Consolidation and Warpage Deformation Finite Element Analysis of Filament Wound Tubes

This paper presents a process model for simulating the manufacturing process of prepreg filament wound composite tubes developed based on the finite element analysis. The model relates the process variables, such as degree of cure, viscosity, material property and temperature etc., to the parameters characterizing (residual stresses, warpage deformation) the composite tube and the mandrel. From the simulating results, several important trends in both the data and model are observed (1) Low temperature will go with low reaction rate and the reaction starts under low temperature will later compared with high temperature; (2) The results using CHILE model after demolding will smaller than the one using linear elasticity which assumes a stress-free prior to cool-down. After the mandrel (mold) is removed, some residual stresses, especially hoop stress will be released. (3) Remarkable stress concentration appeared in the transition zone between the boss and cylinder. In order to prevent the structural failure due to interlaminar shear or delamination, both the outer surface of the cylinder and the inner of the boss should have the same ply orientation angle.     

Vacuum Processing Technique for Development of Primary Standard Blackbodies

Blackbody sources with nearly unity emittance that are in equilibrium with a pure freezing metal such as gold, silver, or copper are used as primary standard sources in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Recently, a facility using radio-frequency induction heating for melting and filling the blackbody crucible with the freeze metal under vacuum conditions was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The blackbody development under a vacuum environment eliminated the possibility of contamination of the freeze metal during the process. The induction heating, compared to a resistively heated convection oven, provided faster heating of crucible and resulted in shorter turn-around time of about 7 h to manufacture a blackbody. This paper describes the new facility and its application to the development of fixed-point blackbodies.     

纤维缠绕中的十字型管曲面的几何造型方法

管形曲面是在不同柱面间进行光滑过渡而生成的各种复合曲面。十字型管是管道工业中重要的连接元件。纤维缠绕要求十字型管曲面形状尽可能简单以便易于制作,文章提出了以低次曲面作为过渡曲面的十字型通管的造型方法,该方法采用简单明了的数学表示来生成过渡曲面,而且可以直观地控制过渡曲面的形状。     

Analytical Model for Energy Absorption and Plastic Collapse of Thin-Walled Grooved Frusta Tubes

In the present study, an analytical model for axisymmetric axial crushing of thin-walled frusta tubes containing annular grooves is presented. In this innovative geometrical design model, to encourage axisymmetric collapsing mode, circumferential grooves are cut from the outer and inner surfaces of frusta at determined intervals. Theoretical formulations are presented for predicting the energy absorption and mean crushing load. In order to verify these analytical results, quasi-static compression tests are performed. The results of this research indicate good agreement between the theory and experimental findings. The proposed method could be a good candidate as a controllable shock absorber in impact applications.     

Mode II Interlaminar Fracture of Filament Wound Angle-ply Specimens

This paper presents a study of the interlaminar fracture of filament wound composites. Mode II end notched flexure (ENF) tests were performed on flat glass/polyester specimens. The tested specimens had asymmetric [±]₄ angle-ply stacking-sequences, with values from 0.8° (hoop winding) to 30°. Due to the low stiffness and probable high toughness, it was not possible to propagate the crack in [±60°]₄ specimens before they suffered considerable permanent deformations. A short support span had to be employed for [±30°]₄ specimens in order to obtain crack propagation. Nevertheless, the results for those specimens should be viewed with caution, as some nonlinear behaviour and small permanent deformations were detected. No other unusual features, such as crack jumping to other interface, were observed. The scatter in the critical strain energy release rate values (G _IIc ) was higher for [±10°]₄ and [±30°]₄ specimens than for the quasi-unidirectional ones. G _IIc values from the insert were generally lower than those from mode II pre-cracks, except for quasi-unidirectional specimens. A plot of average G _IIc values against showed a minimum at =5°.     

Damage Model and Progressive Failure Analyses for Filament Wound Composite Laminates

Recent improvements in manufacturing processes and materials properties associated with excellent mechanical characteristics and low weight have made composite materials very attractive for application on civil aircraft structures. However, even new designs are still very conservative, because the composite failure phenomenon is very complex. Several failure criteria and theories have been developed to describe the damage process and how it evolves, but the solution of the problem is still open. Moreover, modern filament winding techniques have been used to produce a wide variety of structural shapes not only cylindrical parts, but also “flat” laminates. Therefore, this work presents the development of a damage model and its application to simulate the progressive failure of flat composite laminates made using a filament winding process. The damage model was implemented as a UMAT (User Material Subroutine), in ABAQUS^TM Finite Element (FE) framework. Progressive failure analyses were carried out using FE simulation in order to simulate the failure of flat filament wound composite structures under different loading conditions. In addition, experimental tests were performed in order to identify parameters related to the material model, as well as to evaluate both the potential and the limitations of the model. The difference between numerical and the average experimental results in a four point bending set-up is only 1.6 % at maximum load amplitude. Another important issue is that the model parameters are not so complicated to be identified. This characteristic makes this model very attractive to be applied in an industrial environment.     

