赋存深度对玄武岩变形破坏及能量特征的影响研究

采用MTS815试验机对门头沟急倾斜煤层底板7个不同深度、共计21个玄武岩试件进行了单轴抗压实验,获得了同种岩性不同赋存深度玄武岩破坏的全应力-应变曲线,分析了赋存深度对玄武岩变形破坏特征及破坏能的影响。实验表明,单轴压缩下埋深较浅的玄武岩几乎都出现Ⅱ类形式破坏;随着埋深逐渐增加,开始有小部分试件出现Ⅰ类形式破坏,可见单轴压缩下门头沟玄武岩出现Ⅱ类应力-应变曲线是普遍现象。Ⅱ类曲线反映了某些岩石材料固有的力学性质,若曲线由伺服压力机获得,采用环向位移控制的方式是基本条件,同时岩石本身应具备均质性好、强度高、弹性模量大、泊松比小等特点。计算表明玄武岩破坏时试验机所做的功以及破坏过程中耗散能是反映岩石性能的两个重要指标:随赋存深度的增加,两者在整体上呈上升的趋势,且耗散能随着温度的变化相对更为明显。漫长的地质年代里地球自转、重力影响和地应力的差异导致了玄武岩的矿物组成及颗粒大小随着深度发生变化,这是导致深部玄武岩力学性能显著提高的主要原因。另外,岩层特殊的位置分布导致埋深600 m上下岩石所处的应力状态不同,这也是玄武岩性能局部突增的主要原因之一。     

峨眉山玄武岩系底部沉积火山碎屑岩的风化特征及其机制

 位于峨眉山玄武岩系底部的沉凝灰岩和沉火山角砾岩球状风化强烈,风化程度明显高于上覆玄武质熔岩。与母岩相比,腐岩化学组分淋失严重,次生微孔隙发育,但单体孔隙尺寸细小,具有低密度、高孔隙度、高渗透率、高容水度及高持水度特征。2种具有块状构造的沉积火山碎屑岩均由玄武质火山碎屑和正常海相碳酸盐岩碎屑组成,分属钙质基性沉凝灰岩和钙质基性沉火山角砾岩,它们具有类似的化学组成,而且风化过程中的组分流失与相对富集规律也基本一致。非饱和带环境下的温度波动可在岩石中2类不同碎屑颗粒之间形成贴粒微缝;微缝内的凝结水首先溶解灰岩碎屑,并逐渐在结构体表面一定厚度范围内形成吸水–贮水能力远大于一般岩石腐岩壳的海绵状结构层。该结构层吸收–贮存的液态水一方面保证壳内火山碎屑的溶解,一方面向其内侧风化前锋的扩展进程提供水量支持。钙质基性沉火山碎屑岩的风化进程可明显地划分为分别以灰岩碎屑和玄武质火山碎屑溶解为主、先后彼此搭接的2个阶段。     

泉州地区花岗岩残积土地质特征与岩土工程评价

泉州地区广泛分布的花岗岩残积土,由变质-混合岩、酸性-中酸性火山岩和花岗岩风化而成,是一种成分复杂、物理力学指标变化区间很大的特殊性土体,其工程性质主要受母岩及其风化程度的影响,与风化残积物中的成分、结构,特别是粗颗粒含量关系密切,并具有随深度规律变化的特征。本文所称的花岗岩属花岗岩类岩石,包括变质-混合花岗岩、酸性-...     

长江小南海水利枢纽坝基弱风化岩体 工程力学性质研究及可利用探讨

 小南海水利枢纽为长江上第三座大I型水电工程,坝基为典型的红层软岩,岩体风化层次分明。坝基覆盖层及强弱风化带平均厚约18 m,其中弱风化带平均厚约6 m,若全部挖除,相当于总开挖深度的1/3,开挖工程量巨大。从坝区大范围岩体波速的分布、工程岩体质量分级、岩体变形特性及强度特性等方面对比研究弱风化岩体与微风化岩体的差别,探讨弱风化岩体作为建基面的可能性。本阶段的试验研究结果说明,弱风化与微风化岩体均为IV级,弱风化岩体的岩石力学参数与微风化岩体差别不大,具备作为建基面的工程力学条件。     

