副干酪乳杆菌海藻酸钠微胶囊包埋工艺

研究副干酪乳杆菌海藻酸钠微胶囊的包埋效果,副干酪乳杆菌在冻干、贮藏及模拟胃胀道环境中的存活情况,并优化包埋工艺参数。结果表明,大豆蛋白分离物(SPI)是适宜的内层壁材,低聚异麦芽糖对副干酪乳杆菌的冷冻保护效果最佳。当SPI用量为3%,低聚异麦芽糖添加量5%,海藻酸钠浓度2%、氯化钙浓度为0.2 mo L/L,副干酪乳杆菌的包埋率可达93.31%,冷冻干燥后微胶囊4℃储存28 d的副干酪乳杆菌存活率达58.97%,微胶囊副干酪乳杆菌在模拟胃液中3 h存活率达67.52%,模拟肠液中45 min基本得到释放。由于挤压法制备的副干酪乳杆菌微胶囊较高的存活率,操作简便、经济,因此有较为广阔的工业化前景。     

4种复合壁材对干酪乳杆菌包埋效果的影响

研究4种复合壁材通过内源乳化法对干酪乳杆菌的包埋效果,及微胶囊化的干酪乳杆菌在模拟胃肠液中的存活情况。结果表明,当海藻酸钠质量分数为2%,海藻酸钠与乳清蛋白含量比11,油水体积比31,海藻酸钠与碳酸钙含量比31时,微胶囊的包埋率最高,为87.50%,且微胶囊形态成球形;以明胶与海藻酸钠做复合壁材时,微胶囊粒度最小,为89.88μm;在模拟胃液中处理2h时,以大豆分离蛋白为复合壁材制得的微胶囊干酪乳杆菌存活率最高,为90.39%;以酪蛋白为复合壁材制得的微胶囊在模拟肠液中肠溶性最好,菌体在30min时基本得到释放。由于蛋白质复合壁材制得的微胶囊安全可食用,包埋效果好,因此可广泛应用于食品加工中。     

微胶囊化干酪乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌在冻干香蕉粉中的活力研究

为了提高干酪乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌在冻干食品中的活力及其贮藏稳定性,以乳清分离蛋白(WPI)-低聚果糖(FOS)复合物为壁材,通过乳化法制作益生菌微胶囊,以香蕉作为微胶囊载体,将微胶囊混入香蕉泥中冻干成粉。测定微胶囊的包埋率,对包埋益生菌香蕉粉的理化性质,在模拟胃肠道中的活性及贮藏稳定性进行评价。结果表明:WPI-FOS壁材包埋嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌包埋率分别为98%和95%,与WPI壁材相比分别提高8.89%和10.47%(P0.05)。WPI-FOS包埋嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌微胶囊益生菌香蕉粉较未包埋的益生菌香蕉粉缓冲能力分别提高28.83%和73.75%(P0.05),总水溶性糖含量分别提高28.28%和80.95%(P0.05)。经模拟胃肠液处理90 min,WPI-FOS包埋益生菌的香蕉粉中活菌数达到(7.05±0.1)lg cfu/g,而未经WPI-FOS包埋益生菌的香蕉粉在模拟肠液中无菌存活。WPI-FOS包埋益生菌的香蕉粉经4℃、30 d贮藏后活菌数≥8.57 lg cfu/g。以上结果表明:经WPI-FOS壁材包埋益生菌的冻干香蕉粉在不利条件及长时间贮存时,可保持较高的菌活力和较好的贮藏稳定性。     

复配及多层包埋植物乳杆菌微胶囊的制备及表征

本研究目的是制备及表征高效保护植物乳杆菌的微胶囊,并对复配及多层包埋效果进行探讨。采用大豆分离蛋白、乳清分离蛋白、海藻酸钠等多种壁材复配包埋植物乳杆菌,并以明胶作为外层壁材,多层包埋制备微胶囊,进行连续240 min的体外消化道实验。结果显示:复配及多层包埋制备的微胶囊包埋率均超过95.14%,抗冻干存活率超过93.25%,粒径均小于2.00 mm,体外消化道试验中多层包埋的植物乳杆菌存活率达到84.41%以上,其中明胶-大豆分离蛋白多层微胶囊的效果最好,其在体外消化道试验中存活率达到了85.73%,且外层光滑,结构紧致。采用复配及多层包埋可有效提高植物乳杆菌的存活率,为益生菌的高效利用奠定了基础。     

