Hydro,tidal and wave energy in Australia

The three renewable energy technologies discussed in this paper are based on water, but differ markedly in terms of the size of the available potential resource, the maturity of the associated conversion technologies, the extent to which they have been exploited to date, and the current research effort being devoted to their future development. Hydro-electricity and tidal power are both very mature technologies. The exploitation of Australia's relatively limited potential for hydro-electric development began over a century ago and the opportunities for further hydro-electric development are now very restricted. The country's significant tidal power resources, on the other hand, have not been exploited for electricity generation to date, but continual assessment of the feasibility of tidal power projects has been undertaken over the past half century. Although Australia has large ocean wave energy resources, ocean wave energy conversion technology is not yet fully commercial and no commercial wave generation plants are operating in Australia. A small number of wave energy conversion devices, however, are at the pilot testing stage.     

高温岩体地热钻井施工关键技术研究

 高温岩体地热开发中首先需要解决的问题是深钻施工。根据中国高温岩体地热资源赋存的地质特征,在试验研究、理论分析和数值模拟的基础上,提出高温岩体地热钻井施工中三大关键技术问题：钻井围岩稳定性控制技术、高温高压破岩技术、高温高压钻井液技术。进而从高温岩体地热开采中钻井围岩失稳的主要因素、热力耦合作用下钻井围岩流变特性、高温高压下钻井围岩变形破坏规律与失稳临界条件,提出高温岩体地热深钻施工中钻井围岩稳定性控制技术。通过对高温高压下花岗岩中冲击破岩、切削破岩、冲击–切削复合破岩的试验研究及不同温度下3种破岩方式的比较,获得高温高压下3种破岩方式的破岩规律。最后从高温对钻井液的影响、地热钻井对高温处理剂的一般要求、钻井液的性能对井壁稳定的影响及应对措施,提出解决高温岩体地热深钻施工的钻井液技术要求。高温高压下深钻施工关键技术的研究,对于人类探索地球、开发地球深部的能源与资源具有重要的科学与工程意义。     

The status of and opportunities for utility-scale battery storage in Australia: A regulatory and market perspective

Australia's electricity market is rapidly adding renewable energy generation. Utility-scale batteries could have a major role in facilitating these transitions; however, their deployment is still largely state-subsidized. We summarize the current and future roles for batteries from a legal-economic perspective in the context of Australia's electricity market framework. We find that the future of batteries in Australia is not only a function of the large-scale deployment of renewables, their cost development and the comparative future cost of competing gas turbines but also of national electricity market and state policy reforms focusing on reliability.     

Geothermal energy in China: Status,challenges, and policy recommendations

As a clean, renewable energy source with low carbon content, geothermal energy has the advantages of wide resource availability coverage, low environmental impact, low operating costs, and high reliability. For the development and production of more sustainable energy, geothermal energy has become one of the key areas of development in many countries. Geothermal resources are abundant in China and mainly distributed in the eastern region where the energy demand is the highest; therefore, the resources have the advantage of local development and consumption, which can alleviate the mismatch between resource distribution and demand in China's eastern and western regions. However, the development of geothermal energy started relatively late in China and has confronted many difficulties. This paper summarizes the status of geothermal energy in China and analyzes the existing problems with respect to policies and regulations, technological development, financial investment, and environmental protection. Some policy recommendations are put forward for promoting geothermal energy in China. This paper argues that the period of the “13th Five-Year Plan” is the opportunity for geothermal energy development. With the attention increasing, a series of policies to promote the development and utilization of geothermal energy could be introduced, and this resource could experience scaled development in China.     

Prospect of HDR geothermal energy exploitation in Yangbajing,Tibet,China,and experimental investigation of granite under high temperature and high pressure

Hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal energy,almost inexhaustible green energy,was first put forward in the 1970s.The development and testing of HDR geothermal energy are well reported in USA,Japan,UK,France and other countries or regions.In this paper,the geological characters of Yangbajing basin were first analyzed,including the continental dynamic environments to form HDR geothermal fields in Tibet,the tectonic characteristics of south slope of Nyainqêntanglha and Dangxiong-Yangbajing basin,and the in-situ stress...     

