持续小强度降雨入渗对非饱和土边坡稳定性的动态影响

以含水量作为土体抗剪强度的主要控制参量,分析了边坡含水量和抗剪强度随降雨时间的变化特性,建立了持续小强度降雨入渗条件下非饱和边坡土的总凝聚力和内摩擦角与时间的关系.随着降雨持续进行,边坡降雨影响区域扩大.通过FLAC3D进行强度折减,得到了持续降雨过程不同时间段的边坡动态安全系数和边坡失稳前的持续时间.工程计算结果表明,持续小强度降雨条件下边坡临界滑动面仍处在非饱和状态.     

强降雨下无黏性土坡破坏的影响因素试验研究

利用自行研制的室内水槽模型试验系统,对日本#6,#7和#8硅砂试样开展了固定降雨强度(90 mm/h)下诱发无黏性土坡破坏的模型试验;描述了强降雨条件下无黏性土坡的破坏过程,探讨了坡体厚度、前缘卸荷、土样颗粒尺寸及细颗粒含量对破坏过程的影响规律,分析了土坡破坏过程中的孔隙水压力响应特征.结果表明:①在持续强降雨作用下,...     

膨胀土边坡物理模型试验研究

进行了一系列压实膨胀土的大型静力模型试验,对边坡土体吸湿后的含水率、膨胀变形等进行了实时监测。试验成果显示,膨胀土边坡浅层土体吸湿后其含水率场分布不均匀,干湿分界面处土体易由于不均匀膨胀变形而导致局部剪切错动,并随水分在坡体内的迁移,局部滑动面逐渐向边坡纵深扩展,在不同深度、不同部位形成多重剪切滑动面,最终导致边坡整体塌滑。针对静力模型试验进行了考虑膨胀性的非线性有限元计算,比较了边坡自重条件下和吸湿后应力场的变化,可知吸湿引起顺坡向正应力在干湿分界面处变化剧烈,剪应力明显增大,强度折减法得到的模型试验边坡安全系数仅0.92。研究成果表明：影响膨胀土边坡浅层稳定性的最根本原因并非膨胀土的超固结性或裂隙性,而是土的胀缩特性。     

降雨触发不同级配堆积体滑坡模型试验研究

深入研究降雨条件下堆积体坡失稳规律对滑坡预测预报和防灾减灾具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。开发研制了降雨滑坡室内模型试验系统,对3种配制的堆积体土样进行了模型试验。研究了降雨条件下堆积体土坡的渗流、变形、破坏和颗粒运移的规律,探讨颗粒级配对堆积体土坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:坡内土体体积含水率、孔隙水压力和吸力随降雨历程响应明确;湿润锋到达后体积含水率和孔隙水压力持续增加而吸力持续减小,达到峰值后稳定;降雨停止后体积含水率和孔隙水压力立即降低而吸力逐渐增大。坡体破坏瞬时土体位移有一个加速过程。颗粒级配(含石量)对土坡破坏模式具有显著的影响;堆积体含石量为13%,19%,41%的土坡破坏模式分别为多级后退式破坏、冲蚀引起的局部浅层滑动破坏和块状滑动破坏;含石量越小,滑裂面越明显;含石量对细颗粒流失也有影响,含石量越大细颗粒流失越显著,坡脚细颗粒含量越大。     

降雨条件下含软弱夹层土坡的离心模型试验研究

进行了降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的离心模型试验。试验主要研究了降雨条件下坡体的吸力和变形规律,重点分析了软弱夹层对坡体的影响。测量了含软弱夹层黏性土坡的位移和土坡内一点的吸力。试验结果表明由于软弱夹层的遇水软化和高渗透特性,降雨后含软弱夹层黏性土坡在软弱夹层发生滑出。降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的变形可以分为均匀变形、错动阶段和滑坡3个阶段。对降雨过程中的吸力变化与坡体应变变化进行了分析,表明可以通过坡体中各点应变的发展反推出降雨入渗时刻和分布。软弱夹层的存在造成了降雨入渗分布的变化,导致了坡体错动带在该处不再连续,并降低了边坡的稳定性。     

