低温下稳定塘系统对二级出水的处理效果

镇江市征润州污水厂的出水排入长江,为保护长江水环境,需要对其进行深度处理,以使出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。采用"好氧塘/兼性塘/生物塘"组合工艺处理该厂出水,考察了系统在低温条件下的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:该系统能进一步降低二级出水中的TN和TP浓度,对TN、NH3-N、TP的去除率分别为40%、70%和55%,出水TN、NH3-N、TP分别为14、4和0.4 mg/L左右;稳定塘中的硝化作用有利于NH3-N的去除,但厌氧环境的缺乏限制了反硝化作用的进行,使出水TN中NO3--N的比例升高;HRT是稳定塘的重要参数,系统中TN的去除以生物作用为主,可以适当延长HRT以提高对TN的去除率。     

Study of catalyzed ozonation for advanced treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents

Ozonation and catalytic ozonation (TOCCATA process) were used as tertiary treatments of wastewaters from three different pulp and paper mills. Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency of each oxidation system for removal of organic matter. The investigations measured ozone consumption rate, variations in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids (SS) and molecular weight distribution with contact time. For conventional ozonation, ozone consumption rate was dependent on the nature of the effluent. Organic matter elimination occurred both by oxidation and precipitation. Precipitation played a major role on TOC removal varying with the effluent, and was responsible for production of high final SS concentrations. However, the effluent type did not affect the ozone consumption rate for TOCCATA-catalyzed reactions. Using TOCCATA, it was shown that organic matter was removed through steady conversion of organic carbon to carbon dioxide. Finally the two oxidation systems were compared with respect to their impact on molecular weight distribution. A total removal of the two initial fractions of compounds (high and low molecular weights) was observed with two effluents. With the third effluent, only the initial fraction of low molecular weight compounds was removed by the two oxidizing systems. The results showed that ozonation and TOCCATA-catalyzed ozonation could achieve removals of COD of 36-76%. Depending on the effluent type, the amount of ozone consumed per gram of COD removed was lower for conventional or for catalytic ozonation.     

Sorption of dyes from aqueous solutions onto fly ash

Brown coal fly ashes were tested as potentially low-cost sorbents for the removal of synthetic dyes from waters. It was shown that both basic (cationic) as well as acid (anionic) dyes can be sorbed onto the fly ash. The adsorption can be described by the multi-site Langmuir isotherm. The sorption capacities were in the range of 10⁻¹–10⁻³ mmol/g and did not differ significantly for basic and acid dyes. The dye sorption decreased in the presence of organic solvents (methanol, acetone). The presence of oppositely charged surfactants exhibited a pronounced effect on the dye sorption—low concentrations of the surfactant enhanced sorption, whereas high concentrations solubilized the dyes and kept them in solution. Inorganic salts exhibited only a minor effect on the dye sorption. The sorption of basic dyes increased at high pH values, whereas the opposite was true for acid dyes.     

Utilization of clays and zeolites for coagulation treatment of municipal wastewater

This study is to evaluate the role of clays and zeolites on the coagulation and ion exchange treatment of municipal wastewater. Clay minerals used included kaolinite, montmorillonite, halloysite, and bentonite. Zeolites used included mordenite, faujasite, silicalite, and synthetic zeolite‐A. Clays and zeolites proved to be rather ineffective in decreasing the turbidity. Clays and zeolites showed a limited succes in removing Na from the wastewater. Most zeolites appeared to be quite effective in removing Ca and Mg from the wastewater with about 100% removal efficiency for Ca at a dosage of 2.0 g/l. The TOC removal efficiency of primary effluent ranged from 14 to 34% at a dosage of 1.0 g/l. Bentonite and silicalite were most effective in removing organic carbon from primary effluent.     

