青海大柴旦石棉成浆性试验研究

本文对青海大柴旦石棉原矿进行了物理化学性能检测,选用磺化琥珀酸双-2-乙基己酯钠盐（快T）、甲基纤维素等表面活化剂对石棉进行表面改性,研究了改性剂种类、添加量、水棉比、浸泡时间等对其成浆性能的影响。试验表明：当水棉比为10∶1、石棉纤维浸泡时间为8h、快T用量为10%时,石棉成浆的粘度值为300mPa.s,成浆性能较好。     

混凝土泵车虚拟培训系统

基于虚拟现实技术开发的混凝土泵车虚拟培训系统不仅大大降低了培训成本,而且使培训变得更方便、更安全。采用MultiGen Creator软件平台进行泵车、场景等三维建模;通过Vega Prime软件平台实现模型的驱动;基于MFC实现实物遥控器与虚拟系统接口连接、培训流程控制以及特效模拟。经过泵车操作手的试用证明该系统有很好的培训效果。     

建筑设计教学的创造性思维培养体系

通过建筑创造性思维特质和培养方法、培养过程的研究，旨在探索建筑设计教学中创造性思维开发和训练的科学化体系，以期全面培养建筑人才的综合创造能力。     

医学院校非医学专业学生的医学课程学习现况调查

目的:了解在倡导多层次复合型人才培养模式下,医学院校非医学生的医学课程学习现况。方法:从认知态度和行为表现等两个方面自编问卷,以广州中医药大学五个非医学专业学生为调查对象,使用SPSS18.0对收集的数据进行处理和分析。结果:医学院校非医学生普遍没有真正理解专业设置医学课程的目的和意义,医学课程学习缺乏信心、兴趣和主动性。结论:一方面,非医学生应理解专业定位,重视医学课程学习;另一方面,学校应科学合理设置非医学专业的医学课程。     

小学语文作文教学仿写训练体会

小学语文中作文部分占据十分重要的地位,在写作教学过程中,教师也十分重视对学生的指导,可以很好地提升学生的作文水平。但是从学生实际写作的角度分析,还是出现了许多问题,如作文中的语言表达水平不强等。因此,在今后的作文实践教学中,教师可以将仿写的教学方式引入课堂,让学生通过仿写的方式逐渐提升语言表达能力。     

Dampness in buildings and health. Nordic interdisciplinary review of the scientific evidence on associations between exposure to "dampness" in buildings and health effects (NORDDAMP)

Several epidemiological investigations concerning indoor environments have indicated that "dampness" in buildings is associated to health effects such as respiratory symptoms, asthma and allergy. The aim of the present interdisciplinary review is to evaluate this association as shown in the epidemiological literature. A literature search identified 590 peer-reviewed articles of which 61 have been the foundation for this review. The review shows that "dampness" in buildings appears to increase the risk for health effects in the airways, such as cough, wheeze and asthma. Relative risks are in the range of OR 1.4-2.2. There also seems to be an association between "dampness" and other symptoms such as tiredness, headache and airways infections. It is concluded that the evidence for a causal association between "dampness" and health effects is strong. However, the mechanisms are unknown. Several definitions of dampness have been used in the studies, but all seems to be associated with health problems. Sensitisation to mites may be one but obviously not the only mechanism. Even if the mechanisms are unknown, there is sufficient evidence to take preventive measures against dampness in buildings.     

建成环境暴露测度的方法转变 — —从基于固定居住地和GIS数据到基于个体移动性和影像数据

个体建成环境暴露对健康的影响 是健康城市研究领域的关键问题。对于建 成环境暴露的测度方法,近年相关研究多用 GIS数据测度建成环境特征,基于5D理论指 标来衡量建成环境暴露情况,以居住地附近 作为个体全天建成环境暴露的测度范围。现 有方法存在两方面的问题：一是在暴露的测 度指标和测度数据方面,较少关注影像数据 评估所能反映的人本尺度建成环境特征;二 是暴露的测度空间方面,由于较少考虑人的 移动性而存在显著的暴露估计误差。而基于 影像数据的建成环境暴露研究还没有考虑 人的移动性。随着科学技术的发展,建成环 境暴露测度可用的工具方法越来越丰富,呼 吁今后的建成环境暴露研究中,在测度数据上关注可反映人本尺度建成环境品质的影像数据,在测度范围上考虑个体的移动性。提出基于 个体移动性和影像数据的两种建成环境暴露测度方法,一是通过个体时空轨迹叠加街景图片 空间分布底图,二是通过个体佩戴穿戴相机的方法测度建成环境暴露。建成环境暴露测度新方 法的将助力健康城市新理论的探索。     

Assessment of Exposures and Health Risks Related to Formaldehyde Emissions from Furniture: a Case Study

