健康生活导向下的西方城市公共空间发展研究

以健康生活导向视角追溯西方发达国家城市公共空间发展历程,基于各自不同历史背景、医学模式、公共空间类别及健康生活实现方式,将其归纳为3个重要阶段:神圣敬畏的"公共园林"启蒙期、改善公共健康的城市公共空间发展期、开启多元健康的生活方式成熟期;由此揭示健康生活导向下西方城市公共空间呈现从"单一维度"到"多维融合"、从"消极被动补给"到"积极主动引导"、从"公共"到"共享"的3个发展转变趋势。旨在推动我国以人民健康幸福生活为导向的公园城市建设健康有序发展。     

The religion of the mithras cult in the roman empire mysteries of the unconquered sun Beck,Roger

ABSTRACT

For most of its history, candomblé was a marginal and persecuted spirit possession cult. From the 1920s onward, however, the cult evolved into the “trademark” of Bahia, a state in northeastern Brazil. The color white—a spotless and impeccable white—has come to dominate the public face of the cult: evoking positive connotations such as cleanliness and purity, the color helped to portray candomblé as the splendid cultural heritage of the Bahian state as well as a respectable African religion. However, the “politics of white” has always been intersected by a “poetics of white,” as Bahian artists, writers, and other image producers sought to destabilize the condoned meanings of white. Hinting at that which is absent from the impeccable surfaces of candomblé's public appearance, this “poetics of white” produced a layered public understanding of the cult. As people engage in speculations over the “true” candomblé that lies hidden behind its public façade, claims to be “in the know” reconfigure the notion of cultural capital, and new standards of belonging come into being.     

A Typology of Age-Specific Net Migration Rate Distributions

This article presents a typology of net age-specific migration patterns that are derived from “fundamental” directional migration patterns. The typology is related to places which have characteristics suggestive of commonplace rubrics such as “central cities,” “suburbs,” and so on. To test our migration typology, we compared theoretical migration rate distributions to archetypical empirical examples and found that the shapes were similar. It is suggested that these distributional forms may be of use to the planner in the creation or evaluation of population projections as well as in the understanding of past social and economic conditions of an area.     

Tenants' involvement in the management of social housing in the Nordic countries

Public participation was introduced in the period 1970–1975 at all planning levels of the Danish planning system, i.e. for regional and municipal comprehensive planning and for local district plans and urban renewal plans. This article focuses upon why public participation was introduced at all planning levels, how it was introduced, the distribution and quality of participation, and the progress in quality. Special emphasis is given to the handling of the “agenda problem”, i.e. who decides what is on the agenda when a planning proposal is discussed in public. In conclusion, some prevailing problems and perspectives are outlined.     

The conditions for successful automated collaboration in construction

A building assignment is a complex task that demands collaborative working if added value is to be achieved for users and society.The problem today is that the building object is a combination of design results, because the collaborative working is not well organized or well managed as a result of a lack of insight into relevant process variables.This study used desk research and case study research to identify variables that have an active relationship with collaborative working in design meetings.The variables that describe a design meeting were established by analyzing 37 meetings during the product and production design phases of a prototype of an industrial, flexible, and demountable building system.The result of this study is that the variables “Aim of meeting,” “Control of meeting,” “Participants,” “Tools,” and “Outcomes” are a suitable set to describe successful collaborative working in design meetings.     

Towards a general theory of public and private facility location

Theories of public facility locations have followed a rather haphazard pattern. The prevailing “emptiness” reflects the varying kinds of public facilities requiring location. It also reflects the personal-social behavioral basis which underscores selection of public facility locations. The present paper sets forth a new approach along the lines of welfare economics towards the end of determining the factors (such as demand, cost, welfare (or utility), etc.) which underscore public facility location patterns. In the process of developing our model, the approach is shown to dovetail with that applicable to locations of private enterprises. What in many respects is a general theory of facility location is thereby established herein.     

兰溪传统民居的构成序列

该文从兰溪传统村落的广场，街亭，骑楼，庙宇，及道路，水系等公共空间的主要构成要素，祠堂，住宅的院落空间序列及其建筑的梁架，屋面，斗拱，柱子，地面，装修等结构方面探讨了兰溪传统民居的构成序列。     

Innovative Practices in Large Urban Development Projects: Conflicting Frames in the Quest for “New Urbanity”

Large urban development projects are at the forefront of scholarly attention. This article aims at complementing critical analyses of urban projects from a political-economic perspective with an analysis centred on planning agency and practice. The focus is on the role of innovative planning concepts in the governance process. The question raised is: how can discourse on the urban quality of places affect collective choices in a reflective way, possibly leading to integrating private interests within ambitious public strategies?