复配益生元微胶囊的制备及其消化耐受性

为提高植物乳杆菌的肠胃液耐受以及释放性能,该文以植物乳杆菌和不同质量比的益生元（菊粉、黄精多糖）为芯材,海藻酸钠和壳聚糖为壁材,采用挤压法制备合生元微胶囊。通过单因素和正交试验确定微胶囊最佳制备工艺条件,并以包埋率、存活率、储存稳定性、肠胃液耐受性及释放速率为评定指标,对合生元微胶囊最佳配比进行研究。结果表明,不同质量比的益生元对植物乳杆菌均有协同生长的作用;通过正交试验得出制备微胶囊最佳工艺条件为海藻酸钠浓度2%、CaCl2浓度0.3 mol/L、壳聚糖浓度0.8%、固化时间3 h,该条件下未添加益生元的微胶囊包埋率达到80.44%,菊粉和黄精多糖的质量比为2∶3时的包埋率最高,达到92.61%,冻干后的存活率也最高,达到81.44%;通过体外模拟胃肠道发现,包埋后的合生元微胶囊对植物乳杆菌有明显的保护效果,在连续胃肠液模拟实验中,植物乳杆菌菌液数量级下降7.36 lg（cfu/mL）,而微胶囊活菌数最大降幅为1.81 lg（cfu/mL）,其中菊粉和黄精多糖质量比为2∶3时,微胶囊在胃液中的存活率和肠液中的释放率均达到最高,该质量比下的合生元微胶囊具有最优的肠胃液释放性能。     

副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7微胶囊制备及质量评价

为提高益生菌副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7对环境的抗性,采用实用性强的喷雾干燥法,将菌株包埋在壁材中制成长货架期、高保护性的微胶囊制剂。通过正交试验优化了进风速度、脱脂乳粉含量、进料速度、低聚果糖含量对微胶囊细菌存活率的影响,探讨了副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7微胶囊在模拟胃肠道以及不同温度储存条件下的菌体存活率。结果表明:进风温度115℃、脱脂乳粉含量4%、进料速度6.5 mL/min、低聚果糖含量0.8%时可显著提高微胶囊化副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7的存活率,达到48.37%。副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7微胶囊在模拟人工胃液和人工肠液处理2 h分别仍有40.9%和86.77%的存活率;模拟胃液1 h转至肠液2 h后微胶囊基本崩解完全;常温封闭储存45 d时副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7微胶囊仍有94.87%的存活率,说明HD1.7微胶囊常温封闭储存时的稳定性较高。     

四种水凝胶壁材对植物乳杆菌包埋微胶囊晶球特性的影响

为提高植物乳杆菌的肠胃液耐受以及释放性能,并筛选适宜制备微胶囊晶球的壁材,本研究采用内源乳化法制备植物乳杆菌微胶囊并通过挤压法制备微胶囊晶球,通过测定包埋率、经胃液消化后存活率以及模拟肠液中对菌体的溶出效果等来评估海藻酸钠、黄原胶、结冷胶、果胶四种壁材对植物乳杆菌微胶囊性能的影响。结果表明：以海藻酸钠为壁材制备微胶囊晶球效果最好,晶球粒径为3.30 mm,水分含量为93.99%,结构紧致、微观形态良好;对植物乳杆菌的包埋率达87.14%,28 d后保留率为56.98%,仍保持在较高水平;体外模拟消化结果显示,植物乳杆菌经胃液消化后存活率高达71.49%,经肠道消化后释放量为2.51×109 CFU/g,表现出以海藻酸钠为壁材制备的微胶囊晶球良好的保护能力和缓释能力。     

