二氧化碳地质封存钻探关键技术研究

为落实“碳达峰、碳中和”国家重大决策部署,使排放出来的碳重回地圈进行地质储存,开展二氧化碳地质封存是一种可以实现大规模温室气体减排的地质工程技术,而钻探是二氧化碳地质封存的必要技术手段。本文针对目前二氧化碳地质封存面临的主要问题,对二氧化碳地质封存钻井工程需要解决的施工工艺、钻完井技术、井筒完整性评估和二氧化碳地质封存泄露监测技术进行了初步的研究探讨。上述关键技术可为后期大规模开展二氧化碳地质封存钻井工程的施工提供一定的技术支撑和指导。     

Feasibility study of carbon capture and storage on NLC India Ltd

India is one of the largest growing economies in the world. It has a GDP of 2487.94 billion US dollars as of 2017. Around 61.297% of power generation is by utilising abundantly available lignite blended with imported coal. India is slowly cutting out its demand for imported coal from other countries. It has built its own lignite-based power plant to overcome the need of imported coal. The impact on cost of electricity (COE) and net power output (NPO) after retrofitting carbon capture and storage (CCS) over a lignite-based power plant of India is analysed. In this paper, a feasibility study is carried out for NLC India Ltd Barsingsar power plant by retrofitting CCS. The results obtained from the Integrated Environmental Control Model (IECM) Software are positively strong enough to encourage CCS implementation. Various strategies for utilising the CO₂ capture and carbon storage sites are suggested.     

Nongovernmental valorization of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the largest contributor to the greenhouse gas effect. Most attempts to manage the flow of CO2 or carbon into our environment involve reducing net emissions or sequestering the gas into long-lived sinks. Using CO2 as a chemical feedstock has a long history, but using it on scales that might impact the net emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere has not generally been considered seriously. There is also a growing interest in employing our natural biomes of carbon such as trees, vegetation, and soils as storage media. Some amelioration of the net carbon emissions into the atmosphere could be achieved by concomitant large withdrawals of carbon. This report surveys the potential and limitations in employing carbon as a resource for organic chemicals, fuels, inorganic materials, and in using the biome to manage carbon. The outlook for each of these opportunities is also described.     

The limited role for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies in a sustainable Australian energy future

There is considerable debate regarding the potential role of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies in reducing Australia's greenhouse emissions. The latest climate change science suggests that major (60% or more by 2050), rapid (peaking within 20 years) cuts in global emissions may be required to avoid dangerous climate change. There are a number of existing abatement options including energy efficiency, various renewable energy technologies, nuclear power and fuel switching to natural gas; as well as emerging options including CCS. We outline a simple technology assessment framework for policymakers to evaluate these different options given the climate change imperative. This framework includes technology status, delivered energy services, present and possible future costs, potential scale of abatement, potential speed of deployment and other possible social outcomes. Application of this framework to CCS suggests that it should be considered as a promising, but still somewhat unproven, option that potentially offers very significant abatement potential and good integration into the existing energy industry. There are, however, some outstanding questions regarding its effectiveness and safety, its abatement is likely to come at significant cost, and it is unlikely to be able to make a significant contribution for well over a decade. The Australian policy implications are that while government support for R&D and Demonstration of CCS is appropriate and should in our view be expanded, the major priority should be to support greater deployment of existing abatement options including energy efficiency, efficient gas-fired generation and cogeneration and renewable energy. Such policy support is noticeably lacking at present.     

蓄冷技术及其应用现状

本文介绍了蓄冷方式和特点，并对蓄冷水和蓄冰的应用条件进行了比较，指出了蓄冷技术的应用领域，介绍了蓄冷技术在国内外的应用现状及目前研究的主要问题。     

Photovoltaics research and development in Australia

Australia has had an active photovoltaic device research and development program for the past 30 years, with more sporadic interest shown in photovoltaic systems, components and markets. Exciting new developments continue to come out of Australian research laboratories, yet many are commercialized elsewhere and local deployment now lags behind that of many other countries. This paper examines past achievements, current research activities, research support and the potential for PV to contribute to future energy supply in Australia. It also examines some of the institutional and energy policy issues which provide the framework for continued development and increased deployment of photovoltaics in Australia.     

