脉冲强光对副溶血性弧菌的杀菌效果及动力学

为了描述脉冲强光杀菌过程和预测杀菌效果,建立了脉冲强光对副溶血性弧菌的杀菌动力学模型。采用单次辐照剂量为67、92、113 mJ/cm2分别处理3.0%氯化钠体系中副溶血性弧菌0~25 s,考察其杀菌效果。选取Linear、Weibull和Log-logistic三种数学模型来拟合脉冲强光杀菌的动力学过程,以精确因子(A_f)、偏差因子(B_f)、根平均方差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2)作为模型拟合度优劣评价指标。结果表明,当辐照距离为30 cm,单次辐照剂量为113 mJ/cm2处理时间为25 s时,副溶血性弧菌减少5.63 logCFU/mL,杀菌率为99.96%;Weibull模型和Log-logistic模型较Linear模型能更好的拟合脉冲强光处理副溶血性弧菌的杀菌曲线,Weibull模型能最好地拟合脉冲强光杀菌的动力学过程,且相较Log-logistic模型更简洁、灵活实用。     

脉冲强光对大肠杆菌的灭活效果及其动力学模型的建立

为研究脉冲强光对大肠杆菌的杀菌效应,试验以大肠杆菌ATCC 8739为对象,研究了不同生长期、pH和温度对脉冲强光杀菌效果的影响,并对其杀菌动力学进行Linear和Weibull模型拟合。结果表明:培养了6 h的对数期大肠杆菌对脉冲强光处理最为敏感,处理1 s能够降低(2.31±0.16)lg cfu/mL。pH和温度对脉冲强光杀菌效果有很大影响,介质温度在35~45 ℃,pH4.0~6.0或pH8.0都能促进脉冲强光的灭活作用。不同脉冲距离和时间下,Linear和Weibull模型都能够很好地拟合脉冲强光对大肠杆菌的杀菌效果(R2>0.99),且Weibull模型更为精确,但杀菌效果最终取决于辐射通量(可通过调节脉冲距离和脉冲时间改变)。总之,脉冲强光技术可以作为一种有效杀灭大肠杆菌的非热杀菌技术,其杀菌过程符合Linear和Weibull模型,且Weibull更为精确,该模型可以为饮用水消毒提供参考。     

低温等离子体对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的杀菌效果及动力学特性

为研究介质阻挡放电低温等离子体对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的杀菌作用,以菌悬液（1×108 CFU/mL）为研究对象,分析其杀菌效果,通过Linear、Weibull和Log-linear+Shoulder+Tail三种数学模型,分析低温等离子体杀菌动力学特性,以均方根误差（RMSE）、决定系数(R2)、准确度因素(Af)和偏移因素(Bf)四个参数作为评价模型拟合度优劣的指标。实验结果表明,当O2:N2=65:35,介质厚度为2 mm,处理电压为75 kV,处理时间为150 s,处理后放置0 h时,金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的杀菌率分别为90.00%和98.99%;当处理后放置时间延长至2 h时,二者杀菌率提高至90.27%和99.61%。拟合结果表明,Weibull模型和Log-linear+Shoulder+Tail模型比Linear模型更符合低温等离子体处理对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的实际杀菌曲线,而Log-linear+Shoulder+Tail模型适用面更广,可以更好的描述不同处理后放置时间下的低温等离子体的杀菌过程。     

高压脉冲电场对酿酒酵母杀菌效果影响和模型分析研究

研究了高压脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)对接种于胡萝卜汁中酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,CGMCC2.604)的杀菌效果并进行了模型分析。结果表明,随电场强度和脉冲时间增加,PEF对酿酒酵母的杀灭效果增强,25kV/cm、2173μs时酿酒酵母降低了4.5个对数。Weibull模型和Log-Logistic模型均能很好的拟合PEF处理酿酒酵母的失活曲线,模型评价参数(Af,Bf,SS,RMSE和R2)分析表明,Log-Logistic模型比Weibull模型能更好地拟合PEF处理下酿酒酵母失活动力学变化。     