Response of Unsaturated Sandy Soils Under Constant Shear Stress Drained Condition

In order to understand the mechanism and conditions leading to failure of sandy slopes due to the infiltration of rainwater, constant shear stress drained triaxial tests were conducted on three sets of soil samples-normal sand, gravelly sand and silty sand-taken from natural slopes where large-scale landslides have occurred in the past. Water was infiltrated from the bottom of an initially unsaturated soil specimen under constant shear stress drained condition until failure occurred. Such a loading pattern simulated the stress path followed by a soil element on a potential failure plane on a slope subjected to rainwater infiltration. The effects of various parameters reflecting the initial condition, such as relative density, principal stress ratio, degree of saturation and infiltration rate, on the development of deformation during the infiltration process were investigated. The test results confirmed that the development of pore water pressure within the soil is the main reason for the failure of slopes during heavy rainfall. The results obtained can serve as guidelines in developing warning systems against impending rainfall-induced slope failures.     

不同降雨强度下红黏土边坡干湿循环试验研究

干湿循环过程中红黏土边坡力学参数发生了变化,红黏土边坡破坏特征和机理与一般土质边坡不同。以贵州红黏土为研究对象,采用浴霸–人工降雨模拟干湿循环,在室内制备了较大尺寸边坡模型,同时在边坡内部不同位置埋设含水率、孔隙水压力和温度传感器,分析了干湿循环下红黏土边坡力学参数演变规律和破坏机理。研究结果表明,随着深度增加,边坡土体含水率受降雨强度影响逐渐减弱,表层含水率受降雨强度影响明显。干燥期含水率呈现先增加后减小的现象。同一降雨强度下,坡脚含水率最大,其次为坡面、坡肩,最后为坡顶。表层孔隙水压力在降雨、渗透期上升,干燥期降低。降雨强度越大,温度变化幅度越大。随深度增加,边坡温度变化幅度逐渐减小。坡脚温度变化幅度较其他部位大。边坡破坏特征由溅蚀→面蚀→片蚀→裂缝→冲沟,未见明显的滑动面。     

降雨条件下坡积土边坡暂态饱和区形成机理及分布规律

降雨是引起坡积土边坡失稳的最常见外部因素之一.雨水的入渗在引起土体抗剪强度参数降低的同时,还将导致土体重度的增加、基质吸力的降低,最终造成边坡的失稳.开展雨水在边坡内部的渗流过程研究已成为分析边坡在降雨条件下稳定性的前提.基于有限元数值模拟方法,进行了雨水在土体中渗流过程的模拟,着眼于降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成、分布及消散特征,描述了该过程中边坡内部含水率、基质吸力、水力梯度的变化规律.结果表明:暂态饱和区形成的主要原因是土体中向湿润锋下方渗出的雨水量小于降雨入渗补给量,从而使得土体中的含水率累积升高;暂态饱和区的形成与降雨强度、降雨时间具有十分密切的关系,暂态饱和区形成时间、雨水入渗深度、土体表面体积含水率大小分别与降雨强度存在函数关系;清晰描述了暂态饱和区形成-发展-消散-地下水位升高的全过程,从该过程看,边坡排水措施的设计值得思考.     

Theoretical analysis and model test for rainfall-induced shallow landslides in the red-bed area of Sichuan

Heavy rainfall is a key cause of shallow landslides in red-bed terrains with steep topography and residual soils of degradable strength. In this study, laboratory model tests were carried out to examine the characteristics of rainfall infiltration, deformation, and failures of slopes in the red-bed area of Sichuan. The hydrological response and deformation of the slope soil during rainfall are addressed. Based on a modified Green–Ampt infiltration model, ponding along the bedrock surface is incorporated. A physically based model for shallow landslides caused by rainfall is developed. The theoretical analysis and the model test results indicate that the slope failures are related to erosion in the shallow soil layer and rainwater infiltration, particularly along preferential seepage channels. The process of rainfall-induced shallow landslides can be separated into three stages: erosion at the slope toe, tension crack formation at the slope crest, and shallow sliding. When initial underground water level is located at the bedrock surface or the preferential seepage flow quickly reaches the bedrock surface, it is easier for the soil slopes to slide along the bedrock surface than along the wetting front.     

