突发公共卫生事件背景下乡村治理的应对思考

面对突如其来的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,各省市先后启动重大事件一级响应,构建应急响应系统,一时间社会协调、卫生防疫、城乡管理、慈善公益和科研教育等面临严峻考验.城市成为抗疫的“主战场”,乡村则是抗疫的“大后方”.文章以笔者“被困”的湖南省永州市祁阳县X村的所见所闻为基础,尝试从多学科融合的角度,思考在疫情过程中乡村治理的应...     

文化资本导向下的乡村公共文化空间更新研究 ——以浏阳市竹联村美丽屋场营建为例

乡村公共文化空间承载着乡土文化传承、乡风文明建设和乡村社会治理等功用,是乡村文化振兴的重要物质空间载体。随着乡村休闲旅游经济的迅速发展,传统型和新型公共文化空间在外来和内生文化资本的叠加作用下混合共生。借鉴文化资本的作用原理和分类方式,根据空间生成不同阶段的干预因素和作用特征,将乡村公共文化空间识别为由具态化、物态化和制度化文化资本主导的生产型空间、生活型空间及组织型空间三种类型。在乡村旅游经济资本力量的驱动下,公共文化空间在更新过程中产生消费化、静态化和孤岛化等发展趋势。以湖南浏阳市农业休闲旅游型竹联村美丽屋场营建为例,分析三类公共文化空间物理场域和文化活动的存在特征,探究文化资源向文化资本转化过程中的空间复合化更新路径,进而提出弹性转化、多元化发展、整体式营建等更新策略,以期为其他类似乡村公共文化空间营建提供参考借鉴。     

乡村地区协调发展的宏观引导政策探讨——对《广州市城市总体规划（2010-2020）》村庄专题研究工作的思考

城乡协调发展是目前我国快速城市化发展过程中的热点难点问题.探索乡村地区协调发展的公共政策也成为了新形势下迫切与客观的要求.本文主要是分析国外乡村地区发展历程与经验,结合广州社会经济发展的实际情况,阐述<广州市城市总体规划(2010-2020)>村庄专题对乡村地区协调发展的宏观引导政策的思考与探索,提出了制定政策分区科学分类指导村庄发展、明确各层次规划作用倡导公众参与、发挥多部门管理职能等宏观引导措施.     

纽约城市公共健康空间设计导则及其对北京的启示

本文介绍和分析了美国纽约市政府制定的纽约城市公共健康空间设计导则,包括导则针对的健康问题与理论突破、健康城市设计策略与健康建筑设计模式等3个方面。同时结合当代北京的实际情况,提出了与城市健康空间相关的问题．并建议开展相关研究。     

Recovery of thermophilic campylobacters from pond water and sediment and the problem of interference by background bacteria in enrichment culture

The aim of this study was to address problems in the determination of thermophilic campylobacters in turbid pond water and sediment. Thirty sets of three samples of pond water (volumes 10, 100, 1000 ml) or sediment (0.1, 1.0, 5.0 ml) were examined for the presence of thermophilic campylobacters. The different volumes of pond water were processed by membrane filtration followed by selective enrichment. The samples of sediment were subjected directly to selective enrichment. Presumptive isolates were confirmed by Gram stain, cell morphology, presence of oxidase and catalase, growth under microaerobic but not aerobic conditions, and PCR. Confirmed Campylobacter species were recovered only from 10 and 100 ml samples of water and from 0.1 and 1.0 ml samples of sediments. The 1000 ml samples of water and 5.0 ml samples of sediment never gave positive isolates. PCR indicated that the confirmed isolates were all either Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli. Enrichment cultures from 1000 ml filtrations contained the highest number of background bacteria. It is suggested that the processing of large volumes of turbid environmental water samples or of sediment is counterproductive and may not yield positive Campylobacter cultures. This is probably due to antagonistic effects of large numbers of background bacteria out-competing campylobacters during the enrichment stage. Pilot studies to establish appropriate volumes of pond water or sediment samples should be undertaken before routine determination of campylobacters is begun.     

