lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder. The optimum formulation of this binder was consisted of 8–12% modified lime, 18–23% phosphogypsum and 65–74% fly ash. The parallel experiments shown that lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder had higher strength than ordinary lime, cement, and lime–fly ash stabilized soils road base materials, granular soils stabilized with this binder had higher later strength than that of lime–fly ash or cement stabilizing granular soil, it had higher early strength and steady strength development. The phosphogypsum hastened the pozzuolana reactions between the lime and fly ash, it reacted with lime and fly ash also, this reaction formed some AFt and the formation of AFt brought on a slight expansivity which could compensate the shrinkage of the binder. The pore structure of this binder was finer than that of the lime–fly ash, so the strength and performances of the road base material stabilized with lime–phosphogypsum–fly ash binder was much higher than those of the lime–fly ash road base material.     

磷石膏基墙体砖的研制

利用正交试验获得磷石膏—矿渣—粉煤灰—石灰—水泥体系胶结料优化配合比。并通过XRD,SEM微观分析手段,探讨了该胶结料水化反应机理。研究结果表明,该胶结料能产生较高强度的原因是蒸养条件下可形成较多的水化硅酸钙和钙矾石,90℃下蒸养7 h,然后自然养护,7 d,28 d抗压强度分别达34.0 MPa和43.9 MPa,凝结时间正常,耐水性良好。利用该胶结料在胶砂比=1∶2.7、水胶比=0.45的条件下,经90℃下蒸养7 h,可制成满足标准要求的MU15级实心砖。     

水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对粉煤灰活性因子的影响

考察了混凝土配合比中水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的变化,以及养护龄期的增长对粉煤灰活性因子的影响.研究结果表明:随着水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增加,粉煤灰的活性因子减小;随着养护龄期的延长,粉煤灰的活性因子增大.同时,采用多元非线性同归方法,得出了粉煤灰的活性因子随水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和养护龄期的变化规律,随着水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增加,粉煤灰的活性因子呈线性下降,随着养护龄期的延长,粉煤灰的活性因子呈二次曲线增长.     

Mixed cement containing fly ash for masonry and plastering work

A class-F fly ash was used in making masonry mortars suitable for brick joints and for plastering. The mortars were made of a locally produced mixed cement and fly ash at 20% and 40% cement replacement with and without the addition of an air entraining agent/plasticiser. The testing programme includes the determination of water demand, relations between water-to-binder ratio and flow, setting time, air content, water retention, compressive strength and flexural strength.The obtained results suggest that fairly coarse grade class-F fly ash can be incorporated into mortars as replacement of the mixed cement for joint and plastering. The main concern is the low water retention which would be minimized by using a better grade/finer fly ash or by incorporation of plasticiser. Mixed cement containing 20–40% fly ash can be used to make Type N or Type S mortars. Furthermore, relations between flow values and water to binder ratio (W/B) of the mixed cement containing fly ash are developed as a practical aid for selection and formulation of mortar for brick construction and rendering/plastering.     

Stabilization of marginal aggregates with hydraulic and puzzolanic binders based on waste materials

Natural sand deposits and waste screenings from gravel pits and quarries are abundant in parts of Sweden. Investigations have been made to stabilize such materials with binders based on waste materials. Both laboratory work and test roads have been performed. In the latter case, mainly secondary roads have been strengthened with a plant-mixed bases. Good results have been achieved with a binder made of milled granulated blast furnace slag, activated with lime or especially with both lime and waste gypsum. Sand and screenings from gravel often contain organic material, deleterous with the binders studied. In such cases, the gypsum addition also seems to counteract the negative effect of the organic material. Fly ash has recently been available in Sweden. Tests made with fly ash-lime, as often used for stabilization abroad, have shown too slow binding for a rather cold climate. Addition of waste gypsum, calcium chloride, alkali-salts or use of an alkali-rich cement kiln dust instead of commercial lime can improve the binding properties. Different fly ashes, however, react in different ways. It is often more suitable to use fly ash-cement as a binder, especially with poorly graded aggregates. The fly ash, added in an optimum amount, work as a filler and high immediate stabilities can be achieved at a correct water content. The puzzolanic properties of the fly ash, at the same time, makes it possible to reduce the cement content considerably in comparison with the case when only portland cement is used as a binder. Promising laboratory work has also been done with binders consisting of condensed silica fume or ash from fluidized bed coal combustion, both in combination with lime.     

水泥土力学性质试验研究

通过比较焦作市某工程软地基土不同含水量，不同水泥、粉煤灰掺量的试件不同龄期的无侧限抗压强度，分析了含水量、水泥掺量、粉煤灰掺量和龄期对试件强度的影响，得出了水泥掺量、粉煤灰掺量和标准龄期的最优值。     

Application of phosphogypsum in soil stabilization

This paper describes the application of phosphogypsum with cement and fly ash for soil stabilization. Atterberg limits, standard Proctor compaction and unconfined compressive strength tests were carried out on cement, fly ash and phosphogypsum stabilized soil samples. Treatment with cement, fly ash and phosphogypsum generally reduces the plasticity index. The maximum dry unit weights increase as cement and phosphogypsum contents increase, but decrease as fly ash content increases. Generally optimum moisture contents of the stabilized soil samples decrease with addition of cement, fly ash and phosphogypsum. Unconfined compressive strengths of untreated soils were in all cases lower than that for treated soils. The cement content has a significantly higher influence than the fly ash content. The use of two waste by-products, phosphogypsum and fly ash may provide an inexpensive and advantageous construction product.     

