岩体随机不连续面三维网络数值模拟技术

岩体随机不连续面三维网络数值模拟技术是近年来逐步发展起来的一项新技术 ,该技术对坚硬块状节理化岩体的稳定性评价 ,及岩土工程设计几何参数的获取是一项重要的基础工作。该技术是在现场不连续面窗口调查的基础上 ,应用概率统计、随机理论、蒙特卡罗模拟及计算机编程等方法 ,通过对现场测量样本的产状、迹长、间距等的偏差校正 ,最终生成不连续面三维网络数值模型。     

岩体隧道三维建模及围岩非连续变形动态分析

结合东北地区某隧道工程,根据获取到的隧道工程岩体结构现场原始数据,应用自主开发的GeoSMA-3D系统,基于简单块体模型间相互组合构建复杂岩体模型的原理,采用不连续面网络图模拟真实岩体的几何特征,对隧道围岩的岩体结构面进行三维空间模拟,建立了该岩体隧道工程三维数值模型,并采用一种基于网格划分的块体识别方法,获得结构面划分岩体得到的所有块体。将所建立的三维数值模型选取其中某一典型断面的数据信息,导入二维非连续分析程序DDA针对二维平面内的应力及位移进行计算分析,对隧道围岩的破坏过程进行动态分析,得到的动态位移图和模拟结果对隧道工程超前预报、开挖支护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于界面元的岩体裂隙网络渗流模型中 不稳定块体预测

 以野外不连续面现场地质调查所获得的真实裂隙展布为基础,以随机不连续面三维网络计算机模拟技术为指导,建立岩体不连续面空间分布概率统计数值模型;在此基础上,将裂隙网络和界面元相结合,用水力学和几何参数来表征裂隙岩体内渗透空间结构的具体布局,建立基于界面元与裂隙网络耦合的裂隙网络渗流模型,该模型可以通过界面元法对渗流场的模拟获得岩体网络裂隙渗流的渗径,而且可以计算出水头分布的情况,进而可以搜索出所有在临空面上出露的有限块体,确定其空间几何形态和几何参数,实现不稳定关键块体自动搜索,对于评价及预测关键块体的稳定性具有重要意义。     

Slope stability assessment of an open pit using lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach

Discontinuity waviness is one of the most important properties that influence shear strength of jointed rock masses, and it should be incorporated into numerical models for slope stability assessment. However, in most existing numerical modeling tools, discontinuities are often simplified into planar surfaces. Discrete fracture network modeling tools such as MoFrac allow the simulation of non-planar discontinuities which can be incorporated into lattice-spring-based geomechanical software such as Slope Model for slope stability assessment. In this study, the slope failure of the south wall at Cadia Hill open pit mine is simulated using the lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach. First, the slope model is calibrated using field displacement monitoring data, and then the influence of different discontinuity configurations on the stability of the slope is investigated. The modeling results show that the slope with non-planar discontinuities is comparatively more stable than the ones with planar discontinuities. In addition, the slope becomes increasingly unstable with the increases of discontinuity intensity and size. At greater pit depth with higher in situ stress, both the slope models with planar and non-planar discontinuities experience localized failures due to very high stress concentrations, and the slope model with planar discontinuities is more deformable and less stable than that with non-planar discontinuities.     

Stochastic analysis of progressive failure of fractured rock masses containing non-persistent joint sets using key block analysis

A stochastic key block method is developed for the analysis of complex blocky rock masses containing non-persistent joint sets. A robust block generation program is developed to model the non-persistent discontinuities. Various uncertainties of geological and geometrical parameters of the discontinuities are considered and Monte Carlo simulations of key blocks are performed. Based on the present analysis, progressive failure of a rock mass can be evaluated in a stochastic manner and the statistics of the key blocks including the total number and volume, the maximum and mean volume, shape and failure mechanism, etc. can be assessed. This approach is applied to a hypothetical horseshoe shaped tunnel in a highly fractured rock mass. Three scenarios with varying mean discontinuity size are analyzed to consider size effect on the predicted blocks and key blocks. It is shown quantitatively that a persistent discontinuity network assumption causes over-fragmentation of predicted blocks, overestimation of key blocks, and underestimation of the largest key block volume compared with non-persistent ones. More realistic representation of the discontinuities by considering the non-persistence is important to give out more reliable failure estimation of fractured rock mass. In addition, a case study application to a slope at the right bank of the Jinping I hydropower station has been conducted. Key block statistics is also helpful in support design.     