大肠杆菌射频加热杀菌效果及动力学模型拟合

为研究射频加热杀菌效果及微生物致死动力学。选取大肠杆菌为试验菌株,研究极板间距和菌悬液电导率对加热速度及杀菌效果的影响。选取4种常见的模型,即一级动力学、Weibull、Dose-response和Log-Logistic模型对大肠杆菌射频加热失活曲线进行动力学模型拟合。结果表明:极板间距和电导率影响射频加热速度,极板间距越大升温速度越慢,杀灭微生物所需时间越长,当电导率接近1 000μs/cm时,升温速度最快。在极板间距115 mm,电导率1 083μs/cm的条件下,加热90 s,大肠杆菌致死率即可达100%。大肠杆菌的失活动力学曲线基本呈倒"S"型,不符合一级反应动力学模型。Weibull、Log-Logistic和Dose-response模型都能较好地拟合射频杀菌失活曲线。通过对模型的拟合评价参数,即精确因子Af、偏差因子Bf、根平均方差RMSE和决定系数R2的比较,确定Log-Logistic模型拟合效果最好。     

微波杀菌对草莓罐头的杀菌效果研究

目的研究微波杀菌对草莓罐头的杀菌效果。方法微波功率800 W的条件下对草莓罐头微波杀菌,分别处理1、3、5、7、9 min,应用Weibull模型对草莓罐头的杀菌效果进行拟合。结果随着微波杀菌时间的延长,杀菌效果增强,微波杀菌处理7 min时可全部杀死霉菌和酵母,Weibull模型动力学曲线的决定系数r2大于0.9800,?2、RMSE的值分别小于0.0300和0.0800,拟合效果较好。结论微波杀菌方法快速、简便、高效,对草莓罐头的杀菌效果较好。     

脉冲强光杀菌技术对氨基酸饮料杀菌作用的研究

文章研究脉冲强光对氨基酸饮料中微生物杀灭效果,通过单因素实验方法优化脉冲强光对氨基酸饮料杀菌工艺。结果表明最佳杀菌参数为:闪照距离8cm,闪照时间25s,染菌浓度为104CFU.mL^-1。对脉冲强光杀菌处理和模拟常规热杀菌处理进行对比试验,分析2种杀菌处理技术对氨基酸饮料主要营养成分的变化情况,结果表明脉冲强光杀菌技术可以较好的保护饮料中的营养成分,为脉冲强光杀菌技术应用于饮料杀菌奠定理论基础。     

高密度CO2对生鲜调理鸡肉杀菌动力学模型构建

研究不同压力、温度和时间的高密度CO2对生鲜调理鸡肉中细菌的杀菌效果,并采用Weibull、Modified Gompertz、Logistic模型来拟合高密度CO2杀菌的动力学过程,以精确因子(Af),偏差因子(Bf),根平方和(SS),根平方方差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2)作为模型拟合度优劣的评判指标,旨在找出最能拟合高密度CO2处理下微生物失活曲线的数学模型,为高密度CO2杀菌的实际应用提供理论依据.结果表明:随着处理压力、温度、时间的增加,高密度CO2杀菌效果逐渐增强;预测值和实测值的相关决定系数R2表明三种模型都能较好的拟合生鲜调理鸡肉中细菌的失活曲线,其中Logistic模型较拟合度最好,Modified Gompertz其次,Weibull最差.本结果可为高密度CO2新型非热力杀菌技术在肉品上的实际应用提供理论依据.     