The philosophy,structure and objectives of research and development in Japan

This paper presents an overview of the philosophy, structure and key objectives of R&D activity in the Japanese construction industry. It argues that this unique model of a close partnership between industry, government and society is based on shared values, and delivers significant benefits not only for firms but for society at large. Additionally, the Japanese system acts as an efficient market entry barrier that protects the Japanese domestic market from foreign competition while concurrently providing the basis of Japan's competitive advantage in international markets. To illustrate how significantly different the Japanese model is from those of other advanced economies, an empirical comparison of the belief structures concerning responsibility for R&D of key players in the construction industries in Japan and Australia is presented. The results illustrate the point that, unlike Australia, Japanese contractors play a much more extensive role in society than do their Australian counterparts. This role incongruence may be the true barrier to penetration of the Japanese construction market.     

Sustainability Uptake in Housing in Metropolitan Australia: An Institutional Problem,Not a Technological One

This paper examines the uptake of environmentally sustainable housing in two major cities in Australia. The paper responds to literature that suggests sustainability is not so much a technological problem as an institutional one, and to theories of innovation which focus on innovation diffusion through chains of production. The disaggregation and piecemeal nature of innovation within the building industry is underpinned by unfamiliarity with new technologies, a lack of consistent legislation and pricing and unclear channels of communication. These generate uneven adoption of environmentally sustainable materials and processes within this industry.     

Carbon dioxide in passenger cabins: Spatial temporal characteristics and 30-year trends

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an important environmental parameter in aircraft cabins. To understand the most recent, real-time CO₂ concentration levels and their key influencing factors in aircraft cabins, we conducted in-flight measurements of 52 randomly selected commercial flights with different aircraft types and durations from August 2017 to August 2019. The spatial temporal characteristics of CO₂ concentrations on board were analyzed and summarized. For the flight time scale, the CO₂ concentrations during the boarding phase (1680 ± 558 ppmv) were notably higher than that in other phases, whereas the condition of the cruising phase was the lowest in most flights. The flight average CO₂ concentrations of the cruising phase were 1253 ± 164 ppmv, and the corresponding estimated outside airflow rates were 6.2 ± 1.3 L/s/p in the economy class across all flights. Single-aisle and twin-aisle flights did not show noticeable differences for the same phases. Relatively uniform CO₂ concentrations were observed at different positions of the same class. By comparing the results of this study with those previously reported, CO₂ concentrations showed a slightly decreasing trend over the last 30 years. This suggested a slightly increased ventilation rate and potentially superior air quality on board.     

Variability in energy and carbon dioxide balances of wood and concrete building materials

A variety of factors affect the energy and CO₂ balances of building materials over their lifecycle. Previous studies have shown that the use of wood for construction generally results in lower energy use and CO₂ emission than does the use of concrete. To determine the uncertainties of this generality, we studied the changes in energy and CO₂ balances caused by variation of key parameters in the manufacture and use of the materials comprising a wood- and a concrete-framed building. Parameters considered were clinker production efficiency, blending of cement, crushing of aggregate, recycling of steel, lumber drying efficiency, material transportation distance, carbon intensity of fossil fuel, recovery of logging, sawmill, construction and demolition residues for biofuel, and growth and exploitation of surplus forest not needed for wood material production. We found the materials of the wood-framed building had lower energy and CO₂ balances than those of the concrete-framed building in all cases but one. Recovery of demolition and wood processing residues for use in place of fossil fuels contributed most significantly to the lower energy and CO₂ balances of wood-framed building materials. We conclude that the use of wood building material instead of concrete, coupled with greater integration of wood by-products into energy systems, would be an effective means of reducing fossil fuel use and net CO₂ emission to the atmosphere.     

