三维离散颗粒单元模拟无黏性土的工程力学性质

基于三维离散单元颗粒流理论,引入了在极限剪力状态下颗粒间可以发生滑动的接触本构模型,建立颗粒体试样,并赋予颗粒相应的细观结构参数进行无黏结摩擦材料的三维应力应变数值模拟。通过大量的颗粒流数值试验,从细观力学角度对砂土的工程力学特性进行了初步的模拟研究。对砂土的室内常规三轴试验及其剪切带形成和发展进行了数值模拟,分别对比了不同围压下三维颗粒体试样与室内三轴的应力应变关系曲线,基本再现了试样的加载曲线。通过进一步分析颗粒细观结构参数变化对组成材料的宏观力学的影响及其剪切位移场的形成和发展规律,结果表明颗粒介质之间的摩擦系数、颗粒组成材料的孔隙率对材料的宏观力学行为有比较明显的影响。研究的意义在于理想的颗粒流数值模拟试验能够突破常规的室内土工试验能力及其局限性,对于砂土的细观结构的影响研究成为可能,并且揭示了微观的一些规律,对今后的岩土工程的颗粒模拟提供了有价值的参考。     

三维空心扭剪试验的颗粒流模拟关键技术研究

空心圆柱扭剪仪是一种研究土在复杂条件下应力–应变关系的十分有力的工具。基于三维离散单元颗粒流理论,引入叠式刚性墙体模拟技术,模拟空心圆柱砂土试样在定向剪切条件下的三维应力–应变关系及微观参数的变化;并且对叠式刚性墙的优势进行探讨,表明叠式刚性墙能较好的捕捉到砂土试样的局部化效应。结合室内空心圆柱扭剪试验,对比三维颗粒体试样与室内试验的应力–应变关系曲线,再现试样的加载曲线,对剪切带的宏观和微观特性进行探讨。通过不同测试圆的参数变化,再现空心圆柱加载过程中局部效应,包括不同部位的应力、应变、孔隙率和接触数的变化,并对室内空心圆柱仪的适用性进行评价。最后给出由孔隙比和剪应变速率表征的剪切带在不同应变条件下的形成和发展的过程。通过三维颗粒流数值模拟空心圆柱扭剪试验,突破室内试验测试技术的局限性,使对砂土在复杂应力状态下宏细观参数的研究成为可能,为今后岩土工程的颗粒流模拟提供参考。     

颗粒流模拟土的工程特性(英文)

本文基于颗粒流理论,引入不同的颗粒接触连接本构模型,分别建立了砂土和粘性土的颗粒流模型。通过颗粒流数值模型试验,从细观力学角度对土的工程力学特性作了初步的研究。对砂土和粘性土的室内平面应变试验及其剪切带形成和发展进行了数值模拟,分别对比了不同围压下颗粒流试样与室内试验的应力应变关系曲线,基本再现了砂土和粘性土试样应力-应变关系。通过分析围压-时步曲线、体变曲线和不同阶段的颗粒位移场的变化规律,研究了剪切带的形成与发展规律。     

不同沉积方向各向异性结构性砂土离散元力学特性分析

为探究沉积方向对各向异性结构性砂土力学特性的影响,首先采用椭圆颗粒生成两种不同沉积方向(水平与竖直)的各向异性净砂样,其次,引入一个考虑胶结厚度影响的微观胶接触模型从而生成各向异性结构性砂土。最后,对两种各向异性结构性砂土试样进行双轴压缩试验,并将水平沉积试样试验结果与室内试验结果对比验证该模型的可行性。同时,将两种不同方向试样的试验结果进行对比以探究沉积方向的影响。结果表明:两种试样应力–应变关系均呈软化及剪胀现象,水平沉积试样峰值偏应力较竖直沉积试样大,而二者残余阶段偏应力无明显差别;水平沉积试样临界孔隙比较竖直沉积试样大;胶结破坏速率及胶结破坏率变化与宏观力学特性变化相对应,且变化规律基本相同;水平方向沉积试样的胶结接触主方向始终保持竖直而竖直沉积试样的胶结接触主方向始终保持水平;在水平沉积试样中始终为水平分布颗粒长轴分布主方向,而竖直沉积试样中颗粒长轴逐渐向各向同性分布靠近。     

砂土应力-应变特性离散元数值模拟

<正>本文基于二维颗粒流数值分析程序,建立双轴试验的数值计算模型,模拟承德中密砂的应力-应变特性,并总结不同细观力学参数条件下承德中密砂应力-应变规律,为合理确定砂土细观力学参数提供依据。1双轴试验数值模型建立为与承德中密砂普通三轴试验的轴对称试样对应,本文数值试验采用PFC2D程序中的双轴试验模型。首先生成4面墙体,形成b×h的矩形区域,然后设定数     

