Experimental verification of nondiffracting X waves

The propagation of acoustic waves in isotropic/homogeneous media and electromagnetic waves in free space is governed by the isotropic/homogeneous (or free space) scalar wave equation. A zeroth-order acoustic X wave (axially symmetric) was experimentally produced with an acoustic annular array transducer. The generalized expression includes a term for the frequency response of the system and parameters for varying depth of field versus beam width of the resulting family of beams. Excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and experiment was obtained. An X wave of finite aperture driven with realizable (causal, finite energy) pulses is found to travel with a large depth of field (nondiffracting length).     

Temporal focusing by use of composite X waves

It is shown that highly focused pulses can be shaped by exciting a finite aperture with a spread-out pulse train of X waves. The basis of the proposed scheme is that the peaks of X waves, characterized by different apex angles, travel at different velocities. This property allows one to vary the temporal starting points of the initial excitations of a sequence of X waves so that all their peaks meet at a chosen focusing point. It is demonstrated that this simple criterion can be effective in producing a highly focused, composite X-wave pulse that exhibits a slower decay behavior than the individual X-wave components used in synthesizing it.     

Universal properties of kernel functions for probabilistic sensitivity analysis

Development of probabilistic sensitivities is frequently considered an essential component of a probabilistic analysis and often critical towards understanding the physical mechanisms underlying failure and modifying the design to mitigate and manage risk. One useful sensitivity is the partial derivative of the probability-of-failure and/or the system response with respect to the parameters of the independent input random variables. Calculation of these partial derivatives has been established in terms of an expected value operation (sometimes called the score function or likelihood ratio method). The partial derivatives can be computed with typically insignificant additional computational cost given the failure samples and kernel functions — which are the partial derivatives of the log of the probability density function (PDF) with respect to the parameters of the distribution. The formulation is general such that any sampling method can be used for the computation such as Monte Carlo, importance sampling, Latin hypercube, etc. In this paper, useful universal properties of the kernel functions that must be satisfied for all two parameter independent distributions are derived. These properties are then used to develop distribution-free analytical expressions of the partial derivatives of the response moments (mean and standard deviation) with respect to the PDF parameters for linear and quadratic response functions. These universal properties can be used to facilitate development and verification of the required kernel functions and to develop an improved understanding of the model for design considerations.     

Reflection and transmission of normally incident full-vector X waves on planar interfaces

The reflection and transmission of full-vector X waves normally incident on planar half-spaces and slabs are studied. For this purpose, X waves are expanded in terms of weighted vector Bessel beams; this new decomposition and reconstruction method offers a more lucid and intuitive interpretation of the physical phenomena observed upon the reflection or transmission of X waves when compared to the conventional plane-wave decomposition technique. Using the Bessel beam expansion approach, we have characterized changes in the field shape and the intensity distribution of the transmitted and reflected full-vector X waves. We have also identified a novel longitudinal shift, which is observed when a full-vector X wave is transmitted through a dielectric slab under frustrated total reflection condition. The results of our studies presented here are valuable in understanding the behavior of full-vector X waves when they are utilized in practical applications in electromagnetics, optics, and photonics, such as trap and tweezer setups, optical lithography, and immaterial probing.     

Quantum properties and dynamics of X states

X states are a broad class of two-qubit density matrices that generalize many states of interest in the literature. In this work, we give a comprehensive account of various quantum properties of these states, such as entanglement, negativity, quantum discord and other related quantities. Moreover, we discuss the transformations that preserve their structure both in terms of continuous time evolution and discrete quantum processes.     

Thermoluminescent and dosimetric properties of X ray phosphors

Rare earth doped oxide, phosphate, etc. are radioluminescent phosphors that have a broad application in X ray imaging, in luminescent screens, image transformers and in fluorescent lamp manufacturing. Some of them have interesting thermoluminescence features as well, which makes the phosphors applicable also in dosimetry. Two of these materials are Sr3(PO4)2 and BaFCl activated with europium. The general radioluminescence (RL) and thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of these materials was investigated earlier and the preliminary results have already been published elsewhere. The aim of the present work is to investigate the interesting properties of these phosphors mainly from a dosimetric point of view (sensitivity, dose dependence, etc.).     

Controlling the properties of surface acoustic waves using graphene

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are elastic waves that propagate on the surface of a solid, much like waves on the ocean, with SAW devices used widely in communication and sensing. The ability to dynamically control the properties of SAWs would allow the creation of devices with improved performance or new functionality. However, so far it has proved extremely difficult to develop a practical way of achieving this control. In this paper we demonstrate voltage control of SAWs in a hybrid graphene-lithium niobate device. The velocity shift of the SAWs was measured as the conductivity of the graphene was modulated using an ion-gel gate, with a 0.1% velocity shift achieved for a bias of approximately 1 V. This velocity shift is comparable to that previously achieved in much more complicated hybrid semiconductor devices, and optimization of this approach could therefore lead to a practical, cost-effective voltage-controlled velocity shifter. In addition, the piezoelectric fields associated with the SAW can also be used to trap and transport the charge carriers within the graphene. Uniquely to graphene, we show that the acoustoelectric current in the same device can be reversed, and switched off, using the gate voltage.