Application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to carbon capture,utilization and storage:A review

Carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)is considered as a very important technology for mitigating global climate change.Carbon dioxide(CO_2)injected into an underground reservoir will induce changes in its physical properties and the migration of CO_2 will be affected by many factors.Accurately understanding these changes and migration characteristics of CO_2 is crucial for selecting a CCUS project site,estimating storage capacity and ensuring storage security.In this paper,the basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technologies are briefly introduced in the context of laboratory experiments related to CCUS.The types of NMR apparatus,experimental samples and testing approaches applied worldwide are discussed and analyzed.Then two typical NMR core analysis systems used in CCUS field and a self-developed high-pressure,low-field NMR rock core flooding experimental system are compared.Finally,a summary of the current deficiencies related to NMR applied to CCUS field is given and future research plans are proposed.     

The status of and opportunities for utility-scale battery storage in Australia: A regulatory and market perspective

Australia's electricity market is rapidly adding renewable energy generation. Utility-scale batteries could have a major role in facilitating these transitions; however, their deployment is still largely state-subsidized. We summarize the current and future roles for batteries from a legal-economic perspective in the context of Australia's electricity market framework. We find that the future of batteries in Australia is not only a function of the large-scale deployment of renewables, their cost development and the comparative future cost of competing gas turbines but also of national electricity market and state policy reforms focusing on reliability.     

Education,practice and professionalism: a comparative history of the development of urban and regional planning in Italy and Australia

This paper outlines the historical relationship between planning legislation, planning practice and planning education in Italy and Australia by identifying the positive and negative roles of institutional influences and the emergence of professional planning communities. The key findings revolve around the gap between plan preparation and plan implementation, and the role of institutions and professional communities in resisting political interference and maintaining a technocratic imperative within planning systems. While the exertion of professional power can be seen to achieve positive planning and development outcomes, it is often at the expense of the democratic traditions that have come to characterize postmodern planning systems.     

Precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater using simulated flue gas: Sequent additions of fly ash, lime and carbon dioxide

Lime is a preferred precipitant for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater due to its relatively low cost. To reduce heavy metal concentration to an acceptable level for discharge, in this work, fly ash was added as a seed material to enhance lime precipitation and the suspension was exposed to CO₂ gas. The fly ash-lime-carbonation treatment increased the particle size of the precipitate and significantly improved sedimentation of sludge and the efficiency of heavy metal removal. The residual concentrations of chromium, copper, lead and zinc in effluents can be reduced to (mg L⁻¹) 0.08, 0.14, 0.03 and 0.45, respectively. Examination of the precipitates by XRD and thermal analysis techniques showed that calcium-heavy metal double hydroxides and carbonates were present. The precipitate agglomerated and hardened naturally, facilitating disposal without the need for additional solidification/stabilization measures prior to landfill. It is suggested that fly ash, lime and CO₂, captured directly from flue gas, may have potential as a method for wastewater treatment. This method could allow the ex-situ sequestration of CO₂, particularly where flue-gas derived CO₂ is available near wastewater treatment facilities.     

The geomechanics of Shenhua carbon dioxide capture and storage(CCS) demonstration project in Ordos Basin,China

Carbon dioxide(CO_2) capture and storage(CCS) is considered widely as one of promising options for CO_2emissions reduction,especially for those countries with coal-dominant energy mix like China.Injecting and storing a huge volume of CO_2 in deep formations are likely to cause a series of geomechanical issues,including ground surface uplift,damage of caprock integrity,and fault reactivation.The Shenhua CCS demonstration project in Ordos Basin,China,is the first and the largest full-chain saline aquifer storage project of CO_2 in Asia.The injection started in 2010 and ended in 2015.during which totally 0.3 million tonnes(Mt) CO_2 was injected.The project is unique in which CO_2 was injected into 18 sandstone formations simultaneously and the overlying coal seams will be mined after the injection stopped in 2015.Hence,intense geomechanical studies and monitoring works have been conducted in recent years,including possible damage resulting from the temperature difference between injected CO_2 and formations,injection induced stress and deformation change,potential failure mode and safety factor,interaction between coal mining and CO_2 geological storage,determination of injection pressure limit,and surface monitoring by the interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR) technology.In this paper,we first described the background and its geological conditions of the Shenhua CCS demonstration project.Then,we gave an introduction to the coupled thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical(THMC) processes in CO_2 geological storage,and mapped the key geomechanical issues into the THMC processes accordingly.Next,we proposed a generalized geomechanical research flowchart for CO_2 geological storage projects.After that,we addressed and discussed some typical geomechanical issues,including design of injection pressure limit.CO_2 injection induced near-field damage,and interaction between CO_2geological storage and coal mining,in the Shenhua CCS demonstration project.Finally,we concluded some insights to this CCS project.     