The question is addressed by analysing planning of large urban projects as a “framing” practice, intended in a dual sense: as a practice defining arenas and forms of interaction, and as a practice conveying ideas, visions, concepts of “urbanity”. The case study presented—the Zuidas in Amsterdam—is interpreted as the scene of conflicting frames about the “public” meaning of places and as the contradictory struggle for framing collective action by means of innovative planning concepts. The analysis highlights the limits of framing approaches that do not adequately address the multiplicity of arenas and interactions involved in the governance of urban transformations.     

满足认知与审美需求的城市公共空间

从现代主义建筑运动开始,“功能”一词就经常在理论界被提及,其同时与空间使用者的需求相关。美国乔恩·朗在所著的《城市设计：美国的经验》中基于亚伯拉罕·马斯洛提出的基本的人性化需求增加了认知与审美需求,对建筑及城市空间的功能作出了新的定义。尊重人的行为活动和多样性需求的建筑和城市空间有助于促进公共活动的发生和公共空间活力的建立。基于重新定义的满足认知和审美需求的功能性的城市空间的理论,以及满足人们在日常城市生活中通过功能性的公共空间实现其需求的目标,本文对认知和审美需求和相关的城市设计要素进行解读;同时作者结合丹麦建筑师扬·盖尔提出的城市空间人性化设计手法探讨其中与满足认知和审美需求之间的关系;最后作者探讨了城市空间设计手法和案例来说明如何建立满足认知与审美需求的功能性城市空间。     

Study on semantic structure of cultural and creative industry park based on internet literature

According to the information of 231 cultural and creative industry parks on the Internet literature, this research classified and studied the park elements from the text using the method of semantic Ontology analysis. The paper analyzes the cultural and creative industry park in the performance of type, constitution elements of geographical attributes, characteristics, etc. Through analysis, we found that “location”, “form” and “rhetoric” are frequently mentioned in the park names. As the parks prefer to combine cultural relics with their own characters for highlighting influence and specialties, the park locations also have certain restrictions (e.g., “historic sites”, “ancient cities”). Furthermore, cultural and creative industry parks cover a wide range of contents (e.g., “digital industry”, “ecological landscape”). The boundaries of the park type and content are not very clear in present China. And, the parks lack of overall planning and often have an imperfect industrial chain and other issues. Therefore, on developing cultural and creative industry parks, the overall planning and perfect industrial chain need to be focused on.     

餐饮场所液化石油气燃爆事故技术分析

餐饮场所属于人员密集场所，餐饮场所的液化石油气使用现状关乎公共安全。为了预防餐饮场所发生液化石油气燃爆事故，减少事故损失，对一起餐饮店液化石油气泄漏燃爆事故进行现场勘验，通过对爆炸事故现场分析、等效能量分析、气体扩散场景分析、点火源分析等方式对事故进行技术分析，查明了事故原因和经过，并提出同类事故防范建议。     

Landscape Character Assessment as an Approach to Understanding Public Interests within the European Landscape Convention

The European Landscape Convention's (ELC) definition of landscape, “an area, as perceived by people…”, places the public central to any understanding of landscape. This paper argues for ‘just’ involvement of the public and looks at how the focus of landscape as a perceived entity has been taken up within Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), an approach applied in England and Scotland for implementing the ELC. Based on a conceptual framework grounded in perception as a phenomenological experience of landscape and informed by principles of participation, LCAs from 2007 to 2011 have been assessed as to how public involvement has been considered. The results show that only a quarter of all assessments accessed involved the public, and that among these there is great disparity in the degree to which the public is engaged.     

Effect of stressed-skin action on optimal design of cold-formed steel square and rectangular-shaped portal frame buildings

Cold-formed steel (CFS) portal frames can be a viable alternative to conventional hot-rolled steel portal frames. They are commonly used for low-rise commercial, light industrial and agricultural buildings. In this paper, the effect of stressed-skin action on the optimum design of CFS portal frames is investigated by conducting a minimum cost design optimisation on a building of span of 6 m, height-to-eaves of 3 m and frame spacing of 3 m; the effect of different number of bays are considered. For the purpose of this study, it is assumed that gables are rigid.The effect of stressed-skin action is larger for“square-shaped” buildings (i.e. when the span and length are the same on plan) and decreases as more bays are added(i.e. as the building becomes more “rectangular-shaped” on plan). The results of the minimum cost optimisation indicate that if stressed-skin action is taken into account, the cost of the internal frame can be reduced by around half for “square-shaped” buildings. It should be noted that this is a minimum cost optimisation, which is not the same as a minimum weight optimisation. It is also shown that a safe design of internal frames could be obtained by ignoring wind loads (i.e. designing the frame only for gravity loads),but this is limited to buildings having a “square-shape”.     

