Research on the Model of Urbanization Based on Rural Industrialization

After the 18th CPC National Congress,urbanization regained its importance.As villages become heterogeneously urbanized,rural industrialization is reiterated for town urbanization.Yet all the historically famous models for Zhujiang,Sunan and Wenzhou in the progress of rural industrialization encountered dilemmas.Is the modernization theory sound in dictating that latecomers cannot achieve urbanization through rural industrialization?The author discusses the origination of the industrialization and urbanization of Hebei villages which is considered to represent the vision of British industrial revolution.There are two implications:(1)Town urbanization requires rural industrialization as its base,which must not rely completely on external industries and being urbanized top-down,but rather on the development of internal economic and social forces;(2)Urbanization cannot evolve spontaneously on the basis of rural industrialization.Instead,it is the result of conscious common planning and construction pushed by multiple forces.Therefore,the government should,in accordance with the law of development,provide guidance that mitigates various issues in the process of development.     

关于推进新型城镇化的几点思考

结合多年工作心得,针对推进新型城镇化的发展规律展开论述,指出新型城镇化要以城乡一体规划为引领,切实转变发展方式,为开创新型工业化、新型城镇化的经济发展新空间提供了参考。     

小型农村水利工程管理体制改革初探

我国正逐步向社会主义市场经济体制转型,以往农村小型水利工程的经营管理机制已不能适应当前发展背景下的农村现代化建设需求。农村水利建设不但影响农民收入,还直接影响到农业的发展,因此必须将农村小型水利工程的体制改革深化落实。     

Factors influencing development of management strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon I: spatial variation and land use

Surface water bodies are progressively subject to increasing stress as a result of environmentally degrading processes primarily related to anthropogenic activities. This study assesses and examines the impact of land use and land-based activities on the spatial variation in water quality of the Abou Ali River in North Lebanon. It is the first detailed study of its kind in Lebanon and adds to the existing knowledge by shedding light on a relatively small Mediterranean river in a developing country where there is a paucity of such studies. The assessment was conducted at the end of the dry season in 2002 and 2003 and the end of the wet season in 2003 and 2004. The study has demonstrated the importance of anthropogenic influences on the water quality of the Abou Ali River Basin, as concentrations of most contaminants were higher at locations with greatest human activity. The most adversely affected area was the section of the river that flows through an entirely urbanized and highly populated region, the Tripoli conurbation. Upstream rural sites were enriched by contaminants primarily from non-point sources such as agricultural runoff and poultry litter whereas contaminant concentrations at the urban sites were enriched by a combination of sewage discharge and flow of contaminants from upstream. If the Abou Ali River is to be utilized as a managed water resource and its water quality sustained, point source discharges will require treatment and land use management must be planned to minimize the impact of diffuse source pollution on the river. A high priority should be given to the implementation and enforcement of the precautionary and polluter pays principles. Moreover, an effective legal, economic and institutional framework is required to encourage investment in waste reduction and control and to introduce environmentally sound practices.     

A mobile solar water heater for rural housing in Southern Africa

One of the day-to-day problems for the low-income rural population of Southern Africa is collecting and transporting sufficient water for domestic use from communal water sources. In addition, the traditional sources of energy used for heating domestic water, such as firewood and charcoal, have become scarce and expensive. Inevitably, hygiene practices are compromised, which has a detrimental effect on the health of the people.An affordable device was envisaged that could assist in rural areas with the transportation and heating of water. Southern Africa is blessed with abundant sunshine, thus making it appropriate to select solar heating for this purpose. The device must have the ability to store the hot water until the evening. An ICS type solar water heater, with insulation and glazing, was selected therefore. Because the mobility of the device was modelled on the wheelbarrow, the device was named the Solar Heat Barrow. Prototypes were designed, manufactured and tested and it was demonstrated that water could be heated to an average of 60 °C by mid-afternoon. Water at 40 °C was still available at 20:00. Problems experienced during both the manufacture and testing of the device will be solved as development continues.     