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Interface acoustic waves properties in some common crystal cuts

Interface acoustic waves (IAWs), also termed boundary waves, propagate at the interface between two solids. We present two IAW numerical analysis tools, inspired from well established surface acoustic wave (SAW) methods. First, the interface effective permittivity is derived for arbitrary piezoelectric solids and is used to estimate some basic parameters of IAWs. The harmonic admittance for an interface excitation is then derived from the interface effective permittivity, in much the same way the harmonic admittance for surface excitation is obtained from the (surface) effective permittivity. The finite electrode thickness is neglected in this problem analysis. The harmonic admittance is used to model propagation in the case when an infinite periodic interdigital transducer is located at the interface. Simulation results are commented upon for some usual piezoelectric material cuts and the paper outlines a modal selection specific to IAWs as compared with SAWs. The temperature dependence of the resonance frequency is also estimated.     

Propagation properties of longitudinal leaky surface waves on lithium tetraborate

Theoretical and experimental results of longitudinal leaky surface waves with a higher phase velocity than that of ordinary leaky surface waves and a low propagation loss on lithium tetraborate (LBO) are investigated in detail. They propagate along the surface with a phase velocity close to that of longitudinal bulk wave, slightly radiating two kinds of shear bulk waves (or one shear bulk wave in the case that one of two shear wave terms is uncoupled) into the solid. Most surface components of the mode consist of a longitudinal wave term and an electromagnetic wave term. The detailed propagation properties of the longitudinal leaky surface waves on LBO with the Euler angles (phi, theta, 90 degrees ) are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The (011) cut of LBO was found to be desirable for higher frequency SAW devices. One of the reasons why that mode on LBO has a low propagation loss is also discussed.     

Some properties of a hybrid element method for water waves

Two properties of hybrid element method for diffraction and radiation of water waves are examined. For long waves in shallow water the method is shown to give a unique solution for all frequencies. Thus, unlike several other known methods, there are no irregular frequencies for which the approximating matrix equation is singluar. For a sea of arbitrary depth, it is shown that all known global identities such as reciprocity and energy theorems are preserved by the discrete solution. Thus, satisfaction of these identities by the numerical solution is only a necessary but by no means sufficient condition for accuracy.     

圆柱阵主动声纳空时混响仿真及空时特性分析

经典的单元散射模型混响仿真方法无法应用于主动声纳空时自适应处理（space-time adaptive processing,STAP）算法研究。提出了一种基于单元散射模型的适合主动声纳STAP算法研究的圆柱阵混响仿真方法。根据声纳发射信号的距离和多普勒分辨力将海洋空间划分成若干个散射单元,将每个散射单元对各个通道混响的贡献在时域分别进行求和,得到各个通道的混响时间序列。仿真综合考虑了多种影响混响的因素,包括发射信号的参数、声呐平台的运动、海洋环境等。对仿真结果的空时特性进行了分析,结果表明仿真数据能够满足STAP算法研究的需要。     

Preparation and properties of polyurethane/zeolite 13X composites

The pre-polymerization method was used to prepare polyurethane/zeolite 13X (PU/13X) composites. The effects of zeolite 13X content and its surface organic modification on the mechanical properties of composites were investigated. It was demonstrated that the mechanical properties of PU/13X composites were better than that of pure PU. The surface organic modification of zeolite 13X had no obvious effect on the mechanical properties of PU/13X composites. The optimal tensile strength and tear strength were obtained with 3–5% and 5–7% zeolite 13X loading, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the decomposition temperature of PU/13X composites increased in comparison with pure PU. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) suggested a lower glass transition temperature (T_g) and better micro-phase separation of soft and hard segments in PU/13X composites. Besides, PU/13X composites had excellent solvent resistance performance.     

The mechanical properties of (SN)X single crystals

The compression stress-strain behaviour of single crystals of sulphur nitride, (SN)_x, a metallic polymer, was measured in the ambient environment. Measurements were made both parallel and perpendicular to the chain axis on crystals which were about 1 mm in size. The plastic stress-strain behaviour resembled that of a highly anisotropic metal. Deformation to large strains produced a fibrilated structure which graphically exhibits the polymeric nature of (SN)_x. Young's moduli parallel and perpendicular to the chain were 21 and 1.4 GPa respectively. An analysis of the possible slip systems in (SN)_x indicated that there is only one easy glide system, (1 0 0) [0 0 1].Supported by the National Science Foundation MRL Program under Grant No. DMR 76-80994.     

Surface transverse waves: properties, devices, and analysis

Surface transverse waves represent a new generation of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) family that offers advantageous properties without further demand for new materials or improved design and technology. The most effective activity in the surface transverse wave (STW) area has been realized during the last decade with high-performance devices achieved and analytical methods developed. The present paper reviews the basic achievements in historical and factual order. A state-of-the-art introduction is combined with discussion on the development tendencies with specific emphasis on sensor technology.