ACCOUNTABILITy AND CENTRALIZATION AS CONCEPTUAL TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITy POWER STRUCTURES*

The relationship between centralization of power and decision making in local communities is examined, beginning with Clark's generalization that the direction of the relationship depends on the type of decision (separable or public). This generalization accounts well for his own data and for the findings of earlier research. Selected findings from a study of responses to de facto school segregation are reanalyzed. Most are consistent with the centralization hypothesis, but anomalous findings point to issues in conceptualizing centralization. In particular, “centralized” power structures differ in terms of accountability, i.e. the degree to which they incorporate rather than exclude diverse elements. Accountable “centralization” is distinguished from unaccountable “oligarchy” and two approaches to developing this distinction more fully and concretely are suggested.     

Are cats and dogs the major source of endotoxin in homes?

Previous studies have suggested that exposure to cats and dogs during early childhood reduces the risk of allergic disease, possibly by increasing home endotoxin exposure. This study asked the question of whether cats and dogs are the dominant influence on dust endotoxin concentrations in homes after considering other variables reportedly associated with endotoxin. The presence of cats or dogs in homes, household and home characteristics, and dust endotoxin concentrations from 5 locations were assessed in 966 urban and suburban homes. Whether considered together as pets or as cats and dogs separately, the presence of cats and dogs significantly contributed to living room and bedroom floor endotoxin concentrations, but not to bed endotoxin concentrations. However, the two variables consistently related to endotoxin in all home sites were the home occupant density (occupants/room) and cleanliness of the home. Our data suggest that reducing occupant density and improving home cleanliness would reduce home endotoxin concentrations more than removing pet cats or dogs from the home.     

Mycotoxicoses “by proxy”

Health hazards due to the ingestion of certain mouldy foods have already been recognised. Less well known is the possibility that mycotoxins can be present in such products as milk, eggs, meat etc., which though not mouldy per se derive from animals that consumed feeds contaminated by secondary toxic metabolities of microorganisms.

Our knowledge of the extent to which such “mycotoxicoses by proxy” could be responsible for certain disorders considered “spontaneous” or “idiopathic” is fragmentary; appropriate investigations are urgently needed.

Evidence presented in this paper indicates that the use of livestock feeds contaminated by microorganisms producing mycotoxins, such as the oestrogenic zearalenone and its congeners, aflatoxins, ochratoxins etc., may present health hazards to man, as they pass into the milk and tissues of the animals. The susceptible young for whom milk is the main food are particularly vulnerable to mycotoxins “by proxy”. Attention is drawn to the possibility that such animal products may contain besides the parent compounds, some biologically active metabolites of mycotoxins, which though not detectable by the usual chemical tests, could contribute their potential for ill effects. These could be detected by appropriate testing in experimental animals.     

The “marginal materials” of the river tiber valley—Italy

The building of extensive road networks involves, amongst other things, the need for large amounts of building materials, which must meet special requirements such as quality, quantity and ready availability. Now, however, there is a growing need for alternative or complementary building materials, i.e. of “marginal materials” which are generally easily found very close to large cities. In Latium, and above all in the surroundings of Rome, such marginal materials are being considered for road building in replacement of the traditional “Roman puzzolanas” and alluvial sands that are no longer easily available owing to depletion of sources and to restrictions of various types. This study presents the physico-mechanical characteristics of marginal materials, pointing to the technological processes that may enhance their technical qualities thus making them eligible for replacing traditional materials.     

Young adults and the decline of the urban English pub: issues for planning

The numbers of English public houses or “pubs” have reduced significantly in the last two decades. Politicians have called on the planning system to resist their closure but, at the same time, demand further controls over high-street bars. This paper explores the reasons for the decline and the rationale for supporting the continuation of the “traditional” English pub. Using evidence drawn from a wider study of the relationships between places and youth drinking cultures, the paper discusses young adults' use of pubs. While recognising the adverse effects of heavy drinking, arguments are put forward in support of the traditional pub as a site for restrained and responsible social interaction for young adults. The paper discusses the issues this raises for the UK planning system in the context of responsibilities for social sustainability and public health.     

基于系统动力学的公共投资项目绩效评价实证

为了探索公共投资项目绩效的影响因素,提高公共投资项目绩效水平。以《预算绩效评价共性指标体系框架》为基础,建立公共投资项目绩效评价指标体系,使用系统动力学方法建立模型,分析了绩效评价体系中三级指标间的相互影响关系。采用实证研究方式,选取 27 个公共投资项目作为样本进行绩效评价并对结果进行分析,辨识了公共投资项目管理过程中存在的普遍性问题,如立项规范性不足等;低分项目典型特征,如制度执行有效性差等。选取一个市政道路项目进行了实例验证,并对公共投资项目的管理及评价提出了一些建议。