Feasibility of columnar jointed basalt used for high-arch dam foundation

Columnar jointed basalt, with a lot of small-spacing structural planes and poor integrity, is a kind of fractured rock mass. Through comprehensive study of columnar joints shape, roughness of fracture surface and chemical composition of basalt, it is known that columnar joints of Baihetan dam area were formed as a result of cooling and shrinkage effects of magma. The columnar jointed basalt is mainly formed through chemical reaction of chlorite, kaolinite, epidote and tremolite, and the columnar joints mainly consist of chlorite according to slice identification and chemical analysis. Test results show that the columnar jointed basalt has high uniaxial compressive strength, low friction coefficient, and high cohesion, shear strength and deformation index. Meanwhile, the columnar jointed basalt is closely locked, and joint surfaces are well closed. The permeability of the rock is quite weak, and the P-wave velocity in the rock could get up to 5 000 m/s. All these show good rock properties. The columnar joints develop regularly, different from the general fractured rock masses. In summary, the columnar jointed basalt can be used directly as a foundation of dam.     

Deep weathering of a group of thick argillaceous limestone rocks near Three Gorges Reservoir,Central China

Rock mass characterization is one of the most basic and important tasks in rock mechanics and engineering. Literature review indicates that although there are many publications available on weathered rocks, there are few reports in English on weathered argillaceous limestone rocks and their chemical and mechanical properties. This paper presents a case study of characterizing a group of highly weathered thick argillaceous limestone rocks. Most importantly, they can be easily and quickly decomposed into soils after they are exposed due to excavation. Consequently, they would substantially lose their mechanical strengths. Geohazards such as landslides and sinkholes could occur in uncovered highly weathered argillaceous limestone rocks. The problematic weathered rocks were found during the development of a new town in upper mountains above the Three Gorges Reservoir on Yangtze River in Central China in the past 20 years. The factual data are presented on the changes of chemical compositions and mechanical properties of the weathered argillaceous limestone rocks due to chemical weathering. Some empirical correlations are given to quantify the changes in their uniaxial compressive strength and deformation moduli in terms of their contents of calcium carbonate. The data and findings presented in the paper can be useful to future urban development in geologically poor mountainous environments occupied by highly weathered argillaceous limestone rocks in the world.     

堆石料颗粒破碎对剪胀性及抗剪强度的影响

堆石料的一个比较明显的特点是在力的作用下常发生颗粒破碎，本文通过三峡花岗岩风化石碴的三轴试验和平面应变试验，结合日本森吉山安山岩和玄武岩的三轴试验成果，综合分析了颗粒破碎规律及有关力学特性，分析了破碎与剪胀性及破碎强度分量的关系。     

Feasibility of columnar jointed basalt used for high-arch dam foundation

Columnar jointed basalt, with a lot of small-spacing structural planes and poor integrity, is a kind of fractured rock mass. Through comprehensive study of columnar joints shape, roughness of fracture surface and chemical composition of basalt, it is known that columnar joints of Baihetan dam area were formed as a result of cooling and shrinkage effects of magma. The columnar jointed basalt is mainly formed through chemical reaction of chlorite, kaolinite, epidote and tremolite, and the columnar joints mainly consist of chlorite according to slice identification and chemical analysis. Test results show that the columnar jointed basalt has high uniaxial compressive strength, low friction coefficient, and high cohesion, shear strength and deformation index. Meanwhile, the columnar jointed basalt is closely locked, and joint surfaces are well closed. The permeability of the rock is quite weak, and the P-wave velocity in the rock could get up to 5 000 m/s. All these show good rock properties. The columnar joints develop regularly, different from the general fractured rock masses. In summary, the columnar jointed basalt can be used directly as a foundation of dam.     