高温岩体地热资源模拟与预测方法

研究了基于三维稳态热传导理论并忽略对流换热及地质构造等次要因素影响的地温场与地温梯度场的反演方法。该方法可以在大尺度上数值模拟岩体中地温的空间分布状况,并预测高温岩体地热资源量。以云南省腾冲热海热田为例,模拟和分析了地质体的地温与地温分布梯度场的特点及其形成原因,并对热田高温岩体地热资源量进行了预测评价。提出的高温岩体地热资源模拟与预测方法具有重要的理论价值,研究结果可为热海热田地热资源的开发和利用提供参考。     

Exergoeconomic evaluation on the optimum heating circuit system of Simav geothermal district heating system

Simav is one of the most important 15 geothermal areas in Turkey. It has several geothermal resources with the mass flow rate ranging from 35 to 72 kg/s and temperature from 88 to 148 °C. Hence, these geothermal resources are available to use for several purposes, such as electricity generation, district heating, greenhouse heating, and balneological purposes. In Simav, the 5000 residences are heated by a district heating system in which these geothermal resources are used. Beside this, a greenhouse area of 225,000 m² is also heated by geothermal. In this study, the working conditions of the Simav geothermal district heating system have been optimized. In this paper, the main characteristics of the system have been presented and the impact of the parameters of heating circuit on the system are investigated by the means of energy, exergy, and life cycle cost (LCC) concepts. As a result, the optimum heating circuit has been determined as 60/49 °C.     

Criteria for use of groundwater as renewable energy source in geothermal heat pump systems for building heating/cooling purposes

Environmental protection measures are conducted directly by the use of renewable energy sources. The energy development of cities in Europe is aimed at the sustainable use of renewable energy sources in order to achieve the substitution of fossil fuels and the reduction of the hazardous gas emission into the atmosphere. Geothermal resources of medium and low enthalpy in Europe being used for obtaining heat energy are providing about 6600 MW_t, currently having the growth trend of 50 MW_t annually. The use of geothermal low enthalpy, namely of subgeothermal groundwater resources, has even higher annual growth rate, and if such a trend is kept till the year 2010, the produced energy will amount about 8000 MW_t. Criteria of the groundwater use as a hydrogeothermal energy resource in heat pumps are complex, and they deal with aspects of incoming temperatures and groundwater quantities. The precise limit temperature of groundwater that would separate the direct use of geothermal energy (only by the use of heat exchangers), and indirectly by the use of a heat pump has not been determined in the professional and scientific practice of Serbia so far. Taking into account that relatively small number of new flat is being built in Serbia nowadays, if we want to save energy it is necessary to carry out the energy reconstruction of the existing flats whose number is estimated to be more than 2.8 million. By the application of subgeothermal energy and the use of heat pumps, energy consumption would be significantly reduced.     

辽宁章吉营地区地热资源热储特征

加强地热资源的勘查研究,对我国新型清洁能源的利用开发、国家经济的可持续发展、人民生活水平的提高及人类生存环境的保护有着重要的作用。文章以辽宁省朝阳盆地章吉营地区地热普查为例,分析了该区的地热资源的热储特征。     

河南省含煤地层区中深层地热资源潜力研究

随着能源结构调整和生态文明建设的深入,清洁能源在供暖和生态农业等领域的应用将愈来愈广泛,中深层地热资源在缓解资源与环境压力、减少二氧化碳排放量、促进生态文明建设与经济可持续发展等领域将发挥重要作用。本文从河南省含煤地层区的分布、地质构造特征、地热异常显示、成因机理分析等方面探究含煤地层区地热资源潜力,圈定地热资源远景靶区,为地热资源勘查开发奠定技术基础,为实现河南低碳、清洁能源目标提供支撑。     

澳大利亚国家保护地规划历程及其借鉴

澳大利亚国家保护地是基于澳大利亚国土范围内特有的生态、物种和景观资源保护而建立的自然资源保护地,对澳大利亚保护国家生态环境和生物多样性发挥了核心作用。澳大利亚国家保护地体系建设是促进保护地规划系统化发展的重要支撑,其规划建设的过程、经验和思路具有积极的参考价值。通过对发展过程的梳理,将澳大利亚国家保护地规划历程划分为5个阶段,对其建设背景、过程和核心内容做了总结,在此基础上对其国家保护地与国家公园的协同规划矛盾做了分析,对其实施的体系建设策略做了解读。协调好国家自然保护区、国家公园以及国家风景名胜区三者间的关系并在此基础上建立完善的体系建立机制是中国国家公园体制建设的前提条件与关键问题。基于以上思考,本文从指导框架、保护体系、规划合作以及监管机制4个层次对澳大利亚国家自然保护地体系建设的借鉴意义做了总结。     