土体含水率和吸力量测及其对边坡稳定性的影响

为研究暴雨诱发滑坡的机理 ,在香港进行了一次大型人工边坡试验。通过检查该边坡坡顶在 2 0 0 1年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 12月期间含水率和吸力与每天及每小时降雨变化曲线 ,及含水率和吸力随深度变化曲线 ,看到在雨季含水率和吸力变化或者“浸湿前锋”移动通常发生在边坡土体以上 3m以内 ,而且 ,在 2 0 0 1年的一次最大暴雨中在边坡土体 1～ 2m之内形成了瞬时地下水位。另外 ,还看到在2 0 0 1年旱季由于蒸发在边坡土体中形成了“干燥前锋”。通过对边坡开挖之前的自然边坡的稳定性分析 ,降雨入渗可以使边坡土体的安全系数急剧降低而蒸发则可以使边坡土体的安全系数缓慢升高。雨季含水率和吸力的浅层变化或者“浸湿前锋”的浅层移动可解释为何香港地区在暴雨期间极易发生浅层滑坡。而旱季由于蒸发形成的“干燥前锋”可说明吸力对非饱和土边坡抗剪强度的提高     

降雨条件下膨胀土基坑边坡稳定性分析

应用非饱和土一维降雨入渗模型模拟膨胀土基坑边坡在降雨入渗条件下的水分运移规律。通过试验研究了合肥膨胀土抗剪强度随含水量变化的关系。在此基础上,研究了考虑降雨入渗影响的膨胀土基坑边坡稳定性问题。研究表明,随降雨历时的增加边坡的安全系数逐渐变小,边坡最危险滑动面有向浅层发展的趋势。对于膨胀土边坡的浅层滑动面,采用折线滑动面比圆弧滑动面更接近于实际情况。     

Stability analysis of bank slope under conditions of reservoir impounding and rapid drawdown

Stability of an ancient landslide in a reservoir area is analyzed by using centrifugal model tests, soil laboratory tests and numerical analysis. Special attention is paid to variation in water level, simulation of large-scale heterogeneous prototype slope, and strength reduction of sliding zone soils after slope sliding. The results of centrifugal model test show that reservoir impounding can reduce sliding resistance at the slope toe, followed by toe collapsing and front cracking of slope. Rapid drawdown can produce hydrodynamic pressure towards reservoir at the front of slope. Deformation is observed in the middle and upper slope, which reduces the slope stability further and forms the pull-typed landslide trend. Reinforcement of slope toe is effective for preventing the progressive failure. The results of laboratory test show that slope toe sliding will lead to the redistribution of soil density and moisture content, which will reduce the shear strength of soil in sliding zone, and the cohesion of immersed soil is reduced gradually and finally vanishes with time. The numerical results show that the strength reduction method used in finite element method (FEM) is very effective in capturing the progressive failure induced by reservoir water level fluctuations, and the evolution of failure surface derived from numerical simulation is very similar to that observed in centrifugal model test.     

Stability analysis of bank slope under conditions of reservoir impounding and rapid drawdown

Stability of an ancient landslide in a reservoir area is analyzed by using centrifugal model tests, soil laboratory tests and numerical analysis. Special attention is paid to variation in water level, simulation of large-scale heterogeneous prototype slope, and strength reduction of sliding zone soils after slope sliding. The results of centrifugal model test show that reservoir impounding can reduce sliding resistance at the slope toe, followed by toe collapsing and front cracking of slope. Rapid drawdown can produce hydrodynamic pressure towards reservoir at the front of slope. Deformation is observed in the middle and upper slope, which reduces the slope stability further and forms the pull-typed landslide trend. Reinforcement of slope toe is effective for preventing the progressive failure. The results of laboratory test show that slope toe sliding will lead to the redistribution of soil density and moisture content, which will reduce the shear strength of soil in sliding zone, and the cohesion of immersed soil is reduced gradually and finally vanishes with time. The numerical results show that the strength reduction method used in finite element method (FEM) is very effective in capturing the progressive failure induced by reservoir water level fluctuations, and the evolution of failure surface derived from numerical simulation is very similar to that observed in centrifugal model test.     