贵州晴隆大厂锑矿构造蚀变体元素地球化学特征

研究主要针对黔西南地区构造蚀变体(SBT)中大厂锑矿床的典型剖面,采集茅口组的茅口灰岩,龙潭组的碳质泥岩、粉砂岩、粘土岩,峨眉山玄武岩组凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、碳质粘土岩和SBT中的强硅化灰岩、角砾状强硅化灰岩、硅质岩、凝灰岩及角砾状粘土岩组合,对岩石或矿石进行主量元素和微量元素分析,利用等离子质譜方法分析大厂地区构造蚀变体及其上覆地层和下伏地层各类岩石样品的稀土元素组成。表明热液蚀变作用强烈,成矿物质可能为深部成矿流体带入。     

峨眉山玄武岩岸坡深部差异风化岩体特征及成因

西南地区某水电工程的峨眉山玄武岩,其岩体风化具有特殊性,存在岸坡内部（或深部）岩体风化局部加强的特殊现象（称为差异风化）。该差异风化岩体在表观特征、分布特征、化学特征及形成环境上具有与岸坡表部一般风化岩体不同的显著特征。以该处差异风化岩体发育分布规律为基础,结合其化学特征、河谷演化过程及浅生改造理论分析其成因机制。研究表明：差异风化不具随水平深度增大风化逐渐减弱特征,分布受长大张性结构面控制,表现为局部的裂隙式风化加剧,张性结构面两侧 5 ～ 15 cm 范围内岩体红度增加;差异风化岩体发生了化学风化,但并未发生明显的脱硅富铝与盐类淋失迁移,仅表现为二价铁减少、三价铁富集;控制性结构面具浅生改造特征,差异风化岩体赋存于浅生结构所形成的相对封闭空间;浅生改造正是导致差异风化岩体形成的根本原因。     

Stress ratio effect on fatigue life of tropically weathered rock

This paper investigates the fatigue life of weathered granite and weathered sandstone using a stress ratio of R = 0.17. A small stress ratio is adopted to control data discrepancy between weathered rocks for which stress amplitude is known to affect the fatigue life. The range of varying static strength between weathered rocks, especially for highly weathered rock (grade IV) which has lower static strength, resulted in adopting this small stress ratio. The details of rocks tested, including microscopic petrographic characterization as well as their physical properties obtained from laboratory work, is also explained in this paper. Weathered rock specimens from slightly weathered to highly weathered (grade II, grade III and grade IV) granite and sandstone were used during the investigation. The specimens were representative of rock collected in Sungai Buloh (granite) and Puncak Perdana (sandstone) in Selangor, Malaysia. In order to eliminate the influence of frequency and waveform, all rock specimens (54 in total) were tested under a cyclic compression load with a frequency of 1 Hz using a constant sinusoidal waveform. Result shows that grade IV specimens are the least affected by the small cyclic stress ratio as compared to grade II and grade III specimens. The number of cycles to failure is not dependent on rock weathering grade; it is greatly related to the petrological and microstructure of the individual rock. However, the weathering degree of a rock does contribute to the weakening of the rock's structure, consequently affecting the life of the rock.     

DEM investigation of weathered rocks using a novel bond contact model

The distinct element method(DEM) incorporated with a novel bond contact model was applied in this paper to shed light on the microscopic physical origin of macroscopic behaviors of weathered rock, and to achieve the changing laws of microscopic parameters from observed decaying properties of rocks during weathering. The changing laws of macroscopic mechanical properties of typical rocks were summarized based on the existing research achievements. Parametric simulations were then conducted to analyze the relationships between macroscopic and microscopic parameters, and to derive the changing laws of microscopic parameters for the DEM model. Equipped with the microscopic weathering laws, a series of DEM simulations of basic laboratory tests on weathered rock samples was performed in comparison with analytical solutions. The results reveal that the relationships between macroscopic and microscopic parameters of rocks against the weathering period can be successfully attained by parametric simulations. In addition, weathering has a significant impact on both stressestrain relationship and failure pattern of rocks.     

