Geothermal energy in Australia

Although Australia is not usually associated with geothermal energy, it possesses significant amounts of both conventional (wet) geothermal and hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources. The country's conventional geothermal resources are extensive, but are low temperature and are located in areas of low population density with the result that they are not used extensively for either electricity generation or for direct heating. Australia's HDR resources, on the other hand, represent a world-class resource but have not been used to date because the technology for converting HDR resources into electricity is not yet fully commercial. The effort being directed towards exploring economically useful HDR resources and in the development of technology to convert this energy resource into electricity could make HDR resources an important part of Australia's energy mix in the near future, but there are major barriers.     

A simple data reduction method for pumping tests with tidal,partial penetration,and storage effects

Single-well and group-well pumping tests were undertaken in a deep gravel formation of the Taipei basin to determine the hydraulic parameters and better understand the drawdown characteristics across the basin. The periodic drawdown fluctuation due to tidal loading from the overlying river resulted in a difficulty in determining the hydraulic parameters by those conventionally used graphic techniques. In addition, many other site-specific influencing factors, such as the partial penetration effect and the large diameter of the wells, had to be considered. In this paper, a simple data reduction method was presented to resolve the above-mentioned complications. It was demonstrated that the drawdown data induced by group-well pumping were well predicted using the shifted drawdown curve deduced by the proposed method.     

Identification of tidal and climatic influences within domestic radon time-series from Northamptonshire, UK

Analysis of data from extended radon concentration time-series obtained from domestic and public-sector premises in the vicinity of Northampton, UK, and elsewhere, confirms that, in addition to the generally recognised climatic influences, 'Earth Tides' and 'Ocean Tidal Loading' drive periodic radon liberation via geophysically driven groundwater level variations. Regression and cross-correlation with environmental parameters showed some degree of association between radon concentration and mean temperature and rainfall. Fourier analysis of radon time-series identified periodicities of the order of 23.9 h (luni-solar diurnal, K(1)), 24.0 h (solar day, S(1)), 168 h (1 week) and 661.3 h (lunar month, M(m)), while cross-correlation with tidal strength demonstrated periodicity of the order of 14 days (lunar-solar fortnight, M(f)). These results suggest that astronomical influences, including tides, play a part in controlling radon release from the soil.     

Hybrid utilization of renewable energy and fuel cells for residential energy systems

This paper describes field experiments and numerical simulations on hybrid utilization of renewable energy and fuel cells for a residential energy system. It presents results of empirical testing and evaluation of hybrid utilization involving solar energy. First, field experiments were conducted on an electric power and domestic hot water supply system that uses both solar energy and fuel cells. The system achieved a large amount of reduction in primary energy consumption compared with conventional systems. Secondly, a simulation was performed on the optimum scale and effect of introduction of the system. The simulation results proposed the optimum capacities of the solar energy utilization and fuel cells to minimize primary energy consumption of the system.     

提供绿色节能建筑的解决方案:海德鲁建筑系统

今天,越来越多的人关注开发绿色建筑,这些建筑可以减少因使用对自然界产生的影响。建筑师和设计师不得不考虑除了创新建筑设计的理念外的一些其它需求,如节能、节省开支和实现高生活标准。海德鲁建筑系统可以提供最优化的建筑解决方案,为绿色建筑开发     

Considerations for nuclear power in Australia

The world's demand for energy will rise over the next 50 years with the economic development of countries outside the OECD. But the world has consumed about half of its endowment of conventional oil and it appears unlikely that further increases in the consumption rate of oil will be possible. A similar situation is likely to occur with natural gas reserves soon. In addition efforts to curb the production of greenhouse gases will require the reduction of the use of conventional coal-fired power-stations. Nuclear power emits less than 1% of the greenhouse gases of fossil fuel source power and its fuel source, uranium, is abundant. This article examines the prospects for the use of nuclear power within Australia over the next 50 years.     

Assessment of climate change impact on residential building heating and cooling energy requirement in Australia

This study investigated the potential impact of climate change on the heating and cooling (H/C) energy requirements of residential houses in five regional climates varying from cold to hot humid in Australia. Nine General Circulation Models (GCMs) under three carbon emission scenarios were applied to project the local climate. It was found that significant climate change impact on H/C energy requirements may occur within the lifespan of existing housing stock. The total H/C energy requirement of newly constructed 5 star houses is projected to vary significantly in the range of −26% to 101% by 2050 and −48% to 350% by 2100 given the A1B, A1FI and 550 ppm stabilisation emission scenarios, dependent on the existing regional climate. In terms of percentage change, houses in an H/C balanced temperate climate such as Sydney is found to be the most sensitive to climate change, potentially posing more pressures on the capacity of local energy supply. It was also found that energy efficient or high star rating houses may experience less absolute changes in energy requirement. However, they appear to experience higher percentage changes in the total H/C energy requirement. Especially in the regions with an H/C balanced temperate climate such as Sydney, the increase in the total H/C energy requirement is projected up to 120% and 530% for a 7 star house when the global temperature increases 2 °C and 5 °C respectively. The high sensitivity to global warming may need to be considered in the planning of future energy requirement for energy efficient buildings.     

Marine Renewables: wave and tidal current technology progress

Wave and tidal current power technologies are developing rapidly around the world, with over 60 projects underway, about a third of them in the UK. How quickly they can deliver commercial energy will depend not just of the success of technologists and developers in meeting the practical challenges, but also on the level of financial and institutional support given to help them become economic. The potential is significant—at least 20% of UK electricity could come from these sources, and similar contributions could be made elsewhere in the world, with, in general, relatively low environmental impacts. This paper reviews progress so far.     

