New landscapes of conflict: land-use competition at the urban–rural fringe

Land-use conflict research generally focuses on conflicts where pre-existing opponents respond to the introduction of a new unwanted land-use. We select a 2008 land-use conflict to explore an understudied scenario: urban–rural fringe (URF) expansion can introduce new opposing stakeholders into areas with pre-existing unwanted land-uses. We use spatial analysis methods to measure the rate and direction of URF expansion in relation to a vacated cement facility that had been approved for revitalisation in 2008, motivating a land-use conflict between competing stakeholders. Findings indicate that the cement facility and surrounding land-uses had been continuously used for similar noxious activities since 1964, but URF expansion changed the area’s surrounding landscape from rural-majority to urban-majority prior to the 2008 land-use conflict. The association between URF expansion and space-related drivers of land-use conflict is a necessary consideration when studying increasingly urbanised landscapes.     

上海人口空间变迁的现象、原因及后果初探

依托人口普查和经济普查的数据平台,对2000—2010年上海市人口的居住和就业的空间变迁进行较为详实的呈现。研究发现,上海常住人口的居住空间变迁有2个特点：居住空间呈现圈层特征,其密度向外递减,且随着时间推移不断向外扩散;同时,不同年龄组人口在居住空间上呈现高度分化的态势。造成这种变迁现象的一个主要原因是劳动年龄的净迁入人口大量进入中心城周边地区。人口普查和经济普查数据的叠加分析表现出这样一种现象：就业在中心城区的空间聚集度远高于居住,而向中心城周边地区的扩散速度则远低于居住,其后果是职住分离状况的加剧。在上海市应对未来人口规模的持续增长的情境下,该研究可提供一个基于城市功能与空间结构调整的视角。     

Understanding cultural landscape transformation: a re-photographic survey in Chitral, eastern Hindukush, Pakistan

Studies of contemporary land-cover change require an integrated approach because changes in cover and environmental conditions are primarily caused by land uses, which, in turn are governed by human driving forces in a specific socio-economic and cultural context. Therefore, a research perspective which bridges the gap between the more specialized approaches of natural and social sciences is required. The present study, investigates cultural landscape transformation in the high mountain oases of Chitral, lying in the eastern Hindukush. Comparisons of historical photographs and replicates serve to demonstrate change and persistence of cultural landscape structures. The focus is on the irrigated fields of individual villages and shortened in time scale to the last 30 years. Due to the general population growth, the development of the cultural landscape is characterized by recent village enlargements and corresponding extensions of cultivated areas while the individual field sizes decrease. Intensified irrigation of the cultivated terraces has led to a significant increase in hygrophilous trees and thickets along the water channels. The regional center of Chitral Town is characterized by a higher building density and expansion of urban structures. The results show that repeat photography can serve as a basis for monitoring contemporary landscape transformation.     

Analysis of land-use change system using the species competition concept

This study aims to analyze land-use change system by the species competition concept among land-use types using network trophic dynamics (NTD). An multiple-feedback system (MFS) analogized from NTD was adopted to formulate the model whose dependent variable was the rate of the land-use change. The systems’ similarity, connectivity and diversity were introduced to test commonality of the systems among different regions. The evolution step among land-use types was tested using relative evolution levels defined by a standardized land-use change rate. The Chubu and Kinki regions in Japan were classified into three areas by their characteristics. Fourteen land-use types were analyzed to evaluate stability, connectivity, diversity and evolution level between the regions. The results showed high degrees of commonality of the land-use change systems and the evolution level in each area. This study showed that there are transition steps of land-use types and their probabilities of occurrence can be estimated, showing also that the land-use change system can be analyzed by the species competition concept of ecology.     

Housing and Urban Poverty: A Consideration of the Criteria of Affordability,Diversity and Inclusion

This paper considers recent experiences in poverty reduction within urban areas. The discussion draws out emerging lessons for the provision of affordable and inclusive housing and neighbourhood development programmes that also address the diverse needs of urban poor communities. In particular, the discussion emphasises the importance of understanding the livelihoods of the poor and the strategies that lie behind these livelihoods if external interventions are to be successful in addressing the needs of low-income urban residents.     