拓宽黄土路基湿化破坏机制模型试验研究

 为研究拓宽黄土路基浸水湿化破坏机制与模式,在土工离心机上设计并安装位移量测系统,以西安—潼关高速公路拓宽工程为研究载体,建立与实际应力相符的离心试验模型;针对浸水湿化后黄土拓宽路基的沉降变形规律和破坏形式进行研究,基于试验结果开展高填方黄土路堤破坏机制的讨论。研究结果表明,拓宽路基坡脚处高含水量对拓宽黄土路基稳定性影响极为显著,在地下水位较浅处的地带,强降雨天气或地下水位骤升所引起的拓宽路基荷载下黄土地基的局部失稳会极大威胁上部拓宽路基的安全,浸水破坏滑裂面的形成是一个渐进破坏过程。由于地基局部湿软,抗剪强度降低,地基的起始剪切破坏发生于老路坡脚处,一旦产生过大的变形量将会引起整个路基自上而下的滑移。地基破坏时的滑动面近似为圆弧状,建议采用裂隙圆弧法对拓宽荷载下地基进行稳定性评价。试验结果还表明,新老路基拼接带土体中的加筋材料起到裹附作用,可增强路基的板结效果,形成有效的土拱效应,这样就充分利用路堤填料本身的刚度,调整地基的沉降变形。     

非饱和砂土坡面降雨非正交入渗试验与数值模拟研究

传统降雨入渗分析仅以降雨强度在坡面上的正交分量作为边界条件,不符合实际降雨非正交入渗规律。为了研究非饱和砂土的非正交入渗规律性,采用自行研制的室内降雨试验装置对非饱和砂土坡面进行了一系列不同降雨强度、坡角和孔隙比的降雨入渗试验,并对应地进行了正交入渗条件下的数值模拟。测量了入渗率、出渗速率及砂土储水增量随时间变化的关系曲线,分析了雨强、坡角和孔隙比对试验结果的影响。试验结果显示各试验中均无坡面径流现象,与正交入渗边界理论差异显著。通过分析非饱和砂土在传统坡面降雨正交入渗边界条件下的入渗率、出渗速率及砂土储水增量等数值模拟结果与对应的降雨入渗试验结果的差异,证明按正交入渗边界理论计算得到的砂土坡面土体含水率、入渗能力及坡面边界条件转化的判别机制均与实际情况不符。     

GIS-based three-dimensional slope stability analysis considering rainfall infiltration

Rainfall-induced landslides are a major cause of slope failure in mountainous areas. As rainfall begins to infiltrate a slope the wetting front advances into the soil and reduces its shear strength. Slope failures occur when the reduced shear strength becomes less than the resisting shear strength needed for equilibrium. These areas of instability are usually located near the ground surface where pore-water pressure changes rapidly during infiltration. The wetting front depth in a slope plays an important role in slope stability. In this study a well-known infiltration model, the Green and Ampt model, is integrated into three GIS-based three-dimensional limit equilibrium methods to assess the impact of rainfall on slope stability. This infiltration model can predict the depth of the wetting front during steady and unsteady rainfall. The applied three-dimensional methods are modified according to different positions of the wetting front to reflect the influence of rainfall on slope stability. This approach is capable of calculating safety factors corresponding to individual rainfall events and is also capable of predicting the corresponding failure time. The accuracy of the presented study has been verified by simulating the failure process of a real landslide triggered by a rainstorm.     

Effect study of cracks on behavior of soil slope under rainfall conditions

Deep-seated landslides in slopes are often induced by rainfall due to pre-existing cracks or weak layers. A series of centrifuge model tests under rainfall conditions were conducted on slopes with different types of cracks. The histories of suction and displacement of the slope were measured during the tests to investigate the infiltration–deformation–failure process of the slopes. The wetting front curved notably near the crack under rainfall conditions. The deformation of the slope was mainly caused by the saturation of soil and crack-affected water infiltration under rainfall conditions. The displacement process of the slopes with cracks can be divided into a small displacement stage, a rapid increase stage, and a stable stage. The influence of the crack on the infiltration and deformation of the slope decreased with increasing distance from the crack. Rainfall induced significant vertical deformation near the vertical crack rather than horizontal deformation. In contrast to the oblique crack, the vertical crack on the slope top was unlikely to lead to global landslide under rainfall conditions. The deformation–failure behavior of the slope with cracks was also affected by the rainfall style and rain intensity.     