Simulation of cracking near a large underground cavern in a discontinuous rock mass using the expanded distinct element method

The rock masses in a construction site of underground cavern are generally not continuous, due to the presence of discontinuities, such as bedding, joints, faults and fractures. The performance of an underground cavern is principally ruled by the mechanical behaviors of the discontinuities in the vicinity of the cavern. A number of experimental and numerical investigations have demonstrated the significant influences of discontinuities on the mechanical, thermal and hydraulic behaviors of discontinuous rock masses, indicating that the deformation mechanism and stability of rock structures in the discontinuous rock masses depend not only on the existing discontinuities but also on the new cracks generated and thereafter keep propagating due mainly to the stress redistribution induced by excavation.In this study, an expanded distinct element method (EDEM) was developed for simulating the crack generation and propagation due to the shear and tension failures in the matrix rock blocks. Using this method, excavation simulations of deep underground caverns have been carried out on the models with differing depths of cavern and differing geometrical distributions of the existing discontinuities. Model experiments by using the base friction test apparatus were conducted to verify the proposed numerical approach. Furthermore, the support effects of rock bolts on controlling the deformations of the rock mass surrounding a cavern and movements of key blocks were evaluated by means of the EDEM approach.     

Assessment of roof stability in a room and pillar coal mine in the U.S. using three-dimensional distinct element method

This paper examines the effect of different geological and mining factors on roof stability in underground coal mines by combining field observations, laboratory testing, and numerical modeling. An underground coal mine in western Pennsylvania is selected as a case study mine to investigate the underlying causes of roof falls in this mine. Three-dimensional distinct element analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of different parameters, such as the variation of immediate roof rock mass strength properties, variation of discontinuity mechanical properties, orientations and magnitudes of the horizontal in-situ stresses, and the size of pillars and excavations on stability of the immediate roof. The research conducted in this paper showed that the bedding planes play an important role on the geo-mechanical behavior of roofs in underground excavations. Therefore, an appropriate numerical modeling technique which incorporates the effect of discontinuities should be employed to simulate the realistic behavior of the discontinuous rock masses such as the layered materials in roof strata of the underground coal mines. The three-dimensional distinct element method used in this research showed the capability of this technique in capturing the important geo-mechanical behavior around underground excavations.     

三维不连续变形分析理论及其在岩质边坡工程中的应用

 三维非连续变形分析主要包括3个关键问题：块体系统的拓扑识别问题;单个块体(刚体或变形体)运动方程建立与求解;伴随着块体运动和变形,块体间的接触关系需要不断地判别和更新。针对这3个关键问题,从代数拓扑中单纯形及单纯复合形的概念出发,依靠边界算子来生成三维空间块体的几何识别算法,采用Euler-Poincaré公式来确保块体搜索的准确性;利用单纯形积分来获得块体物理特征量的解析解;在一阶位移模式下,按照最小势能原理建立三维块体系统非连续变形分析的总体平衡方程;针对岩体工程破坏特点,提出面–面接触模型,并在此基础上采用强度折减法来计算岩质边坡的安全系数。由简单楔形体破坏算例可知,三维DDA能够解决由传统极限平衡方法假定条件带来的问题,能够正确计算楔形体破坏的抗滑安全系数。通过工程边坡算例可知,采用三维非连续变形分析方法来研究岩体边坡稳定问题,既能深入理解岩质边坡的破坏机制,又能方便地确定临界滑动块体位置、体积、滑动方向以及相应支护方式等;同时,鉴于DDA方法能够精确地求解切向滑动力,结合强度折减法能够获得比较合理的安全系数。     

裂隙化岩体不连续面密度的分形研究

 不连续面密度是表征岩体内部不连续面分布特征的重要参数之一,但是岩体内不连续面的分布是随机的、不规则的,要想准确获得岩体不连续面密度的真实值是不可能的。基于现场调查的岩体露头不连续面特征,借助计算机模拟技术建立岩体不连续面分布的二维、三维随机裂隙网格模型,从数理统计学的角度计算岩体不连续面密度数值。并基于分形理论计算岩体不连续面分布的二维、三维分布特征,尝试建立岩体不连续面密度与分维数的数学关系。计算结果表明,岩体不连续面密度与分维数具有相同的变化趋势,随着不连续面分维数的增大,不连续面密度增大,不连续面密度与分维数之间存在线性关系。研究结果表明,不连续面分布的体密度和三维分形维数,可以更加综合地反映岩体内部不连续面的分布特征和空间信息及对岩体强度参数的影响,对工程应用具有更好的实际作用。且在此基础上,提出基于不连续面分布的体密度和三维分形维数的岩体等效抗剪强度指标的折减计算。     