Weathering indices and their applicability for crystalline rocks

In the recent past, several weathering indices have been proposed to characterize the extent of weathering and weatherability depending upon the nature and requirement of the study. The weathering index provides a quantitative measure of the extent of weathering of rock; hence it can provide input to the prediction models to assess the strength and deformational properties of rocks and classifications of weathered rock material. In the present study some of the important weathering indices, broadly categorized as chemical, (micro) petrographical and engineering weathering indices, are reviewed and studied experimentally for three common rocks of India, namely granite of Malanjkhand, basalt of Nagpur and quartzite of Delhi, along with results of other rocks reported by other researchers. The study reveals that none of the existing chemical weathering indices is valid for genetically different common rock types and useful for engineering purposes. However, loss on ignition (LOI) may provide an approximate estimation of altered minerals (clays and hydroxides) in tested rocks. It has also shown good correlation with petrographic indices and engineering index properties. Among the petrographic indices, crack density (ρ_cr) and unsound constituent (an input to the micropetrographic index) indices provide good correlation with engineering index properties. To quantify the extent of weathering in terms of strength degradation due to weathering in rock, an index is suggested – strength ratio (R_s) – which is the percentage of uniaxial compressive strength (σ_c) of weathered rock with respect to σ_c of fresh rock. Its significance is shown statistically through the relationships with other indices for several rock types including sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Electronic Publication     

厦门海底隧道强风化花岗岩力学特性研究

 厦门海底隧道海域隧道地段存在多处风化深槽,岩体主要为全、强风化花岗岩。由于该类岩石强度低,压缩性高,自稳和自承能力差,在隧道衬砌结构的设计和施工工艺的选择方面会遇到一系列特殊的问题。主要通过对天然和重塑强风化花岗岩岩样进行一系列的室内试验,在掌握其基本物理力学特性的基础上,重点对其流固耦合作用下的力学特性进行研究,并建立该类强风化花岗岩的力学模型,通过反演分析对力学模型进行验证。研究成果对风化花岗岩类工程的力学参数取值有重要借鉴意义,对该类岩体中隧道的设计施工具有指导作用。     

Geotechnical characteristics of the clayey soils and rocks of the North Lefkoşa,Nicosia, Cyprus

This paper outlines the engineering geological properties of the clayey soils of North Lefkoşa (Nicosia, Cyprus). On the basis of their physical properties and their engineering characteristics, the Miocene, Pliocene and Quaternary deposits were divided into six units: unconsolidated man-made fill, unconsolidated surficial recent alluvium, unconsolidated surficial young alluvium, consolidated old alluvium, highly weathered soft rock units and slightly weathered relatively resistant rock units. Laboratory tests indicated a generally high swelling potential, which would account for the damage seen in many single and two-storey buildings as well as major roads.      

风化破碎围岩巷道锚网(索)支护设计参数研究

处于煤层露头附近强风化、氧化带中的回采巷道,由于煤岩体内风化裂隙增多,强度降低,使这样围岩条件下的回采巷道的支护设计与维护管理都面临着与普通围岩条件巷道不一样的新问题.巷道顶部的破碎围岩能否形成稳定的承载压力拱结构,是决定巷道稳定状态、支护形式与支护参数的主要因素之一.论文以松散、破碎围岩的压力拱理论为基础,结合龙东煤矿7144材料道的工程实际背景,对风化破碎围岩巷道的锚网(索)支护设计参数进行了系统分析.     

厦门翔安海底隧道风化槽围岩渗透破坏及岩体流变试验研究

厦门翔安海底隧道需穿越多处海底风化槽,该地段围岩为破碎、风化的花岗岩,渗透性强、水压高、自稳性差、施工风险大,其物理力学特性研究对设计和施工方案制定意义重大。本文对风化槽围岩的渗透破坏和流变试验进行研究。渗透稳定性评价结果表明,在全水头作用下,F1、F4风化槽强风化带岩体渗透稳定性较好,但隧道开挖将引起地层变形,围岩渗透稳定性改变,施工中需进行评估监测并采取必要措施。三轴试验结果表明,风化槽强风化花岗岩强度低、变形大、弹性模量低,在应力达到峰值后,有明显的塑性流动。三轴流变试验结果表明,风化槽强风化花岗岩变形具有明显的粘性时效特征,对围岩开挖后的掌子面稳定性和长期变形稳定性都不利,在设计和施工中应引起注意;采用非线性蠕变模型对其流变特性进行拟合,效果良好,由此建立相应的流变力学模型。研究成果为本工程风化槽围岩注浆加固和支护结构设计提供可靠依据。     