Simulating the impact of forest management scenarios in an agricultural landscape of southern Quebec, Canada, using a geographic cellular automata

Forest remnants are vital for the overall heterogeneity and health of rural landscapes. However, deforestation is a significant process afflicting large numbers of agroforested regions of the world. The Maskoutains regional county municipality (RCM) in southern Quebec, Canada, experiences intense deforestation that has reached critical levels. The goal of this study is to develop a geographic cellular automata (GCA) to model land-use change in this region and test the influence of different management scenarios on the fate of the forested remnants. The GCA was built using a 100 m cell size, a Moore neighborhood configuration, a 3 years time step resolution and probabilistic transition rules derived from the comparison of two land-use maps for the years 1999 and 2002. Four groups of management scenarios were tested: (1) status quo (SQ), (2) reduced deforestation (RD), (3) promotion of ligniculture (L), and (4) protection of forest connectivity (CONN). Results indicate that none of the scenarios succeed in maintaining the actual levels of forest area. However, certain scenarios (amongst the RD and CONN), significantly alter the loss of forest areas in the short to mid-term and delay the fragmentation, reduction, and isolation of forest patches.     

生态整合目标导向下的城市开放空间资源利用与关联建设用地布局

针对城镇建设土地利用与开放空间系统相互割裂,土地利用布局错位的问题,提出城市规划层面,土地利用与空间布局所承载的自然、社会与经济过程多纬度整合的规划思路。立足城市规划土地利用核心环节,致力于城镇建设土地利用系统和开放空间土地资源系统的生态整合,趋利避害。文章通过实地走访调查及文献研究等方法,对城市土地利用、公共空间现状及其相互关系进行了调查研究,梳理了其中存在问题,并尝试结合案例实践探索生态整合目标导向下的规划路径：通过可相容性分析将环境区分配给可以创造社会与经济增殖效益的建设土地用途,并以此获取环境保护的经济与社会支持;运用环境区与建设区的整体空间布局方法,最大化环境区外部增殖效益;保护地域环境资源并融入建设土地利用,塑造地域空间     

Predicting the vulnerability of reservoirs to poor water quality and cyanobacterial blooms

Cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoirs present a major ecosystem functioning and human health issue. The ability to predict reservoir vulnerability to these blooms would provide information critical for decision making, hazard prevention and management. We developed a new, comparative index of vulnerability based on simple measures of reservoir and catchment characteristics, rather than water quality data, which were instead used to test the index’s effectiveness. Testing was based on water quality data collected over a number of seasons and years from 15 drinking water reservoirs in subtropical, southeast Queensland. The index correlated significantly and strongly with algal cell densities, including potentially toxic cyanobacteria, as well as with the proportions of cyanobacteria in summer months. The index also performed better than each of the measures of reservoir and catchment characteristics alone, and as such, was able to encapsulate the physical characteristics of subtropical reservoirs, and their catchments, into an effective indicator of the vulnerability to summer blooms. This was further demonstrated by calculating the index for a new reservoir to be built within the study region. Under planned dimensions and land use, a comparatively high level of vulnerability was reached within a few years. However, the index score and the number of years taken to reach a similar level of vulnerability could be reduced simply by decreasing the percentage of grazing land cover via revegetation within the catchment. With climate change, continued river impoundment and the growing demand for potable water, our index has potential decision making benefits when planning future reservoirs to reduce their vulnerability to cyanobacterial blooms.     

