系统视角下建筑垃圾最少化管理研究

对建筑垃圾的来源及构成进行分析,总结常见建筑垃圾种类的回收利用措施。提出建筑垃圾最少化管理系统,指出建筑垃圾最少化管理应从垃圾产生源头着手,并提出系统内各方可采取的建筑垃圾减量化措施。     

Differential management of waste by construction sectors: a case study in Michigan,USA

Waste is a great problem in the world of construction. If dealt with appropriately, there can be many benefits, including lower overall cost, faster production, a higher quality and more sustainable buildings. There are many solutions available for minimizing waste during construction. However, a great amount of waste still exists, whether in residential, commercial, industrial, infrastructural or other constructions. The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain key sources of waste, and whether generation varies with the type and size of the constructors. A sample of 30 general contractors was studied, and several null hypotheses on waste generation and minimization differences among sectors were tested using the Kruskal–Wallis H‐test. Although subtle shifts were observed in the aspects of waste behaviour that seemed predicated on construction sectors and capital base, to some extent the proposition that the construction type and size can influence waste generation and minimization was validated. Based on this study, some solutions are provided as viable avenues to managing and minimizing construction waste across sectors.     

Water and Wastewater Minimization: the Aire and Calder Project

The reduction of the waste of raw materials at source using clean technologies, recycling, and good housekeeping has considerable benefits for both the environment and industry. A demonstration project on wastewater minimization was completed in 1995 in the Aire and Calder catchments of West Yorkshire. The findings indicated cost savings for eleven firms of over $3 million/annum and further opportunities which, when implemented, could realize another $1 million/annum. The reduction in the amount of wastewater discharged either to sewer or river was 27%, with a potential to increase to over 40%. The payback period for 63% of the waste minimization opportunities is less than one year and many involve only a small initial investment. Waste minimization when widely adopted has prospects for cutting industry's costs, reducing demand for water and reducing the volume of effluent produced.     

Assessing the levels of material wastage affected by sub-contracting relationships and projects types with their correlations

A significant amount of solid wastes are produced every year from construction and demolition activities, and construction wastes have become the major sources among them; the increasing generation of construction wastes has caused significant pollution to the environment and risen public concern. Therefore, the minimization of construction wastes has become a pressing issue in the Hong Kong construction industry. This paper investigates the generation of construction waste on site and their relations with prevailing sub-contracting arrangements and projects types in Hong Kong. This investigation will lead to the identification of the major waste generation areas on construction sites. Nineteen construction projects are under in-depth interviews for collecting the relevant data and information for the analysis to the local construction industry. By using the findings of this research, four methods are proposed to mitigate the generation of wastes by reshaping the current practices of construction projects. These methods are: (i) development of cost-effective approach, (ii) integrated waste minimization at the tender stage, (iii) provision and motivation of waste reduction training, and (iv) a waste control system as a part of site management functions.     

废物最少化审计中投入产出模型的及应用

根据“青岛乡镇工业废物最少化研究”．在废物最少化审计中建立并应用投入产出模型．应用结果表明．它具有实用、科学、简明、系统的特点，是推行清洁生产、进行废物最少化审计的一种有效工具．     

施工人员建筑废弃物减量化行为影响因素调查分析——以深圳市为例

为了探究阻碍施工人员实施建筑废弃物减量化行为的主要影响因素,文章在总结国内外文献的基础上,结合实地调查和访谈设计了施工人员建筑废弃物减量化行为影响因素调查表,并针对深圳市施工人员展开调查。调查结果发现,影响施工人员采取减量化措施最主要的阻碍因素是缺乏废弃物管理方面的培训和教育、缺乏业主的支持以及减量化在施工目标管理中缺乏优先权。针对以上调查结果,提出了相应的改进建议。     

西部地区建筑废弃物填埋的法律规制

建筑废弃物填埋法规对促进废弃物减量化与资源化起着重要作用。然而,目前我国的建筑废弃物填埋法规不成系统且执行效果有待加强。基于此,系统综述了西部6 省市的建筑废弃物填埋法规,重点就法规完善性、主管部门的职责及协同监管、填埋设施规划与管理、填埋收费标准,以及填埋行为管理等进行了评述,旨在甄别现行法规体系中的主要欠缺,为完善西部地区建筑废弃物填埋法规提供参考。     