真空热处理的发展与关键技术

介绍了真空淬火，真空回火，真空和离子化学热处理的最新发展及关键技术，提出了真空热处理研究发展方向。     

预应力作用下的薄壁二极铁真空室模态分析

真空室受到外界激励时会产生振动,当外界激励频率接近真空室的固有频率时就会产生共振。真空室作为束流运行的场所,如果发生共振不但会影响真空系统的气密性还可能会引起结构的损伤破坏。本文结合薄壁二极铁真空室的实际使用工况,采用有限元软件分析了二极铁真空室的自由振动模态及预应力作用下的模态,得出了在自由振动情况下结构的前6阶模态固有频率基本为0,属于刚体模态,在预应力作用下结构前6阶模态固有频率在400-720 Hz范围内,并且第1和第2阶模态为整体模态,其模态特征主要集中在结构中间的薄壁和加强筋上,第3-6阶模态为局部模态,其模态特征主要集中在结构侧面的加强筋上。     

真空测量技术发展溯源

文中以确切的资料信息介绍了真空测量技术创始以来的发展过程，使人们永记住这些在此领域做出突出贡献的劳动者以及他们的科学成就。     

Intrinsic Safety Factors for Glass & Carbon Fibre Composite Filament Wound Structures

The determination of intrinsic safety factors for glass and carbon fibre unidirectional composites and filament wound internally pressurised structures, is described. In such structures the fibres are placed on geodesic paths and the pressure induces tensile forces in them. The fibres ensure the strength of the composite and must break for it to fail. Failure is seen in such structures, to depend mainly on the accumulation of fibre breaks. These are initially randomly distributed but become critical when clusters of breaks develop. Long term behaviour of carbon fibre composites is controlled by the viscoelastic relaxation of the matrix around breaks, which can lead to further delayed fibre breaks. Failure in glass fibre structures can additionally be induced by stress corrosion of the glass fibres. This process does not seem to occur with carbon fibres and as the latter are increasingly used in critical structures emphasis is given to them. Until the development of clusters of fibre breaks, in a filament wound structure, no macroscopic changes in the composite behaviour are evident so that failure occurs in a sudden death manner. Multi-scale simulation, taking into account the characteristics of the composite components and scaling up their behaviour under load, accurately describes the overall behaviour of the composite structure. This approach not only allows the behaviour to be described, as a function of time, but also calculates the scatter which will occur in the behaviour of the structure. This allows the intrinsic safety factors of the composite structure to be quantified.     

Finite Element Simulation on the Spin-forming of the 3D Non-axisymmetric Thin-Walled Tubes

The roller movement trace for the 3D non-axisymmetric thin-walled tubes is a complex space curve. Besides the roller rotation caused by contact with the blank, the roller rotates around the workpiece together with the main spindle, and also moves simultaneously along the direction of the revolution radius. The method to correctly establish the finite element (FE) models of the metal spinning is based on the MSC. MARC software was introduced. The calculation formulas considering both the revolution and rotation of the roller were obtained by the mathematical deduction. The saving calculation points m should be a multiple of 4 for one revolution of the roller around the workpiece to obtain the maximum forming force for the spinning of the 3D non-axisymmetric thin-walled tubes. The simulation results conform well to the experimental ones for several spinning methods; the maximum error is less than ±15%.     

基于圆环和等强度截面的纤维缠绕环形容器设计与分析

复合材料环形压力容器以其特有的结构形状得到了日益广泛的应用.目前关于纤维缠绕环形容器的研究主要局限于测地线缠绕圆环截面容器.由于环形容器的结构效率取决于它的管截面形状,所以使用圆环截面的环形容器无法实现等强度结构.本文提出了分别使用圆环截面和等强度截面的环形压力容器设计方法,并对二者进行了比较.基于最小应变能准则,得到了缠绕层铺设角和环壳内力间的最优化关系.根据网格理论,考虑截面缠绕层的厚度变化,导出了圆环容器缠绕的最优线型.引入应力比,分析了环壳上纤维的应力分布.描述了等强度经线曲线的一般形状,分析了轴向截荷对等强度曲线形状的影响.计算结果表明当轴向载荷达到一定数值时,等强度曲线能够实现闭合形成环形容器.进一步计算和比较了两种截面形状的环形压力容器在不同相对弯曲半径下的结构质量.研究表明,使用等强度截面设计的环形容器比使用圆环截面的环形容器要轻的多.通过等强度截面设计,环形压力容器的结构性能得到了明显的提高.     