超高压对双孢蘑菇的杀菌效果和动力学的研究

以细菌总数、大肠菌群、酵母菌和霉菌数为对象,研究了超高压(High hydrostatic pressure,HHP)处理对双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)的杀菌效果和杀菌动力学。双孢蘑菇在300、400、500、600MPa压力下,室温下分别用HHP处理2.5～25min。结果表明:随压力的升高和时间的延长,杀菌效果增强;霉菌、酵母对压力较为敏感,400MPa处理2.5min可将其全部杀死;300MPa处理2.5min可完全杀灭双孢蘑菇中的大肠菌群。应用Weibull模型对不同处理条件下双孢蘑菇的杀菌效果进行拟合,拟合动力学曲线的决定系数R2均大于0.97,拟合效果较好。提出了双孢蘑菇的HHP杀菌的最优杀菌工艺参数,即600MPa处理5min,该条件即可以有效杀灭双孢蘑菇中的微生物。     

多酚氧化酶的射频加热灭活效果及动力学分析

为了阐述多酚氧化酶(PPO)射频加热对灭活规律,本文研究了板间距和溶酶磷酸盐缓冲液电导率对加热速度及酶灭活效果的影响,进行了酶灭活动力学模型研究。结果表明:极板间距和电导率影响射频加热速度,极板间距越大升温越慢,电导率为0.1 S/m时,升温速度最快。在极板间距120 mm,电导率0.1 S/m时,射频加热105 s,PPO的灭活率为91.88%。对酶灭活的动力学曲线分别用一级动力学模型、Weibull模型和Log-Logistic模型进行拟合。通过对模型的拟合评价参数即精确因子Af、偏差因子Bf、根平均方差RMSE和决定系数R2进行比较,PPO的灭活动力学曲线不符合一级反应动力学模型,Weibull和Log-Logistic模型都能较好的拟合PPO失活曲线。通过衡量三种模型的预测值和实测值的一致性,Log-Logistic模型能最好地拟合射频加热条件下多酚氧化酶的失活曲线。     

Use of the Weibull model for lactococcal bacteriophage inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure

Four lactococcal bacteriophages (phiLl6-2, phiLl35-6, phiLd66-36 and phiLd67-42) in M17 broth were pressurized at 300 and 350 MPa at room temperature and their survival curves were determined at various time intervals. Tailing (monotonic upward concavity) was observed in all survival curves. The resulting non-linear semi-logarithmic survival curves were described by the Weibull model and goodness of fit of this model was investigated. Regression coefficients (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), residual and correlation plots strongly suggested that Weibull model produced a better fit to the data than the traditional linear model. Hazard plots suggested that the Weibull model was fully appropriate for the data being analyzed. These results have confirmed that the Weibull model, which is mostly utilized to describe the inactivation of bacterial cells or spores by heat and pressure, could be successfully used in describing the lactococcal bacteriophage inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure.     

金黄色葡萄球菌脉冲磁场杀菌试验、生物学窗效应及其失活动力学

以金黄色葡萄球菌为对象,研究磁场强度、脉冲数和样品温度对杀菌效果的影响。结果发现：随磁场强度的增加,金黄色葡萄球菌残留率总体呈下降趋势,其中磁场强度3.5T 时杀菌效果最好;活菌残留率随脉冲数的增加而降低,在20 个脉冲数时达到最低,之后残留率趋于稳定;温度对杀菌效果有一定的协同促进作用。研究得到了脉冲磁场杀菌的最优条件为：磁场强度3.5T、脉冲数20 个、样品温度30℃,此条件下金黄色葡萄球菌残留率为7.29%。在本实验中,金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923 的脉冲磁场杀菌效果表现出生物学窗效应：脉冲数的窗值为20;当脉冲数为20 时,磁场强度的窗值IW 符合如下递推关系：IW(n)=n(9 － n)/4 － 1(n 为“强度窗”的出现序次,n=1、2、3)。通过分析Gelow 模型、Weibull 模型和Hulsheger 模型决定系数(R2)表明,Gelow 模型最好地拟合了脉冲磁场作用下金黄色葡萄球菌残留率动力学变化。     

脉冲强光在食品工业中的研究和应用进展

脉冲强光是一种非热物理杀菌新技术,利用氙气灯瞬时高强度、广谱的脉冲光来杀灭固体表面、气体和透明液体中营养细菌及芽孢、真菌和真菌孢子、病毒和原生动物等腐败病原微生物,具有能耗低、杀菌效率高、对产品质量和营养的负面影响较低等优点。本文综述了脉冲强光设备的工作原理、杀菌机理、杀菌影响因素及在果蔬、食品包装材料、水处理等中的研究和应用进展。     