Petrophysical properties and durability of granites employed as building stone: a comprehensive evaluation

The use of a rock as a building stone is conditioned by several factors, from its aesthetic characteristics to its petrophysical properties. Even though the latter are taken into consideration, only a few of them are usually assessed. The purpose of this study is to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the petrophysical properties of nine Portuguese granites employed as dimension stones. Granites with different textural characteristics and degrees of weathering were selected in order to highlight the relationships between the properties, and to identify the most important ones affecting the rock behaviour. The post-tectonic granites, with low porosity and fewer fissures, show better mechanical behaviour, while the most weathered granites have poor mechanical behaviour that limits their use in some applications and/or environmental conditions.     

A study of the weathering of the bukit timah granite part a: Review,field observations and geophysical survey

The Bukit Timah granite exhibits a full range of weathering grades. Examination of these exposures shows that the weathering has been rapid. Field observations and geophysical surveys show that the rock has been weathered up to 70 meters depth, and that the main mechanisms of weathering is chemical decomposition. The humid tropical condition in Singapore with high annual precipitation has produced secondary weathering of the residual soil. The weathering profiles suggest that the weathering of the Bukit Timah granite is stratified with weathered layers and a sharp boundary between the residual soil and the slightly to moderately weathered granite. This paper (Part A) is a review of current weathering classification systems for weathered rock. Some results from field observations and geophysical surveys are also presented in the paper. A weathering classification and determination method is proposed for the Bukit Timah granite. Results from field and laboratory investigations of the weathering of the granite and material properties will be presented in Part B.     

Geological difficulties and countermeasures for socket diaphragm walls in weathered granite in Shenzhen,China

In Shenzhen, a complex series of folds and fractures, and intensive metamorphism took place during the pre-Caledonian, Caledonian, and Hercynian to Indosinian orogenies. Then, Yanshanian orogeny, with the most tectonic movement, occurred. Strong invasive activity of granitic magma, a massive blowout of acidic volcanic rock, and magmatism-related mineralisation are the features of Yanshanian orogeny. Moreover, deep faults were also developed and wide folds were formed. A large amount of granite rock was formed from the Yanshanian orogeny in Shenzhen. The outcrop area of the granite in Shenzhen reaches 760 km², almost covers 50 % of Shenzhen land area. Granite is primarily susceptible to chemical weathering. Though weathered, granite and solitary granite boulders are of high uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The weathered granite may be covered by Quaternary soil with low shear strength, such as backfill, sand, silty clay, and clay. The thickness of the Quaternary soil ranges from 0 to 40 m. Socket diaphragm walls are usually adopted during deep excavation construction in Shenzhen for their safety and low impact on the surrounding environment. When the excavation depth is increased, the socket diaphragm walls are embedded in weathered granite to a depth of between 3 and 10 m. However, the traditional socket diaphragm wall construction is only viable in soft ground, as it is not practical to penetrate hard weathered granite. As a consequence, difficulties arise during construction in the Shenzhen region, such as difficulty in breaking down the rock, socket diaphragm wall collapse and leakage. To solve these construction problems, countermeasures, such as monitoring, heavy hammer dropping, smooth blasting and a modified slurry, are proposed in this study. It can be concluded that the heavy hammer dropping method should be chosen to deal with weathered granite with a UCS of less than 50 MPa and the smooth blasting method should be adopted to deal with weathered granite with a UCS of more than 50 MPa. A case study of a metro station excavation using the smooth blasting method in Shenzhen is also introduced. The successful construction of the socket diaphragm walls demonstrates the applicability of the smooth blasting method.