Effect of non-aqueous phase liquid on biodegradation of PAHs in spilled oil on tidal flat

Biodegradation rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spilled oil stranded on tidal flats were evaluated using model reactors to clarify the effects of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) on the biodegradation of PAHs in stranded oil on tidal flat with special emphasis on the relationship between dissolution rates of PAHs into water and viscosity of NAPL. Biodegradation of PAHs in NAPL was limited by the dissolution rates of PAHs into water. Biodegradation rate of chrysene was smaller than that of acenaphtene and phenanthrene due to the smaller dissolution rates. Dissolution rates of PAHs in fuel oil C were smaller than those in crude oil due to high viscosity of fuel oil C. Hence, biodegradation rates of PAHs in fuel oil C were smaller than those in crude oil. Biodegradation rates of PAHs in NAPL with slow rate of decrease like fuel oil C was slower than those in NAPL with rapid rate of decrease like crude oil. The smaller rate of decrease of fuel oil C than crude oil was due to the higher viscosity of fuel oil C. Therefore, not only the dissolution rate of PAHs but also the rates of decrease of NAPL were important factors for the biodegradation of PAHs.     

关于电气节能在民用建筑工程中的运用

在分析当前中国电气节能技术状况的基础上,对照明节能、供配电系统节能等进行了论述,提出了减少变压器与线路损耗措施,最后对民用建筑工程中电气节能技术的发展空间进行了展望。     

建筑节能与建筑设计中的新能源利用

针对当前国内外建筑节能状况进行了简要介绍,从建筑节能的途径入手,探讨了建筑节能的具体措施,提出一种依赖太阳能供暖的建筑物构思,并作了具体阐述,对促进建筑节能工作的深入开展具有积极意义。     

Long-term impact of water desalination plants on the energy and carbon dioxide balance of Victoria,Australia: a case study from Wonthaggi

In 2007, the state government of Victoria, Australia, announced plans to build a large desalination plant with a capacity of 150 million m³ per year of desalinated water. Currently, the only feasible source for significant expansion of the greenhouse-gas neutral (GGN) energy generation in the state is wind power. A criterion for GGN of a desalination plant has been formulated. In a case of no greenhouse gas contribution from the desalination plant, the criterion is satisfied if the annual growth of the electrical energy generated by GGN sources is around 6–9% for the period 2010–2070. Higher annual growth of 18% for the period 2008–2015, 8% annually for the period 2015–2035 and 6% annual growth thereafter are required if the desalination plant is contributing to the greenhouse-gas balance of the state.     

制砖过程中的电耗分析与节能措施

对某砖厂制砖工艺过程中的耗电量进行调研,并对调研结果及其产生原因进行了综合分析,进而探讨其节能途径,提高经济效益。分析表明:该工厂的电耗具有很大的节能潜力,具体应该从干燥窑送热和排潮风机运行管理、以及混合料的破碎过程这两个工序进行改造。     

天然气分布式能源系统的能源综合利用效率计算

能源综合利用效率是评价分布式能源系统热经济性的重要指标,相关文件关于该效率的计算方法因不区分冷热电能品位而受到质疑。对两个承担常见负荷、采用典型动力设备的天然气分布式能源系统进行分析,并将其与系统实际的能源产量比较,发现该效率值对系统热经济性的评估不具客观性与合理性,认为将该效率指标与经济杆杠相结合的做法或将分布式能源系统集成与运行设计引导至错误方向。     

Modelling Escherichia coli concentrations in the tidal Scheldt river and estuary

Recent observations in the tidal Scheldt River and Estuary revealed a poor microbiological water quality and substantial variability of this quality which can hardly be assigned to a single factor. To assess the importance of tides, river discharge, point sources, upstream concentrations, mortality and settling a new model (SLIM-EC) was built. This model was first validated by comparison with the available field measurements of Escherichia coli (E. coli, a common fecal bacterial indicator) concentrations. The model simulations agreed well with the observations, and in particular were able to reproduce the observed long-term median concentrations and variability. Next, the model was used to perform sensitivity runs in which one process/forcing was removed at a time. These simulations revealed that the tide, upstream concentrations and the mortality process are the primary factors controlling the long-term median E. coli concentrations and the observed variability. The tide is crucial to explain the increased concentrations upstream of important inputs, as well as a generally increased variability. Remarkably, the wastewater treatment plants discharging in the study domain do not seem to have a significant impact. This is due to a dilution effect, and to the fact that the concentrations coming from upstream (where large cities are located) are high. Overall, the settling process as it is presently described in the model does not significantly affect the simulated E. coli concentrations.     

浅论建筑节能

主要阐述了我国目前建筑节能的情况,并指出近期的工作目标,提出了建筑节能的有效技术措施,从而在保证和提高建筑舒适性的前提下,不断提高能源利用效率。     

泵站节能改造探索与实践

介绍了天津水司水源厂在水泵选型和节能改造方面的一些实践经验和体会,提出水泵的合理选型是降低电耗的有效途径.     

热电冷三联供燃气发动机热泵系统能量利用的分析和研究

介绍了燃气发动机热泵系统的工作原理，建立了冬季供热运行和夏季制冷运行工况下的一次能源利用系数的计算公式，分析了提高能源利用系数的有效途径。     

住宅能耗现状及节能措施

简述了我国住宅建设的能耗现状及其节能潜力,提出四条可行的有效的节能措施。