According to the Californian Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, Proposition 65 (State of California, 1986) the manufacturers and retailers of products (such as furniture and fittings) which emit formaldehyde are obliged to either mark their products with a warning label or provide evidence that their products do not pose a significant cancer risk to the consumer. The significant risk is defined as 1 case of cancer in a population of 100,000 persons within a period of exposure of 70 years (State of California, 1992). In this study, a large-scale climate chamber test of a full set of furniture and fitments was made. The formaldehyde concentration in a test chamber peaked at about 112 μg/m³ within a day after the furniture had been installed. After 8 weeks the concentration leveled out at about 50 μg/m³. Various models were used to predict occupant exposures in homes containing the same furniture and fitments; multi-compartment models identified a short-term compartment with a half-life of between 5.2 and 6.0 h and a relative source strength of between 75% and 30% of the total source strength; a medium-term compartment with a half-life of between 14 and 81 days; and a long-term compartment for which the best estimate of a half-life was 384 days. The accumulated dose of formaldehyde absorbed by an occupant during 70 years of exposure in the hypothetical home was estimated by extrapolation using the same models. The dose was found to be in the range of 0.13 g to 0.16 g. The concentration in the test chamber showing a maximum value of 112 μg/m³ formaldehyde may cause discomfort among hypersensitive persons during the first couple of days. The risk estimates based on the estimated long-term dose indicate that the cancer risks associated with the exposure caused by furniture are in the range of 6.9 to 8.9 × 10^?8, based on monkey data, and 5.8 to 7.4 × 10^?7, based on rat data. In conclusion, a successful draft protocol was established for tests in relation to Proposition 65 and, with the limitations of this exploratory study, the actual furniture equipment is considered to cause no significant cancer risk to the consumer according to the Proposition.     

土建类本科院校BIM人才培养实践与思考

随着建筑行业的信息化发展, BIM(建筑信息模型)得到了高度重视, BIM的应用逐渐普及, 然而, 行业内现有BIM专业人才已无法满足BIM进一步发展和推广的需求。本文针对BIM人才的缺失现状, 分析影响土建类本科院校BIM人才培养实践效果的主要原因, 建议土建类本科院校从加大对BIM专业教学设施的投入、解决BIM软件的兼容性问题、教学与实践相结合、培养专业的BIM教师队几个方面入手改善土建类本科院校BIM人才的培养效果。     

堆石混凝土综合性能的试验研究

堆石混凝土技术是在自密实混凝土技术上发展出来的一种新型大体积混凝土施工技术,已经开始应用于水利工程.为了研究堆石混凝土的综合性能,设计并浇筑了尺寸为2.0 m×1.0 m×1.8 m,并且带有施工冷热缝的大型堆石混凝土试块.从试块的不同位置取样切割出不同尺寸的试件,分别通过试验检测了堆石混凝土的力学性能和耐久性能.研究结果表明:堆石混凝土的轴心抗压强度高于其浇筑所使用的自密实混凝土强度;堆石混凝土具有较高的抗渗标号,可满足水工大坝混凝土的要求.     

信息时代的建筑形式生成的变迁初探

信息时代技术的进步带来了建筑功能和形式的巨大变化,处于建筑学核心的形式生成问题也面临新的挑战。信息时代的建筑变得功能复合化、界面媒体化,解构主义和参数化主义为形式生成带来了新的角度。在信息时代,建筑学将更多地关注无形的体验、观念和关系。     

北林园林学院观赏园艺专业成立的背景与人才培养

北京林业大学园林学院的观赏园艺专业成立于2000年,目前已有9届500多名毕业生活跃在国内外的观赏园艺行业。本文在回顾观赏园艺专业建立背景的基础上,论述了观赏园艺专业理论与实践相结合的复合型人才培养模式。为培养复合型的观赏园艺人才,促进花卉业发展提供借鉴。     

Potential health benefit of reducing household solid fuel use in Shanxi province, China

Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use has severe health effects. 60% of the Chinese population lives in rural areas, where most people rely on solid fuels for cooking and heating. We estimate exposure by combining information on the amount of time spent in different microenvironments and estimates of the particle concentrations (PM(10)) in these environments. According to our estimates, 70% of the exposure experienced by the rural population is due to indoor air pollution (IAP). The urban coal using population experience a 17% increase in exposure from IAP. We apply Monte Carlo simulations to quantify variability and uncertainty in the exposure, morbidity and mortality estimates. We find that applying Monte Carlo simulations reduces the estimated uncertainty compared to analytical methods based on approximate distributions and the central limit theorem. We find that annually about 4% (geometric S.D. sigma(g), 3.2) and 35% (sigma(g), 2.6) of the deaths in the urban and rural populations, respectively, could be avoided by switching to clean fuels. Upgrading the stoves in rural areas to the standard found in urban areas is estimated to reduce mortality by 23% (sigma(g), 3.1). Moreover, we estimate that chronic respiratory illness (CRI) in children can be reduced by, respectively, about 9% (sigma(g), 2.5) and 80% (sigma(g) 1.9) by switching to clean fuels in the urban and rural areas. Upgrading the stoves in rural areas is estimated to reduce CRI in children with about 58% (sigma(g) 2.3). For adults the reduction in CRI was estimated to be 6% (sigma(g) 2.4) and 45% (sigma(g) 1.8) for the urban and rural population following a fuel switch, and 31% (sigma(g) 2.4) for the rural population from stove improvements. Contrary to our expectations we find small gender differences in exposure. We ascribe that to comparable kitchen and living area concentrations and similar indoor occupation times for the genders. Young children and the elderly spend the most time indoors, and have the highest daily exposure in the coal using population. The rural population experience higher exposure than the urban population, even though the outdoor air is significantly cleaner in rural areas.     

Tracking SMME Development in South Africa: Issues of Finance, Training and the Regulatory Environment

The significance of issues concerning finance, training and regulation has been a continuous thread in South African policy discussions about the development of the country’s small, medium and micro-enterprise (SMME) economy for more than a decade. Better access to finance, skills and leadership training and more flexible regulations are identified as key strategic elements in supporting the three national pillars of promoting entrepreneurship; strengthening the enabling environment for SMMEs; and enhanced competitiveness and capacity at the enterprise level. The monitoring of research on the SMME economy in South Africa is viewed as a critical issue of high policy relevance. Against this backcloth, the aim is to provide a synthesis of existing research in South Africa concerning the three important themes of: (1) finance; (2) training and skills acquisition; and (3) the regulatory environment for SMME development. Several research gaps are identified for further analysis.

Water Treatment Using Magnetite: A Study of a Sirofloc Pilot Plant

T he S irofloc PROCESS uses magnetite to remove colour, turbidity, iron, and aluminium from water. Subsequent filtration removes manganese and traces of magnetite. Trials with a 0.45 MI/d pilot plant at Morehall Water Treatment Works (WTW), Yorkshire Water Authority (YWA), have shown that this process can produce water which complies with the EC Drinking Water Directive. Two full-size plants exist in Australia, and a 20/Ml/d plant is being commissioned at Redmires (YWA).     

工程管理专业BIM虚拟仿真实训平台构建研究

推行实践教学改革,提升学生的工程实践能力和专业综合素质是全面落实国家中长期教育改革的重要举措,是培养复合型、应用型、创新创业人才的重要手段。但是,目前实践教学存在深度不够,关联性不强等问题。普遍采用的去建筑企业或工程项目现场实习、实践教学方式,又存在安全隐患且受时间和空间的限制。本文首先总结了BIM在国内外教育领域中的应用现状,然后提出BIM虚拟仿真实训平台的构建目标,设计了总体系统结构图,将平台分为建筑结构设计实训子平台、施工虚拟仿真实训子平台、BIM工程造价实训子平台、BIM一体化项目管理实训子平台等,最后给出了实训平台的云架构原理,列举了主要的软硬件构成,以供同行建立类似实训平台参考。     

景观绩效研究中的案例研究法

美国风景园林基金会（LAF）发起的景观绩效评估研究已经成为风景园林学的重要的研究领域和前沿。案例研究调查（CSI） 是景观绩效系列研究项目（LPS）实施的基础,案例研究法是景观绩效评估研究开展的根本性方法,但是当前研究文献中鲜有对案 例研究法与景观绩效系列研究之间的关联性进行详细的解析。为了明确案例研究法对于景观绩效研究的重要作用和研究价值,将介 绍案例研究法的核心思想以及代表人物马克·弗朗西斯对风景园林案例研究法的推动;梳理他提出的风景园林案例研究法的关键思 想对 LAF 启动的一系列研究项目产生的重要影响;最后,指出未来景观绩效研究需加强基于议题的多案例分析,以产出更多有助于 循证设计的科学知识。     

建筑覆层抗爆性能研究

运用有限元分析软件AUTODYN,对混凝土单板及带蜂窝夹芯覆层的混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动力响应进行了分析.对比研究了两种结构在5 g的TNT球形装药,距离混凝土板5 cm处起爆时,混凝土背爆面中心点挠度、覆层压缩模式及各部分能量吸收情况.结果表明,带蜂窝夹芯覆层的混凝土板与单层混凝土板相比,背爆面挠度明显减小;设置覆层后可以大大减小结构受到的冲击荷载;增加覆层高度可以大大减轻结构受到的冲击能量,减轻结构的破坏.