Community input-output models for rural area analysis with an example from central Idaho

In this paper we outline an I-O modeling approach tailored to the needs of rural area analysis. We cover four essential features. First, the rural area I-O model must convey an individual community focus. Second, the household sector must be defined in a manner that specifically captures the great openness of rural community economies. Third, the model should offer a degree of closure that provides an assessment of the community economic base. And finally, the rural community I-O model must be defined to include estimates of intercommunity trade, and intercommunity multiplier effects. Having laid the theoretical foundations, we identify subcounty data sources, and describe a collection of nonsurvey and hybrid approaches for estimating model components. The community I-O approach is illustrated next, with an empirical example from central Idaho. The paper closes with a discussion that considers the implications of community I-O in other contexts, including I-O analysis in less developed countries, and in addressing modeling issues in larger nonrural regions. Received: 7 March 1996 / Accepted in revised form: 26 February 1997     

新农村建设中的环境问题及对策初探

针对农村建设中环境问题未得到重视的情况,从农业、工业、居民生活三方面总结了现阶段农村建设发展中存在的典型污染问题,并提出相应的解决办法,从而提高新农村环境质量。     

试谈台湾区域和都市计画理念与方法的借鉴

海峡两岸经济合作框架协议的签定,方便了两岸经济往来与文化交流,两岸城乡规划领域学术交流日益增多。相对于祖国大陆,台湾地区在工业化、城市化进程方面走在前面,其城乡统筹协调发展、新建市镇发展园区、保护私权增进和谐、讲究实用突出公益、绿色交通低碳生活、保育生态尊重环评、传承文化重视精神、关注基层尊重民意、集中管理提升效能、学科协作重视财务等城乡规划建设管理的理念和方法,值得大陆规划界同仁学习和借鉴。     

城市反哺乡村的必要性及可行性分析

中国正经历前所未有的经济快速增长,大面积的土地工业化、城市化,乡村剩余劳动力被城市化的同时导致乡村的边缘化。城市化进程中,乡村不仅为城市人口提供基础农产品,更是提供大量的劳动力,为城市化做出巨大的贡献。在城乡关系中,城市处于相对受益的一方,在城市化率已突破50%的今天,除了经济增长,对于社会、文化的关注进一步提升,乡村对于城市化所做出的贡献与牺牲有必要置于城乡均衡发展的关系中予以认识,本文基于这种认识,分析城市反哺乡村的条件并初步论述其可行性。     

基于市场需求的住宅产业化发展思路探索

住宅产业化作为经济与社会发展的一项重要举措,要找到突破点,找到一条符合市场需求的发展之路。结合重庆市近年来的人口、人均住宅消费等相关发展数据,分析在市场经济环境下发展住宅产业化的必要性与重要性,同时分析了制约住宅产业化发展的主要因素,提出推进住宅产业化发展的主要思路。     

我国城乡统筹规划的几个关键问题 --学习汪光焘部长讲话的体会

在全球经济一体化的新形势下,我国正处在经济快速增长和工业化、城市化迅速发展时期.中共十六届四中全会期间,中国城市规划年会在北京胜利召开,建设部汪光焘部长在会上强调我们必须贯彻执行中央全会的精神、高度重视城乡统筹、城乡规划工作.本文以科学发展观探索我国城乡规划、城市化道路和农村人口转化的几个关键问题,特别是如何认识我国城镇发展的经济规律与综合的支撑体系,面向世界、面对现实,真正发挥城市规划的"龙头作用",建设城乡一体化的繁荣局面.     

Regional industrial production's spatial distribution and water pollution control: A plant-level aggregation method for the case of a small region in China

With fast economic growth, industrial water pollution has been a serious problem ubiquitously in China. More threatening is that lots of economic developing regions still strategically depend on fast industrialization, neglecting the relationship between production's spatial distribution and regional water environmental carrying capacity. As a small region, Deyang City is the objective case. We propose a plant-level aggregation method to estimate the spatial distribution of industrial water pollution pressure in the future five years. Based on discrete event simulation, newly added industrial projects' sizes and location choices (refer to industrial location theory) are regionally aggregated. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) emission into every river reach in the region is calculated respectively. In order to recover the water environmental function, the strategy aims at controlling emission within the carrying capacity of each river reach. And the strategy is assessed on its regional effects and spatial equity, from the perspective of government and industry. The results quantitatively show the diversified uncertain bounds of river reaches' COD adoptions which will aggravate the water pollution. And the pollution control strategy's effect indicates a large different level of spatial equity for industry and government respectively.     

Health Impacts in Developing Countries: New Evidence and New Prospects

This review of recent studies of the health impact of water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries shows that they share many findings, and some methodological problems, with older studies of the subject. Considerable health impacts can occur under appropriate conditions, and it is suggested that the greatest impact can be produced by targeting water and sanitation facilities to those whose existing water sources are furthest away, or whose environment is most faecally polluted.
Another finding is that health benefits stem from the changes in hygiene behaviour which water and sanitation make possible. The measurement of such behavioural changes is a subject in need of development. Nevertheless, it is likely to be easier, more reliable, and more useful to water and sanitation programme managers as an operational evaluation tool than any attempt to measure the health benefits directly.     