不连续岩体温度场的复合单元模型初步研究

 基于复合单元法原理和不稳定温度场的隐式解法,提出针对不连续岩体温度场的复合单元法。该算法的特点是每个复合单元可以含有任意的不连续面,如断层或节理,且当结构中含有需在计算中离散处理的不连续面时,网格的生成不受不连续面的数量、位置和方向的影响。初步研究针对含1条节理的复合单元模型展开,假定岩块中无对流和辐射影响,推导岩块子单元和不连续面的热传导计算式,得到不连续岩体温度场的复合单元算法基本方程组,然后将该算法整合到传统有限元分析程序中。分别采用传统有限单元和复合单元法模拟热水流过单条裂隙时岩体温度场的变化过程,二者的计算结果非常接近,表明不连续岩体温度场的复合单元算法是合理和有效的,但其配套的温度场等值线后处理程序有待进一步完善。该算法的提出为深部岩体的多场耦合研究提供又一思路。     

基于三维网络模拟基础的复杂有限块体的自动搜索及其空间几何形态的判定

首先应用随机不连续面三维网络模拟技术建立不连续面分布的概率统计模型。在此基础上通过编程实现对复杂有限块体的自动搜索并确定其空间几何形态，给出其空间定位参数和尺寸。在对块本的有限性进行判断时，提出“有形即是有限”的分析方法。     

不规则颗粒及其集合体三维离散元建模方法的改进

以土石混合体中的不规则块石和含石量为40%的土石混合体室内大三轴试样为例,研究了如何针对当前岩土材料建模方法的不足进行改进以建立尽可能真实的不规则颗粒及其集合体的三维离散元模型。为了模拟块石的真实形态特征,明确了块石几何模型建模方法的控制参数及其确定方法,建立了与真实块石球度相同、棱角度相似的三维半真实离散元模型。为了计算模型的体积以用于模型密度优化及颗粒集合体孔隙率的计算,提出了一种三维离散元模型虚拟切片技术,结合数字图像处理技术可快速准确计算块石三维半真实离散元模型的体积。为了使得土石混合体大三轴试样三维离散元模型的密实度与室内试样保持一致并兼顾建模效率,提出了基于拟振动压实法和分层复制法的土石混合体大三轴试样三维离散元建模方法。研究结果表明:所提出的不规则块石几何模型建模方法控制参数较少且可分别对球度和棱角度进行单独控制;当块石离散元模型填充球体数较少时,其体积与对应几何模型体积相差较大,不能直接采用对应几何模型的体积;所建立的土石混合体数值试样与室内试样的细观结构特征基本相同,即块石随机散布于土体基质中。     

Three-dimensional modeling of borehole data cored from engineering rock mass

Vast data from the drilling and geophysical prospecting are reliable original information to describe the space state of engineering rock mass, and one of the main difficulties in three-dimensional (3D) modeling of engineering rock mass is the processing of the primary data. From the view-point of 3D modeling, the engineering rock masses are classified as four basic types according to their geometric characteristics of geologic structure: (1) continuum rock mass; (2) discontinuous rock mass; (3) overturned fold rock mass and (4) intrusive rock mass. Because drilling data are very important to describe the characters of multi-scale of the spatial data for rock mass, the rule of how to process drilling data is developed to help appropriately display them in the viewpoint of 3D space. According to the characteristics of rock mass layers, the processing method of drilling data for 3D modeling of engineering rock masses, along with the layer thicknesses, is also proposed, including the evaluation rules and the extensive direction for original borehole data. By this method, the typical 3D data modeled is completed and the model form of the engineering rock mass is developed. By this example, it is finally verified that the method presented is successful and feasible to process 3D engineering rock mass. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(11): 1 821–1 826 [译自: 岩石力学与工程学报]     

Two-scale modeling of jointed rock masses

Numerical modeling of the mechanical behavior of jointed rock masses is a difficult task as the discontinuities not only require special modeling consideration, but also require different treatments depending upon the scale of problem involved. A framework is proposed here that is based upon a meshed based partition of unity method, also known as the numerical manifold method. Specifically, the discontinuities posed by joints or faults are divided into two groups. The primary discontinuity set is the one with a wider spacing and dominates the kinematics of the system. It is modeled explicitly as physical discontinuities. The secondary discontinuity set, characterized by high density and small spacing, is modeled as an equivalent continuum by incorporating joint compliance and strength characteristics. Following the presentation of the formulation, two examples are also provided at the end to highlight the ease with which the proposed approach may be used in mechanical analysis of a complex jointed rock system.     