Use of Cement Kilns in Managing Solid and Hazardous Wastes: Implementation in Australia

The use of cement kilns for managing solid and hazardous wastes is facilitated by the high temperature, long gas retention periods, natural alkaline environment, minimum amount of waste produced and high thermal capacity. The main benefits include energy recovery, conservation of fossil fuels, reduction in cement production costs and the use of already existing facilities.
The test burns conducted in cement kilns worldwide have demonstrated very high destruction efficiencies for most stable organic compounds, with toxic contaminants barely above the background levels.
There are several cement plants in the US and Europe presently using solid and hazardous wastes as supplementary fuel. The application of this technology in Australia has been ignored in the past. An international conference (Kilnburn'92) on the role of cement kilns in waste management was held recently in Australia and has enhanced the implementation of this technology in Australia.     

澳大利亚建筑遗产保护

经过几十年的发展,澳在利亚的遗产保护工作不仅在建筑领域取得了一系列专业成就,而且使这项工作得到了政府及公众的认可。本文探讨了澳大利亚建筑师和建筑遗产保护之间的具体联系：如专业条件,保护原则,发展趋势,后勤供给等现状,同时亦大体反应出澳大利亚人民及其政府对待建筑遗产的谨慎态度。     

Carbon sequestration potential of spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora subspecies Variegata) in South East Queensland,Australia

The objectives of this study were to determine the carbon sequestration potential of spotted gum forest plantation in the South East Queensland region and to determine the suitability of the whole area to carbon sequestration endeavour. This information is indispensable to stakeholders when considering land use options particularly carbon sequestration. A process-based model and geographic information system were employed in the process. The site has a potential biomass production of 1422–2329?ton?ha^?1 with the carbon dioxide equivalent range from 2539 to 4157?ton?ha^?1 in 100?year of rotation period. The maximum mean annual growth of 19.98?m³ ha^?1 was estimated in the Great Sandy sub-region while the lowest value of 11.46?m³?ha^?1 was predicted in South Burnett sub-region. The findings indicated that the whole region has a high potential carbon sequestration capability but requires further spatial suitability and economic analysis.     

物探在地质勘探中的应用与研究

通过介绍物探技术的种类与特点,结合物探技术的最新进展,探讨研究了各类物探技术的优劣势以及适用对象,指出了物探工作在矿产资源勘探应用中的发展方向。     

The Beishan underground research laboratory for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China: Planning,site selection,site characterization and in situ tests

With the rapid development of nuclear power in China, the disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) has become an important issue for nuclear safety and environmental protection. Deep geological disposal is internationally accepted as a feasible and safe way to dispose of HLW, and underground research laboratories (URLs) play an important and multi-faceted role in the development of HLW repositories. This paper introduces the overall planning and the latest progress for China's URL. On the basis of the proposed strategy to build an area-specific URL in combination with a comprehensive evaluation of the site selection results obtained during the last 33 years, the Xinchang site in the Beishan area, located in Gansu Province of northwestern China, has been selected as the final site for China's first URL built in granite. In the process of characterizing the Xinchang URL site, a series of investigations, including borehole drilling, geological mapping, geophysical surveying, hydraulic testing and in situ stress measurements, has been conducted. The investigation results indicate that the geological, hydrogeological, engineering geological and geochemical conditions of the Xinchang site are very suitable for URL construction. Meanwhile, to validate and develop construction technologies for the Beishan URL, the Beishan exploration tunnel (BET), which is a 50-m-deep facility in the Jiujing sub-area, has been constructed and several in situ tests, such as drill-and-blast tests, characterization of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ), and long-term deformation monitoring of surrounding rocks, have been performed in the BET. The methodologies and technologies established in the BET will serve for URL construction. According to the achievements of the characterization of the URL site, a preliminary design of the URL with a maximum depth of 560 m is proposed and necessary in situ tests in the URL are planned.