基于随机散粒体模型的堆石体真三轴数值试验研究

基于三维变形体离散单元法,模拟堆石体的真三轴试验,研究堆石体在三向不等应力状态下的强度和变形特性。真三轴数值试验装置采用六刚性板加荷方式,等中主应力比路径加载。数值试验结果表明：真三轴数值试验能较好反映堆石体在三向不等应力状态下的应力和变形规律,数值模拟得到宏观应力变形特性与试验规律相似;等中主应力比参数的大小对堆石在三向应力状态下应力和强度特性有显著的影响,堆石体在 3 个加载方向的变形也随该参数的变化而变化,应力比参数从 0 到 1 变化过程中中主应变方向先压缩后膨胀,小主应变方向一直处于压缩状态;堆石体的内摩擦角随着值的增加而增大,基本符合 Lade-Duncan 破坏准则;在细观层面上,围压越高,值越大,颗粒配位数越大; 加载过程中,颗粒接触法向和法向接触力各向异性程度加强,各向异性主方向角由水平向转向大主应变方向,试样各向异性系数的演化规律和试样的宏观应力变形曲线相对应,试样的宏观力学特性与细观组构存在内在的关联。     

砂土直剪力学性状的非圆颗粒模拟与宏细观机理研究

基于PFC2D非圆颗粒单元的二次开发,对砂土直剪力学过程进行了非圆颗粒仿真模拟,分析了数值试样的应力–剪胀关系并与实际砂土进行对比,探讨了颗粒位移与颗粒旋转特征及其与剪切带演化的内在关联,研究了主应力与主应变增量的非共轴效应,揭示了细观组构各向异性的演化规律及其与宏观剪切强度之间的宏细观关联。研究结果表明,数值试验能够较好的模拟实际砂土的应力–剪胀关系和剪切过程主应力与主应变增量的非共轴效应;剪切带的演化与颗粒位移和颗粒旋转密切相关,颗粒形状影响剪切带的厚度;试样宏观的剪切强度主要受控于粒间法向接触力的分布及其各向异性演化;整个加荷过程中,剪切带内大主应力的偏转方向与法向接触力各向异性的主方向保持了良好的一致性。     

考虑颗粒破碎的砂土高应力一维压缩特性颗粒流模拟

以Toyoura砂室内高应力一维压缩试验结果为基础,利用二维颗粒流方法中的接触黏结模型生成簇颗粒单元来模拟实际砂土的颗粒破碎特性。高应力一维压缩数值试验中,数值试样由887个簇颗粒单元组成。数值试验与室内试验结果对比表明:数值试验得到的压缩曲线形状及颗粒破碎屈服应力大小均与Toyoura砂室内试验结果一致,说明数值试验能够较好地再现实际砂土在高应力一维压缩条件下的颗粒破碎特性。与室内试验相比,利用数值试验不仅能得到宏观的颗粒破碎现象,而且还能通过分析内部接触力的变化和对黏结破裂位置的追踪来研究颗粒破碎的细观演化规律,从而可进一步探讨颗粒破碎的细观力学机制。最后,就细观参数、加荷速率、簇颗粒数量及试样平均粒径等因素变化对数值试验结果的影响进行了分析。     

砂土双轴试验的颗粒流模拟

采用颗粒流程序 ,对砂土试样的双轴试验进行了数值模拟。将数值计算结果和室内试验实测结果进行了比较 ,发现颗粒流方法能较好地模拟室内试验。通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的性质 ,给出了在不同颗粒单元参数时砂土试样的宏观性质 ,其结果对研究土体的本构模型有一定的应用价值     

基于非线性接触本构的颗粒材料离散元数值模拟

在考虑颗粒间细观非线性接触关系的基础上,基于空隙胞元法,采用颗粒离散元法对二维颗粒体试样进行了平面应变数值模拟。颗粒间接触用广义弹簧单元表示,相邻颗粒接触点的塑性变形用非线性弹簧表示。在准静态、小变形条件下,研究了试样的微观织构变化和宏观力学行为。单个空隙胞元的变形通过周围颗粒的相对运动来计算,将离散系统中的变形与连续体中的相应变形联系起来,应用于颗粒离散元方法中平均应力的计算。文中给出了细观尺度上局部织构(通过空隙数,接触价键,配位数来表征)的变化过程,对比了不同情况下的应力–应变关系曲线,再现了试样的加卸载曲线。结果表明了颗粒介质之间的咬合作用对材料的宏观力学行为有比较明显的影响。     