低温条件下即食虾中单增李斯特菌与副溶血性弧菌共存分子预测模型的建立

本研究旨在应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qPCR）技术描述即食虾中的单增李斯特菌与副溶血性弧菌的生长行为,构建混菌模式下的分子预测模型。将单增李斯特菌与副溶血性弧菌等量（（5.0±0.5）（lg（CFU/g）））混合接种于即食虾中,置于低温环境（4 ℃和10 ℃）下培养,并利用qPCR定量检测单增李斯特菌与副溶血性弧菌数量的动态变化。运用生长模型（修正Gompertz、Logistic、Baranyi）和失活模型（Log-linear、Weibull）分别拟合两株菌的生长和失活趋势。结果表明：低温条件下,修正Gompertz、Logistic和Baranyi模型均可成功拟合单增李斯特菌的生长曲线,其决定系数（R2）均大于0.98。对于副溶血性弧菌,在4 ℃条件下,Log-linear和Weibull模型能够清晰地描述其失活情况,R2分别为0.950和0.945;而10 ℃条件下,2 个失活模型均难以描述其行为变化,R2仅为0.784和0.775。本研究运用分子生物学技术描述即食虾中两种致病菌混合培养的菌量变化,探究混菌模式下微生物的生长失活情况,为分子预测模型的进一步研究提供了新的思路。     

Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on thermal inactivation of microorganisms in milk

Postpasteurization addition of CO2 inhibits growth of certain microorganisms in dairy products, but few workers have investigated the effect of CO2 on the thermal inactivation of microorganisms during pasteurization. Concentrations of CO2 ranging from 44 to 58 mM added to raw whole milk significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of surviving standard plate count (SPC) organisms in milk heated over the range of 67 to 93 degrees C. A decrease in thermal survival rates (D-values) for Pseudomonas fluorescens R1-232 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 spores in milk was positively correlated with CO2 concentrations (1 to 36 mM). D(50 degrees C)-values for P. fluorescens significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in a linear fashion from 14.4 to 7.2 min. D(89 degrees C)-values for B. cereus spores were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from 5.56 min in control milk to 5.29 min in milk containing 33 mM CO2. The Weibull function was used as a model to describe the thermal inactivation of P. fluorescens, B. cereus spores, and SPC organisms in raw milk. Nonlinear parameters for the Weibull function were estimated, and survival data fitted to this model had higher R2 values than when fitted to the linear model, further providing support that the thermal inactivation of bacteria does not always follow first-order reaction rate kinetics. These results suggest that CO2 could be used as a processing aid to enhance microbial inactivation during pasteurization.     

Modeling the inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Enteritidis on poultry products exposed to pulsed UV light

Pulsed UV light inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium on unpackaged and vacuum-packaged chicken breast, Listeria monocytogenes on unpackaged and vacuum-packaged chicken frankfurters, and Salmonella Enteritidis on shell eggs was explained by log-linear and Weibull models using inactivation data from previous studies. This study demonstrated that the survival curves of Salmonella Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes were nonlinear exhibiting concavity. The Weibull model was more successful than the log-linear model in estimating the inactivations for all poultry products evaluated, except for Salmonella Enteritidis on shell eggs, for which the survival curve was sigmoidal rather than concave, and the use of the Weibull model resulted in slightly better fit than the log-linear model. The analyses for the goodness of fit and performance of the Weibull model produced root mean square errors of 0.059 to 0.824, percent root mean square errors of 3.105 to 21.182, determination coefficients of 0.747 to 0.989, slopes of 0.842 to 1.042, bias factor values of 0.505 to 1.309, and accuracy factor values of 1.263 to 6.874. Overall, this study suggests that the survival curves of pathogens on poultry products exposed to pulsed UV light are nonlinear and that the Weibull model may generally be a useful tool to describe the inactivation patterns for pathogenic microorganisms affiliated with poultry products.