Australia,uranium and nuclear power

The nuclear debate in Australia is shaped by the nation's substantial base of energy resources, including its large reserves of uranium and recent rises in the market price of uranium. But the debate also echoes Australia's past in the development of programs for nuclear weapons. The proposals include uranium enrichment, the storage of nuclear waste in Australia, and the introduction of nuclear reactors. A national inquiry has been instituted by the government. These developments, stemming from a range of factors, have revived the opposition to uranium mining and nuclear power which has for two decades held a dominant role in Australian politics. The issue of what should be Australia's energy path in a time of climate change is beginning to be examined. The importance of the decisions, whether to be a player in the nuclear club with its attendant multiple hazards, or to play a quite different leadership role in the development and adoption of sustainable energy strategies and technologies, cannot be exaggerated.     

我国地热采暖的三大问题

我国东部沿太平洋地区有丰富的低温地热资源,东部地区城市众多、人口密集,有稳定的采暖市场需求,但有3个主要问题需要解决。一是资源能实现可持续利用,地热能在不过量开采下是可再生的。二是要采用能抗腐蚀的地热采暖系统。三是所需要的资金能筹措经营能获利,才能与常规采暖竞争。     

Thermal uses of geothermal energy

The world potential for geothermal energy represents a substantial augmentation to energy supplies at costs competitive with petroleum at present prices. About 20 nations have geothermal projects or experiments underway and at least another 25 nations have geothermal potential. Current uses of geothermal energy include space heating and cooling, greenhouses. Soil warming, kiln drying, and electric energy production. Numerous new applications appear to be feasible, such as environmentally controlled livestock production, absorption refrigeration, and industrial processing in such areas as pulp and paper, wood chemicals, sugar beets, and corn products. Geothermal energy can be applied with state-of-the-art technology, with improvement in corrosion control and down-hole pumping. Incentives may be needed to stimulate geothermal investment to overcome the higher front-end costs of geothermal installations.

Geothermal energy is a promising future source of electric energy, ambient heat, and direct thermal uses. Currently in the world today, geothermal energy supplies about 1.500MWe per year in electric power and the equivalent of 7,000MWe per year in thermal energy utilization, mostly for space heating. Within the next three decades, the world supply of electric energy from geothermal energy is estimated to increase to about 200,00OMWe/yr. The United States has about one-tenth of the world's geothermal resources and should have about 20,000MWe/yr. on line in about thirty years.

The amount of thermal heat utilization from geothermal sources is somewhat problematical in the future, due to cost factors and the localized nature of geothermal applications. Transmission heat losses of geothermal fluids limit transmission lines to about ten miles or less, which means that thermal applications must be near to the geothermal source to be economical. On the positive side, however, there are many more lower temperature (under 200 degrees C) geothermal well sites In the world than there are high temperature sources capable of generating electric power (which usually requires about 200 degrees C or higher) Assuming then that thermal applications can be maximized near the geothermal sources, the ambient heat utilization of geothermal energy has been estimated to be up to 60.000MWe/yr. equivalent in the United States, which could imply more than 600,000MWe/yr. equivalent in the world.

Seen in this light, geothermal energy is a useful augmentation to the alternate energy sources of the world. While the amount of geothermal energy may seem small relative to the 1 ¾ billion megawatts of installed electric generating capacity in the world, geothermal energy provides new capacity for economic growth which would otherwise be absent In the energy-constricted future. Moreover, geothermal energy is competitive in cost with fossil fuels at current petroleum prices for many applications [1]; and it has few technology problems since its technology is closely related to existing heat conversion methods. The main new problems in geothermal energy are corrosion control and downhole pumping, both of which appear to be manageable. Moreover, geothermal energy appears to have fewer environmental problems than either coal or nuclear power. Therefore, geothermal energy may well be looked upon as the next most immediate source of alternate energy.