乡村振兴背景下农村土地开发困境与路径优化研究——基于公共、集体和个人利益比较视角

乡村振兴战略下我国农村土地开发面临着多元主体利益冲突与协调困境。以四川省3个村庄作为研究对象,采用多案例对比、多主体分析的研究思路,分别解析政府主导、市场主导、村集体主导三种村庄土地开发路径的开发过程与驱动机制,并总结其在利益分配方面的困境或不足。研究结果表明,在公共利益、集体利益和个人利益的博弈中,开发主体及行为动机差异是造成利益冲突困境的根本原因。其中,政府和市场主导的村庄土地开发存在较多的利益分配不协调问题,而村集体主导能够较好地协调公共、集体和个人利益的关系。在农村土地开发过程中协调处理好利益主体的相互关系是解决问题的关键,应当通过开发主体限制、平台构建、利益联结和协商机制的确立,实现可持续的农村土地开发与乡村振兴战略的全面推进。     

基于公众参与的长葛市新型农村社区规划

新型农村社区规划是河南省建设中原经济区、探索“三化”协调发展的客观要求,同时应体现《中华人民共和国城乡规划法》中提出的公众参与。本文以公众参与为切入点,以河南省长葛市新型农村社区规划为例,就公众参与机制、问卷调查、意见征询会、意见反馈以及规划公示等方面进行了论述。通过对花园社区的实例分析,论证公众参与的意义与重要性。     

Population Decline in Non-Metropolitan Australia: Impacts and Policy Implications

Despite the overall growth of the Australian population there are significant levels of population decline in some regions. Depopulation has often been caused by technological and economic change. In some cases this trend creates a vicious cycle of population loss, service decline and further out-migration. The public policy maker is faced with a difficult balance between equity and efficiency considerations as regional population decline leads to increasing per capita costs of service and infrastructure provision. This paper highlights regions in Australia which are experiencing depopulation, examining causes, impacts and policy implications.     

三益村公共空间修复中的乡村传统文化重拾路径研究

城镇化背景下乡村传统文化受到外来文化的强烈冲击,其破碎化、边缘化、逐步消亡的态势突出表现为乡村与自然关系割裂,乡村社会关系网络和村落空间建设日趋无序,乡村道德规则碎片化,村民思想意识麻木。而作为乡村传统文化的重要物质空间载体,乡村公共空间承载着人们的生产、生活习惯和精神信仰。以甘肃省三益村中心公共空间修复为例,通过重塑空间生态伦理,以空间营建诠释“俭”这一传统文化,并逐步引导村民自主参与建设,来实现乡村传统文化重拾。修复过程将传统文化融于村民的生产生活,使村民在参与建设过程中感受到传统文化的益处,同时唤醒了其自身的家园意识和文化自豪感,进而为乡村传统文化的传承与发展提供可借鉴参考的路径和方法。     

我国农民工市民化政策演变及城市公共服务设施规划建议

改革开放以来,农民工对经济社会发展和城市面貌的改变做出了巨大贡献,但是农民工在务工地难以享受与城镇居民同等的公共服务也已成为社会关注的焦点问题。在当前新型城镇化建设的背景下,加快推进农民工市民化已成为各级政府工作的重要任务。研究在梳理农民工产生的历史背景及农民工市民化政策的基础上,分析了农民工的现状特征、变化趋势,阐明了当前推进农民工市民化面临的问题,并提出了促进农民工市民化的城市公共服务设施规划等方面的政策建议。     

韧性城市视角下的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情解读与响应研究

2020年春节前后爆发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情已成为新中国成立以来公共卫生安全领域最严重的"黑天鹅"事件。城市作为人口和经济集聚-扩散的主要载体,迫切需要建立起与健康防疫的紧密联系,必须形成"韧性"机制,使其具备有效预警、抵抗冲击、有序恢复甚至提质增效的能力。文章从韧性城市的角度重新审视城市与健康防疫的密切关系,针对重大卫生安全事件对城市发展的多方面冲击,提出全方位建构韧性城市的响应机制,以期为我国新时期城镇化健康发展奠定理论基础。     

《物权法》的权益保护与《城乡规划法》的权益调整

<物权法>着重明确和保护土地和建(构)筑物等不动产物权人的权利;<城乡规划法>则是明确空间资源分配与开发利用的原则,强调以公共利益为前提调整各方面权益的公共权利.<物权法>的权益保护与<城乡规划法>的权益调整看似一对矛盾,实则在共同的公共利益原则下统一.从权益角度认识新区规划与旧区改造在规划实质上的差异,有助于在规划实践中正确把握<物权法>与<城乡规划法>的实质.     