Exploring farmer's knowledge as a source of information on past and present cultural landscapes: A case study from NW Spain

The primary goal of this research was to explore the potential of farmer's knowledge as a source of information on the past and present cultural landscapes, focusing on the land-use system, the cultural heritage, and the farmer's perception of landscape changes, from the 1950s to the present day. For this purpose, 42 semi-structured interviews were conducted from a random sample of 10% of the villages in an area of the Northern Mountains of Galicia (NW Spain). As shown in farmers’ reports, the main crops in the 1950s were wheat or rye, potatoes or maize (only near the coast) and turnips. Scrubland areas were an essential resource for pasture, litter, temporary crops and charcoal, whereas deciduous forest was mainly used as a source of wood for carpentry, firewood and litter. Agriculture was the main economic activity, whereas crafts and other activities in the fisheries or forestry industry were secondary. Granaries, watermills and stone laundry basins were the most frequent elements of built heritage that was mentioned in the interviews. Farmers were also comprehensively aware of the broad changes that occurred in the landscape. The results indicate that farmer's knowledge is a valuable source of information for documenting past and present land-use practices, local cultural heritage and changes in the landscape, all of which are helpful for the design of landscape-orientated policies. Moreover, observed ancestral cultural practices, such as extensive grazing in scrubland areas, may be promoted as strategies for helping the sustainability of cultural landscapes in the study area and in other areas with similar characteristics.     

An integrated GIS-based analysis system for land-use management of lake areas in urban fringe

Lake areas in Chinese urban fringes are under increasing pressure of urbanization. Consequently, the conflict between rapid urban sprawl and the maintenance of water bodies in such areas urgently needs to be addressed. An integrated GIS-based analysis system (IGAS) for supporting land-use management of lake areas in urban fringes was developed in this paper. The IGAS consists of modules of land-use suitability assessment and change/demand analysis, and land evaluation and allocation. Multicriteria analysis and system dynamics techniques are used to assess land-use suitability and forecast potential land-use variation, respectively. Cost approximation and hypothetical development methods are used to evaluate land resource and market values, respectively. A case study implementing the system was performed on the Hanyang Lake area in the urban fringe of Wuhan City, central China, which is under significant urbanization pressure. Five categories of suitability were investigated by analyzing 11 criteria and related GIS data. Two scenarios for potential land-use changes from 2006 to 2020 were predicted, based on a systematic analysis and system dynamics modeling, and a hierarchical land-use structure was designed for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. The IGAS may help local authorities better understand and address the complex land-use system, and develop improved land-use management strategies that better balance urban expansion and ecological conservation.     

生物文化遗产协同的汶水流域国土风景保护方法研究

流域作为富有文化和生物价值的集水区域,沿水系聚集多样文化资源并分布着密集的河流生态系统。流域风景区别于城市、乡村等相对独立空间而具有典型的网络特征,探究流域历史变迁遗存的文化资源与生态系统之间的空间层积关系,可应对当前流域保护现状中生物与文化分离的困境。基于此,本研究在辨析流域国土风景内涵和外延的基础上,从生物文化遗产协同角度出发,构建了“流域属性认知—生物文化遗产识别—流域国土风景保护机制”的流域国土风景保护理论及实践框架。以齐鲁文化区的汶水流域为例展开实证研究,探究流域文化遗产和生境质量的层积关系,最后将生物文化遗产空间层积结果与城乡三生空间规划进行衔接,提出了层积信息、分级格局、集群空间共同整合的保护策略。     

Population growth away from the coastal zone: Thirty years of land use change and nutrient export in the Altamaha River, GA

We used more than thirty years of water quality monitoring data collected by the United States Geological Survey at several stations in the Altamaha River and its tributaries to examine the relationship between population density, agricultural land use, and nutrient export from the watershed. Population densities in the Altamaha River watershed increased during the study period, most notably in the upper watershed near metropolitan Atlanta, while agricultural land use declined throughout the watershed. NO_x, TN and P in rivers were related to human population densities, while OC and NH₄⁺ concentrations in rivers were apparently related to agricultural land use. A general pattern of increasing NO_x and TN and decreasing NH₄⁺, P and OC over time throughout the watershed reflected changing population and land use. The overall average load from the Altamaha River to the coastal zone during the study period was 1.1, 5.6, 16.9, 0.9 and 262 kmol km^− 2 yr^− 1, delivering 40, 197, 596, 30, and 9213 · 10⁶ mol yr^− 1 of NH₄⁺, NO_x, TN, P and OC, respectively, to the coastal zone. The nutrient export patterns suggest that N and P loading to rivers in the Altamaha River watershed was greatest in the upper watershed where high population densities were found, and in-stream processing, dilution, and only moderate inputs during transit through the lower watershed resulted in relatively low export from the watershed to coastal waters.     

Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides in tawny owls (Strix aluco) from Great Britain

Secondary exposure of vertebrate predators to second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) is widespread in Britain. Tawny owl (Strix aluco) populations in the UK are thought to have declined since the 1970s, when SGARs were first introduced, and these compounds may have contributed to any decline in owl numbers. Our aims were to conduct the first systematic survey of SGAR exposure in tawny owls and ascertain whether there had been a change in the proportion of exposed birds that was concurrent with the decline in the population. Liver difenacoum, bromadiolone, flocoumafen and brodifacoum concentrations in British tawny owls from two periods (1990-1993 and 2003-2005) were quantified. In total, some 20% of birds contained detectable residues of one or more SGAR. The extent of exposure (% of birds exposed, magnitude of residues) to different SGARs did not change consistently between time periods. Of the raptors analysed to date in Britain, tawny owls had the lowest proportion of individuals that contained detectable liver residues and so appear to be the least vulnerable to exposure and/or assimilation of SGARs. We found no clear evidence to implicate SGARs as a major factor affecting tawny owl numbers in Britain between 1990 and 2005.     

关于农村公路建设中土地利用的探讨

农村公路在我国公路网中发挥着重要作用,具有用地量大、整体水平较低的特点。目前农村公路建设在规划、设计和施工过程中土地利用中存在一定问题,要加强立法、严格执法,提高公路建设者的认知度和自觉性,对农村公路建设用地进行全过程控制,最大限度地提高土地利用效果,保证公路建设的可持续发展。     

Homogenisation and fragmentation of the European landscape: ecological consequences and solutions

The rural landscapes of Europe are in both a homogenisation and a fragmentations process. Regional differences are disappearing due to the dominating equalising impact of the worldwide market. If regional differences are not maintained and protected then the cultural landscapes of Europe and their biological diversity will decline and only remnants will remain. Models on agricultural management and data on landscape changes from all Europe confirm this. Regional differences have to be maintained through conscious environmental and ecological planning. Concepts for this have been developed in all countries in Europe, such as the ecostabilisation concept and the concept of ecological networks. Nature management by farmers is more and more accepted. Landscape planners should be aware of their changing role from designer towards negotiator with the actors in the landscape with different landscape functions and planning tasks in mind.     

城市轨道交通沿线土地综合开发策略——以南宁轨道交通1号线为例

轨道交通及其周边地区的开发建设是城市空间发展和结构调整的重要促动因素,是城市交通结构优化的重要支撑条件,也是轨道交通自身可持续发展、运营及建设的重要保障。研究结合南宁轨道交通1号线一期工程项目实际,从宏观、中观和微观层面提出轨道交通沿线土地综合开发的基本思路和原则,归纳、总结出综合开发的总体目标,并以问题和目标为导向,提出城市轨道交通沿线土地综合开发的多种模式,对轨道交通沿线土地综合开发策略进行探讨,为下层次及相关工作提供重要指导和参考作用。     

Response: Contrasting US and European Findings on Poverty Neighbourhoods

The US literature has produced more studies and thus more data on urban poverty areas. With respect to theory, the volume edited by Lynn & McGeary (1990) and the work of Wilson (1987) has been of great influence. The latter has been the basis of much work in Europe, such as the studies by Wacquant (1993) and Friedrichs (1998a). This paper will briefly review the similarities and differences between the US and the European findings.     

印度城市居住贫困及其贫民窟治理——以孟买为例

伴随工业化和城市化进程,以孟买为代表的印度城市,因人口集聚、生活成本高和贫富分化严重等原因而形成的城市贫民窟不断增加的居住贫困问题,严重影响了城市发展和现代化进程。印度政府在居住贫困问题的应对措施,以及孟买在解决贫民窟问题上的经验教训,对中国城市在快速发展时期保障性住房建设及城中村治理具有一定的启发和借鉴意义。