CWSBR~工艺处理市政污水的工程分析

五大连池市污水处理厂采用CWSBR工艺,其特点是单池连续进、出水且水位恒定,同时采用对泥层扰动小的恒水位滗水器。经过两个多月的污泥培养与系统调试,采用单池多步进水方式,强化了系统脱氮除磷性能,调试稳定后出水COD<50 mg/L、NH4+-N<3 mg/L、TP<0.5mg/L,出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准。运行结果印证了CWSBR工艺具有稳定的脱氮除磷功能。     

Removal of organic matter in stormwater ponds: a plug-flow model generalisation from waste stabilisation ponds to shallow rivers

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the effect of flow conditions on the organic matter concentration, removal efficiency, and reaction kinetics in a stormwater pond in Fortaleza, Brazil. As a result of unauthorized sewage discharges, BOD and COD concentrations were similar to those of combined sewer systems. The concentrations remained roughly the same during the rainy season, which was attributed to sewage network overflow. Removal efficiencies ranged from 70–90%, similar to primary facultative ponds. Fitting different hydraulic models to the field data, it was possible to obtain BOD and COD removal rates that could be described as functions of the Reynolds number. The best fit was achieved considering the plug-flow assumption, and a general BOD model including data reported in the literature for waste stabilisation ponds, stormwater ponds and shallow rivers was derived. Lastly, simulations with this general model were performed to assess the impact of remediation measures on the studied pond.     

Variation among plant species in pollutant removal from stormwater in biofiltration systems

Biofiltration systems use vegetation to improve efficiency of pollutant removal from stormwater, but little is known of how plants vary in their capacity to improve biofilter effectiveness. We used a pot trial of 20 Australian species to investigate how species vary in the removal of pollutants from semisynthetic storm water passing through a soil filter medium. Effluent levels of total suspended solids (TSS), Al, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were similarly low for vegetated and non-vegetated soils, with reduction to <1-12% of levels in the stormwater input. N and P effluent concentrations were generally lower from vegetated than non-vegetated soils, but total N increased on average in effluent of both vegetated and non-vegetated soils relative to stormwater input. Effluent concentrations varied 2-4-fold among species for TSS, total N and P, total dissolved N (TDN), organic nitrogen and Cu, to more than 20-fold for NOx, NH4+, Mn, Pb and Fe. Species also varied markedly in pollutant removal per root mass (a means of standardising for plant size), with 18-50-fold variation among species in effluent concentrations of total P and N, TDN and organic N, to >150-fold variation in NOx and NH4+. Hence, choice of plant species may have marked effects on biofilter effectiveness.     

Comparison on efficiency factors of F and C types of fly ashes

Fly ashes are obtained from thermal power plants and they are pozzolanic materials, which can act as partial replacement material for both portland cement and fine aggregate. With their economical advantages and potential for improving fresh and hardened concrete performance, they have some benefits for using in concrete industry. In this study, the objective was to find the efficiency factors of Turkish C and F-type fly ashes and to compare their properties. Three different cement dosages were used (260, 320, 400 kg/m³), two different ratios (10% and 17%) of cement reduced from the control concretes and three different ratios (depending on cement reduction ratio) of fly ash were added into the mixtures. At the ages of 28 and 90 days, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and ultrasound velocity tests were carried out. From the compressive strength results, the k efficiency factors of C and F-type fly ashes were obtained. As a result, it is seen that efficiency factors of the concrete produced by the replacement of F and C type fly ashes with cement increase with the increase in cement dosage and concrete age.     

Hydration of coal–biomass fly ash cement

This paper presents possibilities of use of fly ashes from co-combustion bituminous coal and biomass in cement production process. Both fly ashes coming from co-combustion bituminous coal and biomass and the ones from bituminous coal combustion were analysed. The following properties of cement were tested: heat of hydration, Ca(OH)₂ content, unreacted C₃S content and microstructure. The results showed that fly ashes from co-combustion coal and biomass retard cement hydration. Cement samples containing coal-biomass fly ashes demonstrate adverse features like lower heat of hydration, higher Ca(OH)₂ content and lower rate of C₃S hydration in comparison to the ones containing fly ashes from bituminous coal. The incorporation of coal-biomass fly ashes in cement results in an increase of porosity of cement paste, leading to a microstructure of lower density.     