不同矿物掺合料对建筑石膏物理性能的影响

粉煤灰、矿粉-粉煤灰、水泥-粉煤灰分别掺加到建筑石膏中,研究这3种体系中矿物掺合料对石膏的强度、凝结时间、流动度、软化系数等性能的影响,结果表明,粉煤灰具有一定的缓凝作用,水泥-粉煤灰的复掺可以提高石膏胶凝材料的抗压软化系数和强度,而水泥具有促凝作用,水泥、矿粉的加入可以提高石膏胶凝材料的流动度。     

Cement-lime stabilization of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay

The present study examines the effect of stabilization on the geo-environmental properties of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay.Lime and cement were mixed in a ratio of 1:2 and added to the simulated crude oil contaminated kaolin clay at different percentages(5%,10%,15%,and 20%) as a stabilizing binder.Parameters investigated include consistency limits,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and direct shear,and compressibility and leaching characteristics of the untreated and stabilized soils.The experimental testing reveals a decrease in the consistency limits with addition of the stabilizing binder.Maximum UCS values occurred for 15% cement-lime stabilized kaolin clay at different curing periods(i.e.0 d,7 d,14 d,and 28 d).By increasing the cement-lime content from 5% to 15%,the UCS values of the stabilized clay increase from 185 kPa to 350 kPa and from 785 kPa to 1160 kPa for uncured and 28 dcured samples,respectively.Both the compression and recompression indices of the contaminated kaolin clay from the consolidation test decrease by 40% and 50%,respectively,with 20% stabilizing binder addition.The leachability of the contaminated clay also reduces with incorporation of cement and lime.According to the scanning electron microscope(SEM) test,addition of stabilizing binder transforms the dispersed structure of contaminated kaolin clay into a knitted flocculated structure.The study shows the effectiveness of cement-lime mix in stabilizing the contaminated kaolin clay and the possible use of stabilized contaminated kaolin clay as an alternative construction material.     

蒸养条件下水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化性能研究

通过测定不同龄期净浆的化学结合水量和抗压强度,并结合SEM,研究在蒸养条件下粉煤灰掺量、细度对水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料水化性能的影响。试验结果表明:蒸养条件提高了水泥粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化速度,同时也提高了粉煤灰的活性;蒸养条件下,粉煤灰的细度对水泥粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的早期水化没有显著影响,其后期水化速度随粉煤灰细度的增加而增加;粉煤灰掺量的增加,降低了其早期水化速度,掺入适量的粉煤灰其后期水化程度可以超过纯水泥的水化程度;粉煤灰的掺入有利于水泥的水化,且水泥的水化速度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而增加。     

Role of Fly Ash on Strength and Microstructure Development in Blended Cement Stabilized Silty Clay

This paper presents the role of fly ash on strength and microstructure development in blended cement stabilized silty clay. Its strength was examined by unconfined compression test and its microstructure (fabric and cementation bond) by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and thermal gravity (TG) analysis. The flocculation of clay particles due to the cation exchange process is controlled by cement content, regardless of fly ash content. It increases dry unit weight of the stabilized clay with insignificant change in liquid limit. This results in irrelevant difference in optimum water content (OWC) for the unstabilized and the stabilized clay since OWC of low swelling silty clay is mainly controlled by liquid limit. It is found from the microstructural and the strength test results that the reactivity of fly ash (pozzolanic reaction) is minimal, which is different from concrete technology. This is possibly due to less amount of Ca(OH)₂ to be consumed. The role of fly ash in cement stabilization is to disperse the large clay-cement clusters into smaller clusters. Consequently, the reactive surfaces to be interacted with water increase, and hence the cementitious products (inter-cluster cementation bond). To conclude, the strength development in the blended cement stabilized clay is controlled by cementitious products due to combined effect: hydration and dispersion. Cementitious products due to hydration are governed by cement content, while cementitious products due to dispersion by fly ash content and fineness. Water content of 1.2OWC and 10% replacement ratio are regarded as the effective mixing condition for the stabilization, exhibiting the highest cementitious products.     

掺超细粉煤灰活性粉末混凝土的研究

采用525普能硅酸盐水泥、硅灰、超细粉煤灰、高效减水剂和标准砂等原材料及湿热养护工艺,可配制出抗压强度达200MPa的活性粉末混凝土,在掺入一定量的钢纤维后,活性粉末混凝土的抗压强度近250MPa,抗折强度达45MPa,对超细粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、砂胶比和钢纤维掺量等因素于掺超细粉煤灰活性粉末混凝土抗折、抗压强度的影响进行了详细的讨论。     

大掺量粉煤灰水工混凝土的气泡参数和抗冻性研究

研究了水胶比为 0 5 0、粉煤灰掺量在 0 %～ 5 5 %范围内的高掺量粉煤灰水工混凝土的气泡参数和抗冻性能。研究结果表明 ,在同一龄期 ,混凝土的气泡参数和粉煤灰掺量间没有一定的关系 ,但气泡结构的稳定性随粉煤灰掺量增加而提高 ,混凝土的抗冻性也随粉煤灰掺量的增加而提高 ;不管对普通混凝土还是粉煤灰混凝土 ,气泡间距在 0 5 0mm以下都是高抗冻混凝土 ,规定高抗冻混凝土的气泡间距必须小于 0 2 5mm是不适用的。