南江红层地区缓倾角浅层土质滑坡降雨入渗深度与

2011年“9.16”特大暴雨诱发四川省南江县发生数以千计的缓倾角浅层土质滑坡,该类典型滑坡具有滑体厚度集中在1～5 m区域,且总是沿呈“光面”的基覆界面顺层滑动的特殊性。通过设计室内降雨入渗试验、建立G-A入渗模型及考虑大气对土坡的影响计算得大气影响深度,分析滑坡降雨入渗深度,研究滑体厚度分布成因;并根据非饱和土强度理论分析天然状态下及降雨条件下浸润峰分别位于土层中与基覆界面时的斜坡稳定性,研究滑坡沿基覆界面滑动成因。结果表明：南江县红黏土渗透性极低,短时间的强降雨下降雨入渗深度十分有限,一般仅入渗50 cm左右。研究区的大气影响深度为5.37 m,在该深度范围内,雨水易入渗,但随着深度的增加,土体风化程度逐渐减弱,土体孔隙比、渗透性逐渐降低,入渗逐渐困难,直至下覆基岩,降雨过程中雨水入渗深度是导致缓倾角浅层土质滑坡厚度主要集中在1～5 m的原因。在降雨条件下,当浸润峰深度小于土层厚度,潜在滑面位于浸润峰处时,斜坡保持稳定,当浸润峰深度等于土层厚度,潜在滑面位于基覆界面时,界面滞水,水位上升,孔压产生,同时界面岩土体发生软化和润滑作用,界面效应是导致滑坡沿基覆界面这一“光面”顺层滑动的主要原因。     

考虑降雨影响的非饱和土基坑边坡突变失稳分析

降雨入渗往往是非饱和土基坑边坡失稳的主要诱发因素之一,同时边坡失稳又具有突发性。基于突变理论提出了考虑降雨入渗影响的非饱和土基坑边坡稳定性分析方法。根据分析边坡稳定性的塑性极限方法的上限理论建立了边坡失稳尖点突变模型,并得出边坡突发式滑坡的特征关系式,用突变理论对非饱和土边坡稳定进行了初步研究。研究表明,基坑边坡失稳是一种突发性的破坏,外界环境的变化(如降雨入渗导致土体抗剪强度的降低)是基坑边坡发生突发性破坏的决定性因素。     

Analyses and design of steep slope with GeoBarrier system (GBS) under heavy rainfall

A GeoBarrier system (GBS) is a combination system of reinforced soil walls to stabilize near-vertical cut slopes and capillary barrier principles to protect the wall from the effect of rainfall infiltration. Singapore requires construction materials that are cost-effective to support sustainable urban development. Therefore, recycled materials are utilized as GBS materials to avoid the use of high-cost materials, such as steel or concrete. GBS consists of planting geobags with unique geosynthetic pockets for sustainable plant growth as a facing layer of GBS. The negative pore-water pressure (suction) within the reinforced soil behind GBS was assured to be constant during rainfall since GBS is designed specially to minimize the rainfall infiltration into the reinforced soil. This paper presents the practical design and stability analysis of the GBS, considering the presence of suction within the reinforced soil body. The monitoring of GBS performance in the field was carried out via field instrumentation. Finite element analyses of the GBS under extreme rainfalls were also performed for evaluation of the GBS performance. The field instrumentations and numerical analysis results showed that GBS was able to protect the slope from rainfall infiltration; therefore, the stability of the slope retained by GBS was not affected by the rainfall. Results from the analytical calculation showed that the most critical mode of failure is sliding along the base, followed by the global and local slope stability. The GBS is not susceptible to local instability.