An analysis of cascade‐aerated facultative waste stabilisation ponds in the United Kingdom

This paper examines the performance of cascade‐aerated facultative ponds in a waste stabilisation pond (WSP) installation in the United Kingdom. The pond system is privately owned and treats wastewater from a conference centre with a population equivalent between 20 and 40. A snapshot analysis investigates the removal efficiency of BOD, COD, SS, FC and nutrients. Further, the oxygen supply through ‘flow form’ cascades is examined, and the DO concentrations, surface loads and retention times are discussed. The results show a very high removal of BOD, COD and SS; and nutrient removal is satisfactory. An unusual finding is that the FC removal efficiency is almost two log units better than for a common maturation pond. This is possibly attributable to the high cascade flow, where wastewater is exposed to the damaging effects of sunlight (photo‐oxidation).     

稳定塘工艺深度处理污水厂二级出水的研究

采用CAST/稳定塘组合工艺以实现城镇污水处理的功能提升。分析了该组合工艺在冬、夏两季最大处理水量时的运行效果,结果表明:稳定塘系统可有效去除二级处理出水中的氮、磷和悬浮物,冬季(HRT=6.4 d)对TN、氨氮、TP、COD和SS的去除率分别为40%、70%、55%、50%、70%,夏季(HRT=5.4 d)对上述指标的去除率分别为56%、97%、76%、55%、68%,处理效果优于冬季。两种工况下稳定塘系统的出水水质均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级A标准,可有效降低受纳水体的营养负荷。第一和第二单元去除了原水中大部分的污染物,其净化机理以微生物分解和物理化学作用为主,二者对去除污染物的总贡献率>70%;第三单元进水中的污染物浓度已经很低,主要作为系统出水水质的屏障。因此,CAST/稳定塘组合工艺用于提升城镇污水处理功能是可行的。     

Size distribution of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fly ashes generated in Greek lignite-fired power plants

The fly ashes arrested by the electrostatic precipitators of four large lignite-fired Greek power stations (total installed capacity 4048 MW) were investigated regarding the distribution of 27 major, minor and trace elements and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six size ranges from <40 to >105 microm. An inverse relationship of concentration with particle size was observed for trace elements, such as As, Se, Zn, Pb, Cd, as well as for Ca, whereas the distribution of the matrix elements Al, Si, Ti, Fe, Mg was fairly flat up to 105 microm with relative enrichment or depletion in larger particle sizes. A reverse relationship of concentration with particle size was also revealed for all PAHs, particularly the heavier compounds. The percent mass of all elements and PAH species in the suspendable fraction (<63 microm) was between 25 and 30%. In all fly ashes, the PAH mixture was dominated by 4-ring species (48-62%) followed by 3-ring compounds (38-41%), whereas the carcinogenic 5- and 6-ring PAHs were less abundant (2-11%). Fly ash PAH concentrations were found to correlate strongly with the concentrations of certain trace elements either positively (e.g. Ba) or negatively (Mg, Cr, V, U) thus suggesting that some lignite elements might promote or prevent PAH formation during combustion. The suspendable fly ash fraction (<63 microm) was found to contain 6-35% of the total mass of individual elements and 10-57% of the total mass of individual PAH components.     

太湖原水净化过程中有机物分子量分布特性研究

采用超滤法考察了太湖原水、各净水单元工艺出水中有机物分子量分布的变化特性.结果表明,太湖原水经预臭氧+曝气生物预处理工艺、常规处理工艺和臭氧-生物活性炭+超滤深度处理工艺后,总DOC去除率可以达到71.6％;臭氧预氧化+曝气生物滤池预处理工艺出水DOC变化不大,但分子量的分布变化较明显;常规的混凝沉淀工艺对分子量为0....     