一种多路外渗式湿度发生器的研制

介绍了一种多路外渗式湿度发生器的工作原理及研制过程.详细阐述了多路外渗式湿度发生器的渗透管选择、多渗透管气路选通方法及硬件结构.通过试验验证,证明了该装置工作准确可靠.     

薄壁结构弯扭耦合振动分析

本文考虑转动惯量、剪切变形和翘曲,讨论了用迁移矩阵法分析薄壁结构的弯扭耦合振动问题。文中讨论了断面突变处的协调条件及端部封板对振动特性的影响。算例表明,本文的理论和方法是可靠的。     

镁合金管件热态内压成形研究进展

首先简介了热态内压成形国内外研究现状,然后重点介绍了哈尔滨工业大学在热态内压成形装置和镁合金热态内压成形方面的研究进展.所研制的热态内压成形装置可在一定温度下实现镁合金大膨胀率变径管、弯曲轴线变截面管的研制.采用AZ31B镁合金管材获得膨胀率30%,最大减薄率6.7%的变径管件;采用AZ61A镁合金管材试制了正方形截面件和某轿车样件,采用AZ31镁合金管材试制了截面带有小圆角的管件.介绍了上述样件的工艺过程,表明镁合金热态内压成形工艺具有广阔的应用前景.     

基于ANSYS Workbench的薄壁二极铁真空室优化设计

薄壁二极铁真空室由于其特殊的作用被应用在HIAF装置的部分位置, 由于真空室的壁非常薄, 在抽真空状态下易变形, 因此对其进行有限元分析明确其在抽真空状态下的应力、变形情况很有必要。本文利用ANSYS Workbench对薄壁二极铁真空室进行结构静力分析, 在静力分析的基础上对真空室进行多目标优化及结构优化得到了最佳设计点和可以减少的质量, 为薄壁二极铁真空室的后续设计提供一定的参考。     

紫外固化技术在微型直接甲醇燃料电池封装中的应用

为了提高燃料电池的有效面积比并减少封装用时,采用紫外固化技术成功封装了微型直接甲醇燃料电池.首先基于非硅MEMS工艺制作了带有封装孔的燃料电池集流板,然后组装燃料电池并在封装孔和两集流板间缝隙中注入紫外固化胶,最后用紫外灯照射30s完成封装.实验结果显示,电池在室温、全被动、3mol/L甲醇的条件下,峰值功率密度为2.1mW/cm^2,内阻为800mΩ.cm^2.这说明紫外固化封装技术对微型直接甲醇燃料电池来说是一种有效的方法,并有望应用于其他MEMS器件的封装.     

缠绕图型对纤维缠绕复合材料力学性能影响的有限元模拟

针对纤维缠绕复合材料结构中存在纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替的特点,建立了一种分析缠绕图型对缠绕复合材料结构力学性能影响的有限元方法。采用ABAQUS有限元软件,分析了考虑纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替后缠绕复合材料圆柱壳的应力、应变分布规律,并且研究了缠绕图型对缠绕圆柱壳屈曲临界载荷的影响。结果表明:采用层合板模型计算得到的圆柱壳的应力分布比较均匀;考虑纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替后,缠绕复合材料圆柱壳的应力不再均匀分布,应力云图出现规则分布的菱形图案,在菱形区域中纤维交叉起伏和铺层走向交替处的应力有明显的波动。本实验有限元模型中的菱形特征单元可以反映缠绕复合材料纤维交叉起伏和铺层走向交替的实际情况。     

结合流通环境对大米真空包装技术的研究

文中主要讨论大米真空保鲜包装技术所存在的问题及解决方法.目前我国大米销售包装常采用抽真空作为保鲜技术,虽然真空包装在对大米的贮藏和销售过程中有一定的保鲜作用,但在流通过程中破袋率较高.文中从大米真空包装的真空度出发,结合流通环境来研究大米真空包装最佳真空度.     

单双层加热结构对纳米金刚石膜形貌及摩擦性能的影响

采用热丝化学气相沉积方法研究了CH4/H2体系不同沉积气压以及不同加热结构对金刚石薄膜组成及形貌的影响,并对其摩擦磨损性能进行了检测。结果表明:通过降低反应气体的压力和选择适当的碳源浓度的方法,可以获得纳米金刚石薄膜;采用双层丝加热,可以使颗粒尺寸及表面粗糙度控制在12 nm左右,并具有更低的摩擦系数,更好的耐磨性能。