Polarization mode dispersion in a single mode fiber

The Jones matrix method is used to measure the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of a large variety of single mode fibers in the 1500 nm range. The dependence of PMD on wavelength, time, and temperature are studied in two different regimes: adiabatic and isothermal. In the adiabatic regime, time dependent stresses are introduced in the fiber by subjecting it to large and rapid changes in temperature. In this regime it is shown that the probability density function of PMD, obtained as a function of temperature and wavelength, fits very closely the theoretically predicted Maxwellian function. In the isothermal regime, the temperature of the fiber is held constant and the stresses are allowed to relax to their long term steady state conditions. In this regime the PMD exhibits a strong dependence on wavelength but otherwise is a bounded function which is nearly stationary with time. Test and analysis of the deterministic PMD in a specially constructed polarization maintaining fiber are used to study the dependence of PMD on temperature and wavelength. Finally, the system implications of this PMD study are described briefly     

Polarization fluctuation measurements on installed single-modeoptical fiber cables

Measurements are reported of the polarization fluctuation observed at 1550 nm on samples of cable that Telecom Australia has installed in its interexchange network. The rate of polarization fluctuations is found to be slow, on the order of hours. The fluctuation in the polarization angle is typically in the range of 2-10° each day, with some changes up to about 25°. The results indicate there are no significant limitations on implementing polarization control in a coherent system receiver     

Chromatic dispersion distribution measurement along a single-modeoptical fiber

A nondestructive measurement technique, which uses a four-wavelength bidirectional optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to measure the chromatic dispersion distribution along a single-mode fiber, is compared with the destructive interferometric technique. The experimental results obtained by this technique are in good agreement with those obtained by the interferometric technique. In addition, a measurement procedure is proposed for a transmission line composed of different types of single-mode fiber. These results show that this technique is extremely useful for the design of wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) and finite difference multiplexer (FDM) optical communication systems     

单模光纤的偏振模色散及其测量原理

本文介绍单模光纤中偏振模色散的若干基本概念,以及偏振模色散的频域测量方法的原理.     

啁啾光纤光栅中偏振模色散的研究

首先介绍了不同种双折射率差Δn的光纤制成的啁啾光纤光栅中偏振模色散现象 ,然后说明了光栅中偏振模色散的大小与 Δ n的相关性 ,并阐述了对用于色散补偿作用的啁啾光纤光栅中偏振模色散的消除 (补偿 )方法 ,最后指出利用啁啾光纤光栅中大的偏振模色散对高速光通信系统传输线路中偏振模色散的补偿方法。     

偏振模色散的测量及补偿

用Sagnac干涉仪法和偏分孤子法对偏振模色散进行了测量,用偏振控制器和保偏光纤串接的方法成功地进行了偏振色散的补偿;分析了实验原理及其结果。     

高非线性光纤中并行交叉相位调制的偏振膜色散监测方法

利用信号光和插入的连续泵浦光之间产生的交叉相位调制（XPM）效应,提出了一种基于并联的XPM效应来监测光相位调制信号的一阶偏振模色散（PMD）的新技术。泵浦光的光谱会随着信号光中PMD和色散（CD）的变化而发生变化,所以导致泵浦光的光功率发生变化,在并联的一个支路中抑制PMD的影响,利用并联的两路同一波段泵浦光功率的差值来进行监测。仿真结果显示,新的技术可以实现对40 Gb/s非归零差分四相移相键控（NRZ-DQPSK）光信号从0~20 ps的监测。在20 ps的监测范围内,新技术的动态范围大于3 dB,可以用来进行准确的监测。对信号速率、色散、泵浦光功率和滤波器带宽对新技术的影响做了详细的研究。     

偏振模色散及其补偿

偏振模色散（PMD）是限制超高速光传输系统发展与应用的重要因素，文章分析了PMD对光传输系统速率和传输距离的限制，讨论了消除其影响的补偿方法。     

Polarization mode dispersion measurement in elliptical core single-mode fibers by a spatial technique

Polarization mode dispersion in elliptical core single-mode fibers has been measured by a spatial technique based on a visibility maximum position measurement in an interferometer. Using the technique, wavelength dependence of the modal dispersion has been measured by varying optical source wavelength between 821 and 904 nm. As a result, contribution of geometrical and strain birefringences on the modal dispersion has been evaluated, and normalized frequency dependence of the modal dispersion has been clarified. Moreover, the dispersion compensation effect has been observed by interchanging the fast and slow modes of two fibers at a splice point. The experimental results reveal that the spatial technique is very useful for polarization mode dispersion measurement.     

偏振模色散(PMD)自适应反馈补偿系统

文章报导了对2.5Gbit/s光纤通信系统的偏振模色散(PMD)快速自适应反馈补偿实验系统,该系统补偿55ps群时延所需补偿时间仅为1～2s.     