微胶囊化对植物乳杆菌在高盐干酪中存活率的影响

为了提高益生菌在高盐干酪中的存活能力,以高盐白卤(white-brined)干酪为例,研究微胶囊化的植物乳杆菌在高盐干酪中的活性变化。通过挤压法制作微胶囊,将其添加至白卤干酪中,观察微胶囊的结构及其在干酪中的分布,并对益生菌在白卤干酪中的存活能力及模拟胃肠道中的活性进行评价。结果表明:微胶囊为球形,表面光滑,其平均直径100~140μm,菌体于微胶囊内部,而微胶囊在干酪中分布均匀;干酪贮存期间,包埋的益生菌数量下降,显著低于未包埋的益生菌(P0.05),分别由(12.30±0.20)lg(cfu/g)降至(9.27±0.06)lg(cfu/g),(11.27±0.12)lg(cfu/g)降至(6.60±0.06)lg(cfu/g)。经模拟胃肠道处理,微胶囊活菌数降至7.47 lg(cfu/g)和7.83 lg(cfu/g),较未包埋分别提高了1.4 lg(cfu/g)(P0.05)和1.03 lg(cfu/g)(P0.05)。质构分析及感官评价表明,含包埋与未包埋植物乳杆菌的干酪组无显著差异(P0.05)。以上结果表明,微胶囊化益生菌菌数较未微胶囊提高了2.6 lg(cfu/g),有效提高了高盐干酪中益生菌的活性。     

低乳糖益生菌乳粉制备研究

本实验以全脂牛奶为原料,探究低乳糖高益生菌乳粉的制备工艺,考察水解温度、pH、时间和乳糖酶添加量对水解率的影响.同时通过海藻酸钠-大豆分离蛋白复配壁材微胶囊包埋益生菌,各自制备完成后分别真空冷冻干燥低乳糖牛乳和益生菌微胶囊,干燥结束将低乳糖乳粉与益生菌微胶囊粉按质量比7:1的比例混合制得低乳糖益生菌乳粉.结果表明,牛乳...     

植物乳杆菌微胶囊化研究

为保护植物乳杆菌的活性以增强乳杆菌在动物肠道内的益生功能,以天然发酵玉米青贮饲料中优良植物乳杆菌作为芯材,乳清蛋白和明胶为壁材,利用喷雾干燥法制成微胶囊,并以植物乳杆菌包埋率为响应值,研究壁材配比、壁材添加量、进风温度、进料量4个因素,进行中心组合实验(Box-Behnken),通过响应面分析对喷雾干燥法制备植物乳杆菌微胶囊条件进行优化。结果表明:最优条件为壁材配比(乳清蛋白与明胶质量比)1:2、壁材添加量22%、进风温度127℃、进料量35%,在此条件下,植物乳杆菌包埋率为62.15%。结论:本研究为应用喷雾干燥法制备植物乳杆菌微胶囊奠定了基础。     

Spray-drying microencapsulation using whey protein isolate and nano-crystalline starch for enhancing the survivability and stability of Lactobacillus reuteri TF-7

Decrease of survivability and stability is a major problem affecting probiotic functional food. Thus, in this study, Lactobacillus reuteri TF-7 producing bile salt hydrolase was microencapsulated in whey protein isolate (WPI) or whey protein isolate combined with nano-crystalline starch (WPI-NCS) using the spray-drying technique to enhance the survivability and stability of probiotics under various adverse conditions. Spherical microcapsules were generated with this microencapsulation technique. In addition, the survival of L. reuteri TF-7 loaded in WPI-NCS microcapsules was significantly higher than WPI microcapsules and free cells after exposure to heat, pH, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. During long-term storage at 4, 25, and 35 °C, WPI-NCS microcapsules could retain both survival and biological activity. These findings suggest that microcapsules fabricated from WPI-NCS provide the most robust efficiency for enhancing the survivability and stability of probiotics, in which their great potentials appropriate to develop as the cholesterol-lowering probiotic supplements.     

Effect of encapsulation methods and materials on the survival and viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus: A review

Consumption of probiotics is an area of research that has rapidly expanded in the last years. Lactobacilli are one of the most important probiotic bacteria owing to their beneficial impacts on human health. The most important challenge is the survival of probiotics against several conditions during processing, as well as harsh environments during gastrointestinal digestion. As an alternative to the preservation of probiotic bacteria, different encapsulation processes have been proved. Several methods and materials are currently used for probiotic encapsulation, which influences the survivability of probiotics. Thus, this review aims to understand and summarise the effects of the methods and materials used in the encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus, and its consequences on their survival and viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Among several studies reported, the alginate capsules obtained by external ionic gelation through extrusion and chitosan coating showed the highest encapsulation yield of 99.33%. Lastly, future research directions on the topic are suggested.     

Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM encapsulated using a novel impinging aerosol method in fruit food products

This study investigated the effect of microencapsulation on the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and their acidification in orange juice at 25°C for nine days and at 4°C over thirty five days of storage. Alginate micro beads (10-40 μm) containing the probiotics were produced by a novel dual aerosol method of alginate and CaCl(2) cross linking solution. Unencapsulated L. rhamnosus GG was found to have excellent survivability in orange juice at both temperatures. However unencapsulated L. acidophilus NCFM showed significant reduction in viability. Encapsulation of these two bacteria did not significantly enhance survivability but did reduce acidification at 25°C and 4°C. In agreement with this, encapsulation of L. rhamnosus GG also reduced acidification in pear and peach fruit-based foods at 25°C, however at 4°C difference in pH was insignificant between free and encapsulated cells. In conclusion, L. rhamnosus GG showed excellent survival in orange juice and microencapsulation has potential in reducing acidification and possible negative sensory effects of probiotics in orange juice and other fruit-based products.     

Optimization of Incorporated Prebiotics as Coating Materials for Probiotic Microencapsulation

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research was to improve probiotic microencapsulation using prebiotics and modern optimization techniques to determine optimal processing conditions, performance, and survival rates. Prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides or isomaltooligosaccharides), growth promoter (peptide), and sodium algi-nate were incorporated as coating materials to microencapsulate 4 probiotics ( Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacto-bacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum , and Bifidobacterium longum ). The proportion of the prebiotics, peptide, and sodium alginate was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to 1st construct a surface model, with sequential quadratic programming (SQP) subsequently adopted to optimize the model and evaluate the survival of microencapsulated probiotics under simulated gastric fluid test. Optimization results indicated that 1% sodium alginate mixed with 1% peptide and 3% fructooligosaccharides as coating materials would produce the highest survival in terms of probiotic count. The verification experiment yielded a result close to the predicted values, with no significant difference ( P > 0.05). The storage results also demonstrated that addition of prebiotics in the walls of probiotic microcapsules provided improved protection for the active organisms. These probiotic counts remained at 10⁶ to 10⁷ colony-forming units (CFU)/g for microcapsules stored for 1 mo and then treated in simulated gastric fluid test and bile salt test.     

Camel milk-derived probiotic strains encapsulated in camel casein and gelatin complex microcapsules: Stability against thermal challenge and simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions

Probiotics have received increased attention due to their nutritional and health-promoting benefits. However, their viability is often impeded during food processing as well as during their gastrointestinal transit before reaching the colon. In this study, probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus MF00960, Pediococcus pentosaceus MF000967, and Lactobacillus paracasei DSM20258 were encapsulated within sodium alginate, camel casein (CC), camel skin gelatin (CSG) and CC:CSG (1:1 wt/wt) wall materials. All 3 strains in encapsulated form showed an enhanced survival rate upon simulated gastrointestinal digestion compared with free cells. Among the encapsulating matrices, probiotics embedded in CC showed higher viability and is attributed to less porous structure of CC that provided more protection to entrapped probiotics cells. Similarly, thermal tolerance at 50°C and 70°C of all 3 probiotic strains were significantly higher upon encapsulation in CC and CC:CSG. Scanning electron microscope micrographs showed probiotic strains embedded in the dense protein matrix of CC and CSG. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that CC- and CSG-encapsulated probiotic strains exhibited the amide bands with varying intensity with no significant change in the structural conformation. Probiotic strains encapsulated in CC and CC:CSG showed higher retention of inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, pancreatic lipase, and cholesteryl esterase compared with free cells upon exposure to simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions. Therefore, CC alone or in combination with CSG as wall materials provided effective protection to cells, retained their bioactive properties, which was comparable to sodium alginate as wall materials. Thus, CC and CC:CSG can be an efficient wall material for encapsulation of probiotics for food applications.     