基于农户满意度评价的新型农村社区公共空间重构——以重庆市大柱新村为例

结合农村地区的生产生活方式构建满足农户需求的新型农村社区公共空间,提高农户满意度,已成为当前新型农村社区建设亟需解决的难题。以新型农村社区示范村——重庆市大柱新村为例,在新型农村社区公共空间内涵与构成分析的基础上,运用CSI评价法对大柱新村公共空间农户满意度进行评价,进而剖析公共空间存在的关键问题。基于此,以共生理念为指导重构公共空间。结果表明：受广场空间功能单一化、院落空间“城市社区化”、巷道空间功能衰退制约,大柱新村公共空间农户综合满意度为“一般”;重构后的大柱新村公共空间呈现出“一心、两区、三带”的空间布局结构。CSI评价法与“资源共享、环境共建”的共生理念对于新型农村社区公共空间重构具有较强的适用性,既能有效破解公共空间现状中存在的关键问题,又能为“以人为本”的新型农村社区公共空间建设提供理论参考和实践指导。     

基于知识图谱技术的村镇公共服务设施网络研究

当前,公共服务设施主要按照村镇人口指标和行政等级指标进行规划和评价,但村镇两级行政单元的人口数量和经济体量过小,难以支撑自洽运作的公共服务体系,需要在整个县域对村镇公共服务设施进行统筹。而县域尺度较大、人口密度较低,不适用城市生活圈的理论与方法。以重庆市永川区为例,基于人工智能知识图谱的基本原理,以行政单元和公共服务设施为实体,运用知识推理技术建立空间邻近关系、空间归属关系、功能管辖关系、功能替代关系和兼容配置关系,形成县域公共服务体系的知识图谱网络,并构建村镇公共服务评价指标体系。研究发现,从整体关联的视角能够较为系统地研究村镇公共服务体系,进而指导公共服务设施的规划和建设。     

新型郊区社区的邻里交往空间构建*——以南国乡村为例

居住空间有限、绿化环境有限、邻里交往淡漠的现实使许多城市居民对“归园田居”式的、充满人情味的乡村生活十分向往。新冠肺炎疫情的出现和蔓延,使人们在抗击疫情的过程中意识到人与人之间的善意与互助是共克时艰的重要支撑。城市居民对充裕的生活空间与紧密的邻里关系的渴望进一步提升。探索鼓励邻里交往活动发生的空间因素,促进社区社交网络的构建,是新的居住社区建设过程中面临的重要问题。在国家实施乡村振兴策略的大背景下,功能复合、特色鲜明的郊区社区建设逐渐开展,这是一种实现城乡一体化、推动农村产业升级的居住模式实践。生活在这类新型郊区社区的居民,在没有亲缘联系与宗族文化凝聚的情况下,自发形成了紧密的邻里社交网络。探索这类新型郊区社区居民社交网络形成的原因与相关的空间因素,有助于在新社区规划与设计的过程中更为主动地引导良性邻里社交网络的建构。文章以坐落于广西南宁市郊的南国乡村为分析案例,通过现场调查与居民访谈探讨以城市中产阶级居民为主体的新型郊区社区的邻里关系构建,分析邻里交往空间是如何参与并影响这一构建过程,总结促进邻里交往的公共空间建设原则为构建复合型社区功能空间、强调社区特色与归属感、营造自然和谐的空间环境、建设多层级的邻里社交空间体系。     

Low-carbon energy policy and ambient air pollution in Shanghai, China: a health-based economic assessment

Energy and related health issues are of growing concern worldwide today. To investigate the potential public health and economic impact of ambient air pollution under various low-carbon energy scenarios in Shanghai, we estimated the exposure level of Shanghai residents to air pollution under various planned scenarios, and assessed the public health impact using concentration-response functions derived from available epidemiologic studies. We then estimated the corresponding economic values of the health effects based on unit values for each health outcome. Our results show that ambient air pollution in relation to low-carbon energy scenarios could have a significant impact on the future health status of Shanghai residents, both in physical and monetary terms. Compared with the base case scenario, implementation of various low-carbon energy scenarios could prevent 2804-8249 and 9870-23,100 PM10-related avoidable deaths (mid-value) in 2010 and 2020, respectively. It could also decrease incidence of several relevant diseases. The corresponding economic benefits could reach 507.31-1492.33 and 2642.45-6192.11 million U.S. dollars (mid-value) in 2010 and 2020, respectively. These findings illustrate that a low-carbon energy policy will not only decrease the emission of greenhouse gases, but also play an active role in the reduction of air pollutant emissions, improvement of air quality, and promotion of public health. Our estimates can provide useful information to local decision-makers for further cost-benefit analysis.     