Rayleigh backscattering minimization in single fiber colorless WDM-PON using intensity remodulation technique

The performance of colorless wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network(WDM-PON) systems suffers from the transmission impairments mainly due to Rayleigh backscattering(RB).In this paper,we propose and demonstrate a single fiber colorless WDM-PON which enhances the tolerance to RB induced noise.The high extinction ratio in both return-to-zero(RZ)-shaped differential phase shift keying(DPSK) downstream(DS) data signal and intensity-remodulated upstream(US) data signal helps to improve the tolerance to RB induced noise.Simulation results show that downstream and upstream signals can achieve error-free performance at 10 Gbit/s with negligible penalty and improve the tolerance to RB induced noise over 25 km standard single-mode fiber.     

Optical fiber dispersion measurement technique using a streak camera

A novel optical fiber dispersion measurement technique using a streak camera is presented. The feature of the technique is that the relation of the group delay versus wavelength can be seen instantaneously without changing wavelength one after another. It is also presented that polarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion can be simultaneously obtained by using the technique.     

Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single-mode fibers

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in short and long single-mode fibers was measured by a polarization-maintaining Michelson interferometer. A nonnegligible PMD was found in some standard fibers. The sensitivity enables PMD to measure the bend-induced PMD of a fiber rolled on a 28-cm diameter drum. A theoretical model for PMD with random mode coupling is developed, and an explicit equation for the time-of-flight distribution is presented. Comparison between measurements on short and long fibers with residual birefringence leads to an estimation of the coupling length on the order of 20-30 m     

Adjustable compensation of polarization mode dispersion using ahigh-birefringence nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating

We demonstrate an adjustable polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD) compensator. The device uses a nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating written into a high-birefringence photosensitive fiber. By mechanically stretching the grating, the device generates a time delay between different polarizations that is adjustable from 100 to 320 ps and is tunable over 2.3 nm. We demonstrate tunable PMD compensation of a 10-Gb/s signal that has an initial delay between the two polarization states of 127 or 302 ps     

偏振模色散仿真器特性研究

光纤通信线路的偏振模色散已成为高速、长距离光纤通信系统发展的主要障碍之一 ,其特性、测量以及补偿方法的研究成为目前光纤通信研究热点之一。偏振模色散仿真器 ,用于仿真传输链路的偏振模色散特性 ,不仅可用于偏振模色散补偿器 ,也可用于高速长距离光纤通信系统的规划设计等。本文分析了光纤偏振模色散仿真器的研究现状 ,归纳总结了现有偏振模色散仿真器的设计原理和结构特征 ,并用蒙特卡罗法对常用的偏振模色散仿真器的特性进行了数值模拟     

Polarization mode dispersion measurements in an installed opticalfiber submarine cable

Highly accurate polarization mode dispersion (PMD) measurement using an interferometric detection technique with AC modulation is discussed. This technique, which searches for the interference fringe signal, was used to measure PMD in a 60 km long installed optical submarine cabled fiber 2500 m sea depth and to determine the fiber-length dependence of PMD. PMD measurement in 60-km-long installed optical submarine cabled fibers was confirmed to be less than about 0.7 ps. It was found that the fiber length dependence of the PMD measurement in the less than ~20-km-long cascaded uncabled fibers was proportional to √L; however, the PMD data in the long-length (over ~50 km long) fibers were slightly scattered     

Polarization mode dispersion detected by arrival time measurementof polarization-scrambled light

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) limits optical fiber capacity. PMD compensators usually minimize the associated eye closure. This measure scales with the square of the differential group delay (DGD) and makes it difficult to detect low DGDs. However, light with a low-speed polarization modulation suffers arrival time variations, in the presence of PMD, that are proportional to the DGD. These are detected by integrating the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) input signal of the clock recovery phase-locked loop (PLL). This novel method has been demonstrated for 40 Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and for 2×40 Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) polarization division multiplex transmission. PMD detection sensitivities range between 2 ps and 84 fs     

Design and characterization of dispersion compensating fiber basedon the LP01 mode

The practical implementation of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with gain at 1.55 μm allows long unrepeatered transmission distances. However, in order to realize high data rates over these distances with already installed standard single mode fiber, techniques must be found to overcome the pulse spreading due to the positive chromatic dispersion of the transmission fiber in this window, we review a compensation technique based on propagating the signals through a specially designed fiber with large negative dispersion for the LP₀₁ mode, thereby ending up with zero net pulse spreading. The basis of the concept are discussed and a key figure of merit for dispersion compensating devices is defined. The design and optimization of dispersion compensating (DC) fiber is described with special attention to practical concerns including packaging and manufacturability. We describe experimental fabrication results of DC fiber, results of using the fiber to make compact dispersion compensating modules, and the outcome of recent systems experiments incorporating the fiber     

Investigation of polarization dispersion in long lengths of single-mode fiber using multilongitudinal mode lasers

We have used multilongitudinal mode lasers to investigate the polarization properties of long lengths of single-mode fiber cable. We find that the individual longitudinal modes are >99-percent polarized after propagation through 54.6 km of cabled fiber; however, the different longitudinal modes have different states of polarization at the output. This difference is caused by polarization dispersion, and we estimate a propagation delay difference for the two principal states of polarization to be 0.42 ps in the 54.6 km of cabled fiber.