厌氧塘加盖提高处理效率的试验研究

为了提高厌氧塘的处理效率,进行了厌氧塘加盖密闭试验。结果表明,加盖后的COD、BOD5 和SS去除率比加盖前分别提高了27%、19%和10%,出水BOD5 和SS基本达到了《污水综合排放标准》的一级标准。     

Modelling of coliform removal in 186 facultative and maturation ponds around the world

The paper presents a very extensive evaluation of the coliform decay in facultative and maturation ponds, based on data from 186 different ponds in the world. The ponds encompass a very wide diversity in terms of physical and operating conditions, covering most situations encountered in practice. The median values for the coliform removal efficiencies were 1.8 log units (98% removal) for primary facultative ponds, 1.0 log units for secondary facultative ponds (90% removal) and 1.2 log units (94% removal) for each maturation pond in the series. Two equations to be used for design purposes were derived for estimating the die-off coefficient K(b) (dispersed flow, 20 degrees C) in facultative and maturation ponds. The first equation led to a slightly better fitting with the observed logarithm of the effluent coliform concentrations (R2 = 0.874), and related K(b) with the pond detention time t and depth H (K(b) = 0.682 H(-1.286) t(-0.103)). The other equation also led to a satisfactory fitting (R2 = 0.845), but was slightly simpler, depending only on the pond depth (K(b) = 0.549 H(-1.456)).     

Assessment of fly ash-aided phytostabilisation of highly contaminated soils after an 8-year field trial: part 1. Influence on soil parameters and metal extractability

Sustainable management of large surface areas contaminated with trace elements is a real challenge, since currently applied remediation techniques are too expensive for these areas. Aided phytostabilisation appears to be a cost efficient technique to reduce metal mobility in contaminated soils and contaminated particle spread. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the long-term efficiency of aided phytostabilisation on former agricultural soils highly contaminated with trace elements. The influence of afforestation and fly ash amendments to reduce metal mobility was investigated. Before being planted with a tree mix, the study site was divided into three plots: a reference plot with no amendment, the second amended with silico-aluminous fly ash and the third with sulfo-calcic fly ash. After eight years, some soil physico-chemical parameters, including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) extractability were modified. In particular, pH decreased on the whole site while organic carbon content increased. The alteration of these parameters influencing trace element mobility is explained by afforestation. Over time, concentrations of CaCl₂-extractable metals increased and were correlated with the soil pH decrease. In the amended soils, extractable Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations were lower than in the reference soil. The results indicated that the two fly ashes buffered natural soil acidification due to vegetation development and limited trace element mobility and thus could limit their bioavailability. For long-term phytostabilisation, special attention should be focused on the soil pH, metal mobility and phytoavailability analysis.     

Wet air oxidation of table olive processing wastewater: determination of key operating parameters by factorial design

The wet air oxidation of an effluent from edible olive processing was investigated. Semibatch experiments were conducted with 0.3L of effluent loaded into an autoclave and pure oxygen fed continuously to maintain an oxygen partial pressure of 2.5MPa. The effect of operating conditions, such as initial organic loading (from 1240 to 5150mg/L COD), reaction time (from 30 to 120min), temperature (from 140 to 180 degrees C), initial pH (from 3 to 7) and the use of 500mg/L H(2)O(2) as an additional oxidant, on treatment efficiency was assessed implementing a factorial experimental design. All five parameters had a statistically considerable effect on COD removal, alongside second order interactions of COD with reaction temperature, contact time and effluent pH. In most cases, high levels of phenols degradation (up to 100%) and decolorization (up to 90%) were achieved followed by low to moderate mineralization (up to 70%). The oxidation of phenols was affected to a considerable level by the initial COD, reaction temperature and contact time, as well as the second order interaction between COD and temperature, while all other effects were insignificant.     