Critical components of odors in evaluating the performance of food waste composting plants

The current Taiwan government policy toward food waste management encourages composting for resource recovery. This study used olfactometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas detector tubes to evaluate the ambient air at three of the largest food waste composting plants in Taiwan. Ambient air inside the plants, at exhaust outlets and plant boundaries was examined to determine the comprehensive odor performance, critical components, and odor elimination efficiencies of various odor control engineering. Analytical results identified 29 compounds, including ammonia, amines, acetic acid, and multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, terpenes and S-compounds) in the odor from food waste composting plants. Concentrations of six components--ammonia, amines, dimethyl sulfide, acetic acid, ethyl benzene and p-Cymene--exceeded human olfactory thresholds. Ammonia, amines, dimethyl sulfide and acetic acid accounted for most odors compared to numerous VOCs. The results also show that the biotrickling filter was better at eliminating the concentrations of odor, NH(3), amines, S-compounds and VOCs than the chemical scrubber and biofilters. All levels measured by olfactometry at the boundaries of food waste composting plants (range, 74-115 Odor Concentration (OC)) exceeded Taiwan's EPA standard of 50 OC. This study indicated that the malodor problem continued to be a significant problem for food waste recovery.     

台湾921大震灾的反思及对大陆建筑工程质量控制的启示

本文对台湾921大地震中所暴露的建筑工程设计和施工质量方面的弊端进行了反思,列举了导致发生重大震害事故的一系列原因的调查结果,对大陆建筑工程中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,并提出了设计和施工中应严格执行的技术要求,作者还对震灾产生的建筑垃圾,尤其是废弃混凝土的再生利用提出了看法。     

A Tabu Search Method for a Bi‐Objective Urban Waste Collection Problem

A bi‐objective model for the collection of waste bins in rural areas within a planning period is analyzed. This model is a real problem raised by local authorities in a rural region of northwestern Spain. The two objectives under consideration are: minimization of transport costs and improvements to the level of service. Specifically, the level of service depends on the frequency of waste collection at each point over the planning period. A solution method for this problem was developed by applying tabu search within the framework of Multiobjective Adaptive Memory Programming (MOAMP) and the results were compared with an implementation of NSGA‐II, a well‐known approach to multiobjective optimization.     

A LOCATIONAL MODEL FOR THE SITE SELECTION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES WITH TRAFFIC CONGESTION CONSTRAINTS

The management of an integrated solid waste system has significantly changed with increasing environmental concerns. Conventional location/allocation models for solid waste management usually incorporate mass balance, capacity limitation, operating, and financial constraints. But the siting of important facilities, such as landfills, incinerators, and transfer stations, in a growing metropolitan region still encounters an explicit limitation: a traffic congestion constraint. The transfer station is the most critical one due to the various loading of different types of incoming and outgoing trucks during the peak hours in the metropolitan region. A mixed integer programming model with the framework of dynamic optimization still can be used efficiently for site selection over time once the traffic congestion constraint is included. The practical implementation of such a model is assessed by a case study of the Kaohsiung solid waste management system in Taiwan. It shows that the incorporation of the traffic congestion constraint does influence the optimal flow pattern in the soldity waste management network.     

OPTIMAL SHIPPING STRATEGY OF SOLID WASTE STREAMS BASED ON ENERGY RECOVERY AND THROUGHPUT REQUIREMENTS OF INCINERATION FACILITIES

System analysis for solid waste management has received wide attention from both economic and environmental planners because of the complex nature of these multi-faceted linkages between source generation, collection, recycling, treatment, and disposal. One of the recent issues in the operational program is how to properly handle the impacts due to various solid waste streams generated with varying heating values in different service area, which have to be destined for incineration and disposal. This paper explores a new idea that the optimal shipping strategy could be rearranged or reorganized from time to time with respect to the varying quantity and quality of solid waste streams in order to meet both the energy recovery and throughput requirements simultaneously in a solid waste management system. Through the application of goal programming models, research findings in this paper clearly indicate that such a management strategy may provide flexibility for those metropolitan regions where the problems of rapid growth of solid waste generation, residents' reluctance to adopt recycling activities, and insufficient incineration capacity must be taken into account at one time. A case study for the western Taipei County in Taiwan shows the application potential of such a methodology.     