Other alternate energy sources include wind and solar energy. Lower temperature solar energy, such as black-body or radiation absorption for water heating, is practical in the near term at cost premiums around 2 to 5 times natural gas. Passive solar radiation systems in home-building, which tie the structure into a large heat sink such as water columns or the subsurface floor, are also practical at a modest cost premium. Wind energy for electric power conversion costs about one order of magnitude more than fossil fuel or geothermal energy; and high temperature solar radiation, i.e. focused array towers, or solar energy cells cost about two orders of magnitude more than fossil or geothermal energy. In this perspective, then, geothermal energy appears to be among the early candidates for substantial development both for electric energy and direct thermal utilization.     

The Sustainable Disco

Valentina Croci describes how Dutch artist Daan Roosegaarde's Sustainable Dance Floor (SDF) provides the centrepiece for an eco-club in Rotterdam that builds low energy consumption into the attraction. The square dance floor uses ‘mechatronic’ sensors to convert kinetic movement into electricity when people dance. Movement is not only part of the thrill, but is literally electrifying. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈房屋建筑节能中存在的问题及节能施工技术的应用

随着全球环境问题越来越突出,资源的紧缺问题越来越严重,节能已经成为人类发展中的头件大事。特别是对资源耗资比较大的房屋建筑行业来说,节能是其必须要解决和应用的技术,也是房屋建筑未来发展的趋势。但是现阶段我国的房屋建筑节能技术存在着起点低、技术水平不高等问题,因此如,何解决房屋建设节能的问题和如何加强节能施工技术的应用已经成为全社会所关注的焦点。     

河南新商断裂对地热资源形成的控制作用及资源潜力分析

新商断裂是一条几乎横贯河南的区域性深大断裂,构成了济源-开封凹陷和通许凸起两大地热单元的边界。在其及影响带附近分布着新乡-延津、兰考、民权、宁陵-商丘等大型地热田,蕴藏着丰富的中深层地热资源。该文通过分析新商断裂的构造特征和地热流体特征,系统分析了深大断裂对地热资源的控制作用,以商丘项目为例分析了其资源潜力。区内地下热水的分布特征严格受控于新商断裂的展布方向,地下热水的温度取决于盖层的厚度及围岩的放射性含量,地热资源潜力巨大,地热可采资源量约140.37×10⁴ m³/a,地热流体含热能量71.94×10¹² J/a,折合标准煤2454.6 t/a,可减少CO₂排放5856.8 t/a,该研究为今后在该地区开展地热资源勘查工作具有一定的指示意义。     

Carbon sequestration potential of the Habanero reservoir when carbon dioxide is used as the heat exchange fluid

The use of sequestered carbon dioxide(CO_2) as the heat exchange fluid in enhanced geothermal system(EGS) has significant potential to increase their productivity, contribute further to reducing carbon emissions and increase the economic viability of geothermal power generation. Coupled CO_2 sequestration and geothermal energy production from hot dry rock(HDR) EGS were first proposed 15 years ago but have yet to be practically implemented. This paper reviews some of the issues in assessing these systems with particular focus on the power generation and CO_2 sequestration capacity. The Habanero geothermal field in the Cooper Basin of South Australia is assessed for its potential CO_2 storage capacity if supercritical CO_2 is used as the working fluid for heat extraction. The analysis suggests that the major CO_2 sequestration mechanisms are the storage in the fracture-stimulation damaged zone followed by diffusion into the pores within the rock matrix. The assessment indicates that 5% of working fluid loss commonly suggested as the storage capacity might be an over-estimate of the long-term CO_2 sequestration capacity of EGS in which supercritical CO_2 is used as the circulation fluid.     

Consumer preferences and electricity pricing reform in Western Australia

Australia's electricity prices are high, driven by rising peak demand that is forcing significant levels of infrastructure investment. Compounding these factors is the lack of transparent price signals for consumers, with uniform pricing structures providing no incentive to change consumption behaviours.This research surveyed residential electricity consumers in Western Australia about their perceptions of solar, consumption behaviour, and electricity pricing structures.The results suggest that customers in Western Australia may be willing to change behaviour, reduce electricity usage, and be rewarded for use of renewable technologies, highlighting an opportunity for policies such as retail tariff reform to be further explored.