Anisotropic swelling in black cotton soil

The influence of initial moisture content and the nature of granular material on the anisotropic swell behaviour in black cotton soil has been examined. It was observed that the amount and rate of swelling are guided by the initial particle orientation. For samples compacted with moisture below the optimum value, the variation in swelling trends in vertical and horizontal directions is a result of the particle arrangement, the pressure exerted by the air in the voids and also the subsequent expulsion of the same. In samples compacted with moisture content above the optimum, the initial dispersed state of the particles guides the anisotropy. The swelling in such samples is considerable in directions transverse to the particle orientation. At optimum moisture levels, because of the minimal differences in the particle arrangement for samples in vertical and horizontal directions, the swelling is similar in both cases and as such no anisotropic behaviour was noticed. Increasing presence of granular component in the soil reduces the rate of swelling, protracts the time for completion of swelling and also reduces the anisotropic behaviour. Reduction in the grain size of the granular material facilitates quick swelling. The variations in such samples for vertical and horizontal directions are explained on the basis of packing in the system and the constraints imposed by sand grains on osmotic swelling. Since similar variables exist in field conditions, the present study enables an understanding of their role in the anisotropic swell behaviour of black cotton soils.     

Experimental study on a geosynthetics isolator for the base vibration isolation of buildings neighboring metro transportation

By replacing the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) package of stacked sandbags by polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) textile capsule from air springs, a new geosynthetics isolator is developed to improve the mechanical properties of stacked sandbags. Sand and rubber particles were mixed and used to fill the isolator as a soil skeleton. The mechanical testing results showed that the vertical stiffness and damping performance could be easily adjusted by changing the particle mixture ratio. The horizontal stiffness is approximately a quarter of the vertical value, and the horizontal damping ratio is as high as 25%. The ultimate shear strain and compressive stress are 15% and 40 MPa, respectively. Both of these values are much greater than that of stacked sandbags and are appropriate for most buildings near metro transportation. The feasibility of the isolator is verified via field experiments with a full-scale building. After installing the new isolators, the vibration comfort of occupants in the vertical and horizontal directions is significantly improved, as is the secondary air-borne noise comfort. Moreover, the resonant influences caused by vertical and horizontal low-frequency road vibrations are suppressed by the isolator's high-damping performance. Therefore, this geosynthetics isolator is feasible for the base isolation of buildings neighboring metro transportation.     

Study on dielectrophoretic deposition of airborne particles in a vertical micro channel

Airborne particles significantly contribute to the toxicity of environmental pollution. A mathematical model is developed and analyzed to study the dielectrophoretic deposition of airborne particles in a vertical micro channel. Finite element programs are utilized to calculate the air flow and potential distribution in the vertical micro channel. The electric field in the numerical solution space is obtained by employing a potential gradient in the x and y directions. The dielectrophoretic force and sedimentation motion of a spherical particle are achieved. The simulated results show that the dielectrophoretic force is maximal at the tips of the shorter electrode. The initial position of the particle, initial direction of the particle, radius of the particle, electrode dimension, applied voltage and air flow velocity are the main factors affecting the trajectories of airborne particles in a micro channel. Modification of the particle size distribution using the technology as a dielectrophoretic filter is more feasible in practice. Sedimentation micro channels in series with the shorter electrode on an alternating side will be beneficial to improve particle sedimentation efficiency.     

斜向滑动摩擦三维隔震装置的滞回模型及其隔震效果

基于铅芯橡胶隔震支座的力学性能特点,研发了斜向滑动摩擦三维隔震装置。基于该三维隔震装置的组成构造和变形机理,提出了其竖向荷载-位移滞回模型,给出了各阶段支座刚度的计算公式。对三维隔震装置进行的竖向压缩拟静力试验结果表明：三维隔震支座在竖向具有变刚度特性,其滞回曲线饱满,不同加载速率和位移幅值下力学性能稳定;提出的滞回模型与试验结果基本吻合,可以有效模拟三维隔震装置的竖向滞回性能。通过三维隔震结构缩尺模型的振动台试验,认为三维隔震装置与传统水平隔震支座具有相当的水平隔震效果,同时可控制结构的竖向响应。     

Test and numerical simulation of partially encased composite columns subject to axial and cyclic horizontal loads

Partial encased composite (PEC) members with thin steel plates and three types of constructional detailing are studied. Six pieces of PEC column specimens were tested under constant vertical load and cyclic horizontal loads. A numerical FE model is established. In the model, the in-filled concrete is decomposed as transverse and longitudinal springs, considering the functions and the properties of the concrete in two directions. This model simplifies the numerical computation with high efficiency, and acquires a satisfied agreement with test results in both capacity and deformability of the PEC member. The parametrical study by the FE model is performed. By tests and numerical analysis, it is found that though local buckling of thin plate of H steel is a crucial factor, when the compressively axial load does not surpass the encased steel capacity, the PEC could behave quite well under cyclic horizontal loads. No distinguished difference in three kind details was observed, so that PEC member could be built in a simple way.     