Continuous Process anaerobic biogas production from poultry wastes

Energy demand in rural areas of developing countries has driven researchers towards harnessing energy sources available to them. One of those recognised sources available in rural areas is waste organic materials. This paper examines the continous process method of biogas production from poultry wastes at various conditions under anaerobic digestion. Biogas technology enables rural dwellers to obtain cheap, high-grade fuel as well as organic fertiliser through the resources available to them locally. A biogas programme helps to solve environmental problems arising from the disposal of organic waste materials. The treatment of sewage protects water supply. Biogas technology helps to conserve foreign exchange for energy importing countries. The test results show that gas production rates were higher at controlled elevated temperature compared to the production rates at ambient conditions. It indicates that bacteria are more active at high temperatures. The digested effluent sludge is a high quality organic fertiliser, which is richer than inorganic manure, and it fixes well in the soil.     

Effectiveness of water protection policy in China: A case study of Jiaxing

The rapid economic growth in China has caused ever-increasing pollution and gradual deterioration of surface water quality over the whole territory of China since 1978. Along with it, there have been 130 environmental protection policies publicized and enacted. Unfortunately, even though these contradictory phenomena have coexisted for almost three decades, the cause analysis and the effective evaluation of policy measures are still rare. The Jiaxing region, a lowland located at the Taihu Lake watershed, is a typical representative of this dilemma and was proposed as a case study area for an assessment on the effectiveness of the environmental policy measures mentioned above. The pollutant loads originating from point pollution sources were discharged into rivers at fixed in-stream sites, while pollutant loads from non-point pollution sources in rural areas were assumed to be rushed into rivers by stormwater runoff. The environmental policy measures concerning water quality in the Jiaxing region were specified quantitatively as parameters for estimating the variation of pollutant loads. The base case and other three cases with the effects of policy measures were then simulated by the surface water quality models. The results show that a significant improvement of the surface water quality can be achieved by controlling the non-point pollution in rural areas and the point pollution over the whole area, if the water protection policies are sustainable and executed completely, and if the local government is active in their administrative, supervising and educational responsibilities and the farmers assume voluntary activities on rural pollution control.     

我国新农村建设类型划分与模式研究

新农村建设是我国经济发展到一定阶段的必然过程,我国已进入工业化中期阶段,一定程度上具备了新农村建设的经济基础。由于我国经济发展的区域差异显著,处于不同发展水平的地区,其新农村建设内容、重点、模式和方式上都应不同。基于此,本文从城乡统筹的角度,以省为单位分别设立了评价我国城市和农村发展水平的两套指标体系,将我国的城市与农村发展水平分别划分为强、中、弱三个级别,并对各省评价结果进行了叠加。按照经济发展水平相对一致的原则,将叠加的结果归并为五个类型,分别是发达类型、相对发达类型、发展中类型、相对落后类型、落后类型;最后针对各类型的经济发展水平不同,初步探讨了个类型的新农村建设模式,提出了各类型新农村建设的重点。     

住宅产业化进程中的政府行为研究

住宅产业化作为住宅产业可持续发展的实现方式,必须有政府完整的保障体系促进其良性发展.住宅市场不可能是完全有效的,存在"市场失灵"问题.对住宅产业化进程中我国政府行为进行了研究,总结了我国将推进住宅产业化作为住宅建设一项重大政策所采取的一系列措施,并且在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,分别从法规建设、经济政策、科技体系和公众参与等几方面,提出了我国政府行为的构建模式.     

中国城镇化的主动力与城市规划的调控力

中国城镇化的动力机制由经济支持系统和制度支持系统组成,它包含了来自城镇的“拉力”、农村的“推力”与运行制度平台的“阻力”形成的综合作用力,推进中国城镇化的主动力是工业化。城市规划属于城镇化支持系统的微观层面因素,工业化进程离不开作为城市发展基本调控手段的城市规划。     

对城乡统筹发展中的城乡文化整合的研究

现阶段,我国正经历着快速城镇化和工业化。由于经济高速增长、大量人口从乡村涌入城市,造成了城市土地迅速扩张和一系列相关问题。因此,急切需要用城乡统筹发展的思维来制定区域社会发展和产业布局的规划。     

关于低碳发展均衡性的思考

城市的产业结构调整以及经济发展方式的转变是实现可持续发展的必要途径,产业转移作为区域经济发展格局重构的催化剂,一方面为发达地区产业升级与演替创造了可能性;另一方面也为欠发达地区工业化、城市化发展提供了机遇.在低碳理念日益深人人心的时代背景下,区域之间如何实现低碳发展的均衡性,如何实现生态环境保护的可持续性,是我们必须回答的问题.