Upgrading a facultative pond by implanting water hyacinth

Water hyacinth was implanted in one of two existing facultative ponds and both units were operated in parallel under comparable conditions. The ponds were fed with mainly domestic wastewater after pretreatment in anaerobic ponds and operated at a BOD₅-loading of about 48 kg (ha d)⁻¹ and a detention time of 12 days. This paper covers a period of 4 months, from the implantation of the water hyacinths until no further systematic change in the treatment efficiency of the water hyacinth pond was observed. The median effluent concentrations of the facultative pond for SS, COD, TKN and TP were 55, 95, 6.4 and 1.4 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The values for the water hyacinth pond were 12, 26, 2.5 and 0.4 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The average DO effluent concentration of the water hyacinth pond was 1.2 mg l⁻¹, but this still increased slightly as compared to the influent. The study demonstrates that the implantation of water hyacinth is an appropriate option for upgrading facultative ponds. In many cases where more stringent effluent standards are imposed the method may be a suitable alternative to technical treatment processes.     

The effect of biofilter loading rate on the removal of organic ozonation by-products

The effect of biofilter loading rate on the removal of organic ozonation by-products (OBPs) was studied in three biofilters used for the pretreatment of drinking water. One of the biofilters contained plastic biofilm media (KMT) and the two others contained expanded clay aggregates (Filtralite). Tests were carried out with ozonated humic water at several OBP concentration levels using empty bed contact times (EBCTs) from 6.2 to 48 min. The sum of aldehyde (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal and methyl glyoxal) and acetone concentrations ranged from 21 to 77 μg l⁻¹ in the ozonated water. The total ketoacid (glyoxylic, pyruvic, and ketomalonic acids) concentrations varied from 92 to 521 μg l⁻¹. The results were modelled using a first-order model including parameter for minimum substrate concentration (S_min). The OBPs showed different sensitivities to decreasing EBCT. Formaldehyde and pyruvic acid had the highest specific removal rates and their removal was little affected by increased loading rate. Ketomalonic acid had the lowest specific removal rate and its removal efficiency was reduced most with decreasing EBCT. The other studied OBPs had specific removal rates close to each other. The ketoacids had higher S_min concentrations than aldehydes and the S_min concentrations were influenced by the influent OBP concentrations. The biofilter media did not have a significant effect on OBP removal efficiency. Generally, over 80% removal efficiency was obtained for OBPs at EBCTs over 20 min. The significance of OBP concentrations close to S_min for the biological stability of drinking water needs to be determined.     

Productivity and nitrogen balance in large scale phytoplankton cultures

Biomass production and nitrogen balance was studied in 35,000 gal (133,000 1) phytoplankton cultures comprising the first stage in a tertiary sewage treatment-mariculture system. The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum persisted for most of the study. At secondary sewage effluent loadings sufficient to produce residual dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations above approximately 5 μg atoms l⁻¹, an N:C ratio (molar) of 0.17 was obtained and algal growth was not nutrient-limited. Biomass levels, and hence pond particulate carbon and nitrogen output, varied in response to solar irradiance and dilution rate, but not temperature. Mean winter and summer yields were approximately 1 and 5 g (83 and 417 mg atoms) C m⁻² d⁻¹ respectively. An inverse relationship existed between algal biomass concentration and dilution rate, such that in the late spring optimal pond yields occurred between 0.55 and 0.65 dilutions d⁻¹. Better than 95% dissolved total nitrogen removal was obtained. Net dissolved organic nitrogen production, that would offset dissolved inorganic nitrogen removal, did not occur. Pond particulate nitrogen output was usually less than dissolved total nitrogen removal. Probable explanations for this include (1) ammonia evolution to the atmosphere at high pond pH, (2) particulate nitrogen sedimentation, and (3) denitrification. Of these, the first is believed to be quantitatively the most significant.