响应面法优化保加利亚乳杆菌微胶囊制备工艺

为增强保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）的抗逆性,提高其在产品中的存活率,该研究采用内源乳化法制备保加利亚 乳杆菌微胶囊,并通过单因素试验和响应面试验对其制备工艺进行优化。结果表明,最佳微胶囊制备工艺参数为海藻酸钠质量分数2%, 复合壁材海藻酸钠与果胶质量比1∶1,水相油相体积比1∶2.5,交联剂碳酸钙与海藻酸钠质量比1:2,乳化剂Span-80体积分数1.5%,搅拌 速率400 r/min。在此优化条件下,利亚乳杆菌微胶囊包埋率达到91.8%。     

The Viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Following Double Encapsulation in Alginate and Maltodextrin

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (LNCFM) were encapsulated in alginate microgel particles (microbeads) by a novel dual aerosols method. The encapsulated probiotics in microbead gel matrix were further stabilized in maltodextrin solids by either spray or freeze-drying to form probiotic microcapsule powders. The free cells of probiotics were also sprayed and freeze-dried in maltodextrin only without microgel encapsulation. After rehydration of microgel-encapsulated powder, gel particles regained their shape. There was no difference in the loss of viability between encapsulated and unencapsulated probiotics during spray drying or freeze-drying. For LNCFM, spray-dried bacteria with or without gel encapsulation exhibited less death (3.03 and 3.07 log CFU/g reduction, respectively) than those of freeze-dried bacteria (4.36 and 4.89 log CFU/g reduction, respectively) after 6 months storage at 4 °C. The same trend was also observed in spray-dried LGG without gel encapsulation which showed 5.87 log CFU/g reduction in viability after 6 months at 4 °C; however, freeze-dried LGG without gel encapsulation exhibited a rapid reduction in viability of 5.91 log CFU/g within just 2 months. Gel-encapsulated LGG which was freeze-dried exhibited less death (3.32 log CFU/g reduction) after 6 months at 4 °C. This work shows that spray drying results in improved subsequent probiotic survivability compared to freeze-drying and that alginate gel encapsulation can improve the survivability following freeze-drying in a probiotic-dependent manner.     

Survivability of probiotics encapsulated in alginate gel microbeads using a novel impinging aerosols method

Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria in cross-linked alginate beads is of major interest for improving the survivability in harsh acid and bile environment and also in food matrices. Alginate micro beads (10-40 μm) containing the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM were produced by a novel technique based on dual aerosols of alginate solution and CaCl₂ cross linking solution. Extruded macro beads (approximately 2 mm diameter) produced by the conventional method and micro beads produced by novel aerosols technique offered comparable protection to L. rhamnosus in high acid and bile environment. Chitosan coating of micro beads resulted in a significant increase in survival time of L. rhamnosus from 40 to 120 min in acid condition and the reduction in cell numbers was confined to 0.94 log over this time. Alginate macro beads are more effective than micro beads in protecting L. acidophilus against high acid and bile. Chitosan coating of micro beads resulted in similar protection to L. acidophilus in macro beads in acid and extended the survival time from 90 to at least 120 min. Viability of this organism in micro beads was 3.5 log after 120 min. The continuous processing capability and scale-up potential of the dual aerosol technique offers potential for an efficient encapsulation of probiotics in very small alginate micro beads below sensorial detection limits while still being able to confer effective protection in acid and bile environment.     

植物乳杆菌NCU116微胶囊制备工艺的优化设计

利用乳清蛋白中的β-乳球蛋白在低pH值及胃蛋白酶存在的情况下,依然能够保持结构完整的特性,本实验以脱脂乳作为壁材的成分之一,对植物乳杆菌NCU116微胶囊的制备工艺条件进行研究。在单因素试验的基础上,应用响应面分析法优化植物乳杆菌微胶囊制备条件。以经过人工胃液处理后微胶囊中包埋的活菌数为响应值,优化后的最佳工艺条件为：海藻酸钠质量浓度2.68g/100mL,氯化钙浓度0.20mol/L,脱脂乳质量浓度4.17g/100mL。以该工艺条件制备的植物乳杆菌NCU116微胶囊粒径为1.12mm,包封率在73.49%左右。经过人工胃液处理3h后,微胶囊中的活菌数可达8.79×109CFU/g,与理论预测值(8.85×109CFU/g)较为接近。表明实验所制备的微胶囊具有较好的耐酸性。