Mercury contamination in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali plant and potential risks to local population

A mercury-cell chlor-alkali plant operated in Estarreja (North-western Portugal) for 50 years causing widespread environmental contamination. Although production by this process ceased in 2002, mercury contamination from the plant remains significant. The main objective of this study was to investigate mercury impact on the nearby environment and potential risks to local population. To assess the level of contamination soil samples were collected from agricultural fields in the vicinity of the plant, extending the study by taking samples of the predominant vegetation suitable for animal and human consumption, water samples, and fish species from a nearby coastal lagoon, to gain a preliminary insight into the potential for contamination of the terrestrial and aquatic food web. To determine population exposure to mercury, hair samples were collected from local residents. Total mercury concentration in the 0-15 cm layer of soil was found to be highly variable, ranging between 0.010 and 91 mg kg^− 1, although mercury contamination of soils was found to be restricted to a confined area. Lolium perenne roots contained between 0.0070 and 2.0 mg kg^− 1, and there is evidence that root systems uptake mercury from the soil. Levels of mercury in the aerial parts of plants ranged between 0.018 and 0.98 mg kg^− 1. It appears that plants with higher mercury concentration in soils and roots also display higher mercury concentration in leaves.Total mercury concentration in water samples ranged between 12 and 846 ng L^− 1, all samples presenting concentrations below the maximum level allowable for drinking water defined in the Portuguese law (1.0 μg L^− 1).Mercury levels in fish samples were below the maximum limit defined in the Portuguese law (0.5 mg kg^− 1), ranging from 0.0040 to 0.24 mg kg^− 1. Vegetables collected presented maximum mercury concentration of 0.17 mg kg^− 1. In general, food is not contaminated and should not be responsible for major human exposure to the metal.Mercury determined in human hair samples (0.090-4.2 mg kg^− 1; mean 1.5 mg kg^− 1) can be considered within normal limits, according to WHO guidelines suggesting that it is not affecting the local population. Despite being subject to decades of mercury emissions, nowadays this pollutant is only found in limited small areas and must not constitute a risk for human health, should these areas be restricted and monitored.Considering the present data, it appears that the population from Estarreja is currently not being affected by mercury levels that still remain in the environment.     

Bacteria,viruses, and parasites in an intermittent stream protected from and exposed to pasturing cattle: Prevalence,densities, and quantitative microbial risk assessment

Over 3500 individual water samples, for 131 sampling times, targeting waterborne pathogens/fecal indicator bacteria were collected during a 7-year period from 4 sites along an intermittent stream running through a small livestock pasture system with and without cattle access-to-stream restriction measures. The study assessed the impact of cattle pasturing/riparian zone protection on: pathogen (bacterial, viral, parasite) occurrence, concentrations of fecal indicators, and quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA) of the risk of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in humans. Methodologies were developed to compute QMRA mean risks on the basis of water samples exhibiting potentially human infectious Cryptosporidium and E. coli based on genotyping Crytosporidium, and E. coli O157:H7 presence/absence information paired with enumerated E. coli. All Giardia spp. were considered infectious. No significant pasturing treatment effects were observed among pathogens, with the exception of Campylobacter spp. and E. coli O157:H7. Campylobacter spp. prevalence significantly decreased downstream through pasture treatments and E. coli O157:H7 was observed in a few instances in the middle of the unrestricted pasture. Densities of total coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli reduced significantly downstream in the restricted pasture system, but not in the unrestricted system. Seasonal and flow conditions were associated with greater indicator bacteria densities, especially in the summer. Norovirus GII was detected at rates of 7–22% of samples for all monitoring sites, and rotavirus in 0–7% of samples for all monitoring sites; pasture treatment trends were not evident, however. Seasonal and stream flow variables (and their interactions) were relatively more important than pasture treatments for initially stratifying pathogen occurrence and higher fecal indicator bacteria densities. Significant positive associations among fecal indicator bacteria and Campylobacter spp. detection were observed. For QMRA, adjusting for the proportion of Cryptosporidium spp. detected that are infectious for humans reduces downstream risk estimates by roughly one order of magnitude. Using QMRA in this manner provides a more refined estimate of beneficial management practice effects on pathogen exposure risks to humans.