Investigation on Static Stability of Sheet Pile Quay Wall Improved by Cement Treated Sea-Side Ground from Centrifuge Model Tests

The static stability of sheet pile quay walls on a thick clay deposit against horizontal loads was studied through a series of centrifuge model tests. In the tests, an overconsolidated Kaolin clay layer was prepared over a layer of dense Toyoura sand in a rectangular container. The model quay wall was set to the bottom of the sand layer. The sea-side area adjacent to the quay wall was improved with cement-treated Kawasaki clay. Under 50 g centrifugal acceleration, the clay deposit was consolidated and horizontal line loads of about 0 to 70 kN/m were applied to the quay wall. The width and the depth of the improved area were varied and its performance was compared with that of a quay wall embedded in unimproved ground. Results of the study indicated that the improved ground provided significant resistance against horizontal loading. In addition, a numerical model to estimate the mechanical behavior of the sheet pile quay wall is presented. The outcomes of the numerical model show good agreement with the centrifuge test results.     

水平荷载下大直径嵌岩桩的承载力特性研究

通过某大型码头桩基工程的现场试验结合数值分析研究了水平荷载作用下大直径嵌岩钢管混凝土桩的工作机理。根据桩身变形、内力和地基抗力的测试结果分析了大直径嵌岩桩的水平承载特性、桩岩共同作用性状及套箱填砂对深水嵌岩桩水平承载力的影响。采用有限元方法并考虑桩岩(土)界面在受力后滑动脱开的影响,对试验结果进行了数值模拟,并进一步探讨了大直径嵌岩桩的合理嵌岩深度及其主要影响因素。     

实时往复大变形下铅芯橡胶隔震支座力学性能试验研究

针对铅芯橡胶隔震支座在大变形多次实时往复荷载下力学性能退化问题,采用足尺铅芯橡胶隔震支座,通过高速压剪试验设备,对铅芯橡胶隔震支座进行了基本竖向力学性能试验、基本水平力学性能试验、多次不同大变形下实时加载水平力学性能试验,试验结果显示：铅芯橡胶隔震支座在实时往复多次大变形下,随着加载圈数的增加,隔震支座屈服力急剧下降,支座耗能能力降低,到试验结束时屈服力平均下降46.1%,加载圈数对屈服后刚度影响相对较小;实时往复大变形下测得的铅芯橡胶隔震支座屈服力在第2圈以后均小于采用国家标准试验方法得到的屈服力,试验结束时屈服力小于国家标准测到屈服力的43.8%,国家标准试验方法测得的屈服力与实际地震下铅芯橡胶隔震支座的屈服力相比偏小;铅芯橡胶隔震支座实时多次往复变形对其竖向刚度基本没有影响;铅芯橡胶隔震支座在实时往复大变形试验时其力学性能退化,静置一段时间后,其性能基本又恢复到实时往复大变形试验前的状态。     

Numerical analysis of bearing behaviors of single batter piles under horizontal loads in various directions

The horizontal bearing behavior of a single batter pile (SBP) is vital to its application in practical engineering; however, the horizontal responses of SBPs change with the directions of horizontal loads, and this phenomenon is rarely investigated. Therefore, the directional differences in the horizontal bearing behaviors of SBPs are investigated in this study. Four model tests are conducted to preliminarily examine the effects of the skew angle of horizontal loads on the horizontal bearing capacities and distributions of the bending moments of the SBPs. Subsequently, the differences in the responses of the SBPs under horizontal loads in various directions at full scale are analyzed comprehensively via finite-element (FE) analysis. The effects of the skew angle on SBP-soil interaction are discussed. Moreover, an empirical design method is proposed based on the FE analysis results to predict the bearing ratios of SBPs in medium-dense and dense sand while considering the effects of the skew angle, batter angle, and pile diameter. The method is confirmed to be effective, as confirmed by the close agreement between the predicting results with the model test (reported in this study) and centrifuge model test results (reported in the literature).