褶皱岩体三维可视化构模技术及其工程应用

为解决由于褶皱岩体的边界面可能是非单值曲面给三维构模带来的困难,根据褶皱岩体的几何特征,提出了适合于褶皱岩体构模的数据模型,建造了面向对象的数据结构,开发了断面构模技术与三维可视化构模系统,并利用该系统建立了抚顺西露天矿北帮边坡岩体三维可视化模型。     

Caractérisation géométrique des réseaux de fracturation en carrière de roches ornementales. Application à l'optimisation de l'exploitation

The structural analysis of the rock mass at a given scale leads to the modelling of the sets of discontinuities. Several software programs created in the Centre de Géologie de l'Ingénieur, were used for the characterization of the structure of various ornamental rock deposits. This study incles: the identification of discontinuities in several quarries, statistical processing of field data, geometrical modelling of the discontinuous rock masses, analysis of the size distribution of blocks formed by the sets of discontinuities, and three-dimensional visualization of the exploitation faces and of serial cross sections simulating their inward movement.     

基于平均迹长修正新方法的岩体三维连通率及抗剪强度参数计算

 岩体结构面连通率是反映结构面延伸程度和连通状况的一个重要参数,是确定裂隙岩体抗剪强度指标的关键和分析边坡稳定性的前提。对三维连通率的求解方法及其在估算抗剪强度参数中的应用进行探讨,在考虑结构面迹长和迹线与统计窗边线的交角均遵循一般概率分布类型的基础上,从概率统计角度推导出窗口法中结构面平均迹长的估算公式。利用基于平均迹长修正公式的三维结构面网络模拟方法对贵阳市鱼简河水利工程导流洞进口的岩体结构面进行模拟,在其三维可视化模型的基础上求得模拟区内不同截面的三维连通率,并利用三维连通率结果估算出岩体的综合抗剪强度参数。计算结果表明：该模拟区内岩体总体连通性较好,各向异性明显,70°～80°∠20°～40°范围内的截面为危险截面,最大连通率为0.914 3,最小黏聚力和内摩擦角分别为1.135 MPa和25.7°,工程建设中应予以重视。     

基于三维激光扫描技术的岩体结构面智能识别与信息提取

岩体结构面几何参数是评价岩体稳定性与渗流特征的重要研究基础。采用三维激光扫描技术,获取岩体露头点云数据,利用改进的区域生长法与解析几何理论,实现了岩体结构面智能识别与信息提取。研究结论如下:(1)通过对区域生长法进行改进,引入节点法向量判别指标,设置平整性检测阈值_1与区域生长阈值_2,可以有效地进行岩体结构面的智能识别。基于提出的信息提取算法,获取了识别结构面的产状、间距与尺寸信息;(2)选取不同的平整性检测阈值_1与区域生长阈值_2,研究了阈值对识别结果的影响规律,并提取了阈值选取的一般建议。通过规则平面与公路边坡两实例应用分析,对所提方法的可靠性进行了验证。     

Stability analysis of rock blocks around a tunnel using a statistical joint modeling technique

A three-dimensional statistical joint modeling technique was used to analyze the stability of rock blocks around a tunnel. The rock blocks generated from the joints and the tunnel were analyzed for their volume, height, perimeter, safety factor, and probability of occurrence. All these procedures were programmed into the computer program blocstab. The characteristics of rock block occurrence due to the variation of joint persistence (diameter), orientation and volumetric frequency were investigated. The rock block stability around a storage cavern of liquefied petroleum gas in Korea was analyzed as a case study. Here, the joints were assumed to follow the Baecher disk model for their shape and location, and their orientations were modeled by the Fisher distribution. The joint diameter distribution was estimated by using the window sampling method recently developed by Song and Lee.     

An extended displacement discontinuity method for analysis of stress wave propagation in viscoelastic rock mass

An extended displacement discontinuity method (EDDM) is proposed to analyze the stress wave propagation in jointed viscoelastic rock mass (VRM).The discontinuities in a rock mass are divided into two groups.The primary group with an average geometrical size larger than or in the same order of magnitude of wavelength of a concerned stress wave is defined as "macro-joints",while the secondary group with a high density and relatively small geometrical size compared to the wavelength is known as "micro-defects"...