Developing and evaluating a framework for process improvement in an alliance project: a New Zealand case study

‘Lean thinking’ holds out the promise of dramatic improvements in construction production processes, especially in waste minimization. While there exist empirical studies of ‘leanness’ with regard to non-relational-type projects, there is a need to analyse its applicability in relational contexts, such as an alliance. The application of ‘lean’ to a project alliance in a viaduct replacement in New Zealand is investigated here. The primary objective is to define a framework to streamline improvements in processes and to verify the applicability of the defined framework to a real construction alliance project. Participant observations, project documentation and action research meetings were used to collect data on the waste identification and elimination processes. The findings indicate that the construction work in a project alliance can be improved considerably by eliminating or reducing waste. Moreover, the savings are substantial, as the processes investigated were cyclic and repetitive. This framework is equally suited to waste detection and improvements at the site level. Project organizations should detect needs and opportunities for process change and transform processes accordingly. The current lack of any waste elimination technique, which could provide a significant competitive advantage for industry participants, has been established. Organizational conditions exist in project alliances that help to disseminate and sustain the lean concept.     

Measuring the use of residential standby power in Taiwan

Due to the scientific and economic growth of recent years, the on-going innovation in electrical products has enabled people to live more comfortably and conveniently. The standby power function is one such innovation. Unfortunately, as an increasing number of products are equipped with standby power, more energy is wasted and more carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. This paper combines a two-step proportional stratified sampling technique with systematic random sampling to select representative households in Taiwan. We adopted the measurement method of the International Electro technical Commission (IEC) in measuring the overall use of standby power in Taiwanese households. We then proposed a model for the estimation of standby power consumption, before calculating annual standby power consumption among all households in Taiwan. This paper could serve as a reference for the government and relevant authorities in the establishment of corresponding standards, providing suggestions for the minimization of standby power consumption and the unnecessary waste of energy.     

Risk analysis for flow duration curve based seasonal discharge management programs

A non-seasonal discharge standard may be too stringent and not cost-effective for a season of large flow, if the variation of seasonal streamflow of a river is significant. Seasonal discharge programs established based on streamflow variation were therefore explored in this work. A design procedure using the flow duration curve method, two total-mass-load based discharge programs, linear programming, and Monte-Carlo analysis is proposed for determining and analyzing the pertinent seasonal division of a two-season discharge management program. The flow duration curve method was used to compute the design low flow. The maximal total waste load and uniform treatment programs were the two total-mass-load based programs analysed. Linear programming models were established to determine the optimal division of seasons based on the objective of maximally allowable total waste load. Monte-Carlo simulation with QUAL2E-UNCAS was implemented to assess the risk of violation of water quality of seasonal programs. The proposed procedure is demonstrated in a case study of the Tung-Kang River basin in Taiwan.     

Bacteria enclosure between silica-coated membranes for the degradation of organic compounds in contaminated water

A non-conventional technique is proposed for the enclosure of either pure bacterial cultures or entire biocoenoses, for a possible utilization in the treatment of contaminated water. Biological components have been enclosed between polyester membranes coated by silica films consisting of: (a) SiO2 and nitrocellulose, (b) SiO2, ZnS crystals and nitrocellulose, (c) SiO2, TiO2 crystals and nitrocellulose, (d) SiO2, ZnS and TiO2 crystals and nitrocellulose. Morphological, structural and mechanical features of membranes were investigated by means of optical and electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry and wear resistance tests. Degradation kinetics have been finally studied by dipping the entrapped biomass into aqueous solutions of three different model organic compounds (alpha-d-glucose, ethyl alcohol and peptone). Results are very promising: in fact, no metabolic inhibition mechanisms of microorganisms have been evidenced. The porosity of the system allows mass transfer through the membranes, hence bacteria can grow and degrade pollutants. Besides, by this system, cells are constrained, avoiding they to spread across the retainment scaffold.     

Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from animal carcass incinerators

This study investigated two batch-type animal carcass waste incinerators, one in a hog farm (HOWI) and the other in a livestock disease control centre (LIWI). Additionally, a medical waste incinerator (MEWI) with a fixed grate for the disposal of biological medical waste was also examined. A GC/MS technique was applied to analyze the concentrations of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) species in the stack flue gas, bottom ash and wet scrubber (WSB) effluent. The analytical results indicated that total-PAHs in the stack flue gas for HOWI, LIWI and MEWI were mainly in the gaseous phase. Moreover, the mean total-PAHs concentrations of the stack flue gas for HOWI and LIWI were 1.5 and 1.4 times higher than for MEWI (=391 microg/m(3)), respectively. At the most carcinogenic potencies, the results revealed that the mean BaP+BbF+DBA concentrations in the stack flue gas for HOWI and LIWI were 7.6 and 4.6 times higher than those of MEWI (=1.18 microg/m(3)), respectively. Moreover, during the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease among pigs in southern Taiwan in 1997, emissions of total-PAHs and BaP+BbF+DBA exceeded 226.2 and 2.3 kg/day, respectively.     

The effect of the proportion of thin film transistor–liquid crystal display (TFT–LCD) optical waste glass as a partial substitute for cement in cement mortar

In the high-tech industry in Taiwan, the use of LCD glass products have increased significantly in recent years, which produces a large amount of waste LCD glass during the manufacturing process. This study is based on the 0.485 w/b and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% substitution amount to discuss the effect of glass powder proportions on cement in cement mortar. The research found that of cement mortar by the waste liquid crystal glass powder substitution cement, along with the substitution quantity increase, the set time decreases progressively also the compressive strength gradually reduces. A 10% substitution amount is considered the best in durability tests involving sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, and concentrated sulfuric acid resistance. According to the microstructure, the internal structure of the mortar body appears rather dense on the 28th day. Thus, this compound can be used as a substitute for cement and achieve goals of resource development and utilization as well as environmental protection.     

Properties of wood-based composites formulated with aggregate industry waste

The option of using vegetable-based materials is not only one potential response to the lack of aggregate resources in certain regions, but also a way of helping to preserve the environment. These reasons have incited some authors to address the issue of waste reuse in the form of insulating composites. The work presented herein, once the influence of components has been examined, will focus on the influence of various processes on the performances of hardened composites. Aggregate processing by boiling water, followed by a hydraulic binder coating, enables the minimization of the composite's dimensional variations to a larger extent. This processing technique allows the achievement of an excellent compromise in material properties, although it increases density and, hence, thermal conductivity.     

Method of mitigating the surface erosion of a high-gradient mudstone slope in southwest Taiwan

Soft mudstone dominates the rock mass at southwest Taiwan. Mudstone slakes significantly when it meets water due to a short diagenetic period and poor cementation. Gulleys are visible on the surface of mudstone slopes after rainfall. The low slaking durability resistance of the mudstone causes not only geographical badland but also erosion problems on the highway slopes in the mudstone area. An effective countermeasure for protecting the mudstone slope must contribute to a reduction in surface erosion; facilitate drainage from the slope surface during rainfall; and incorporate a high-strength structure to fight against swelling stress, preserve vegetation, and contribute to slope stabilization. In this study, a new slope erosion countermeasure, the soil-tyre-vegetation method (STV), was applied to an excavated mudstone slope in southwest Taiwan. STV utilizes waste tyres, H-beams, and geotextile. Waste tyres are good for preserving the soil for vegetation on mudstone slopes, mitigating slope erosion. The H-beams support the weight of the vegetation and the soil-filled tyres. The geotextile prevents the loss of fine-grain soil and guarantees drainage from the slope during heavy rainfall. The experimental results for a mudstone slope with a slope angle of 45° showed that STV protected the mudstone slope and improved the condition of the vegetation on it.