单甘酯及冷却温度对牛油样品特性的影响

目的:探讨牛油火锅底料生产过程中单甘脂(Glyceryl monostearate,GMS)及冷却温度对牛油样品结晶行为的影响。方法:以牛油火锅底料中的牛油样品为研究对象,通过测定牛油样品的硬度、固体脂肪含量(Solid Fat Content,SFC)、色度、等温结晶动力学参数探究牛油样品结晶行为。结果:当GMS添加量超过1.5%时,牛油样品硬度随GMS添加量升高而增大,但GMS添加量对牛油样品SFC无明显影响;随冷却温度的降低,牛油样品的硬度及SFC呈增大的趋势,0~-15℃温度范围内差异明显,-15~-25℃差异不明显;GMS及冷却温度对牛油样品的结晶性能有显著的影响。结论:通过添加GMS及降低冷却温度可一定程度优化牛油火锅底料硬度、色泽,并缩短冷却时间降低能耗。     

单棕榈酸山梨糖醇酯对塑型脂肪热性质及机械性能的影响

本研究以棕榈硬脂为基料油,添加1.0%、2.0%、4.0%(质量比)的单棕榈酸山梨糖醇酯(SMP),考察不同浓度SMP的加入对混合油脂固体脂肪含量和热力学性质的影响,并模拟起酥油工业制备过程,考察不同SMP添加量对模型起酥油的质构及流变特性的影响,为工业生产中提高产品品质提供指导。结果表明:SMP的加入起到了稳定混合油脂晶体结构的作用,随着温度升高及SMP浓度的增加,稳定晶体结构的作用越显著,当温度达到33.3℃时,加入4%SMP的混合油脂比棕榈硬脂的固体脂肪含量提高了1.65%。在降温过程中,SMP的加入缩短了混合油脂的结晶诱导时间,1%、2%、4%SMP的加入均可使棕榈硬脂的结晶起始温度提高约5℃。加入2%、4%SMP的模型起酥油样品的质构特性及流变特性变化基本一致,加入2%SMP的模型起酥油硬度和弹性模量比未加入SMP的模型起酥油分别提高了30%和15%。从产品品质及生产成本考虑,加入2%SMP即缩短结晶诱导时间,又有效提高了产品性能。     

贮藏模式对脂肪结晶O/W乳液的结晶行为与宏观性能影响

本研究探讨了恒温（分别在4 ℃、25 ℃、37 ℃贮藏6 h）和温度波动（在37 ℃贮藏1 h后,转移至4 ℃贮藏6 h）贮藏模式下乳液的结晶行为与宏观性能。结果表明,对于恒温贮藏模式,不同贮藏温度下结晶乳液的SFC及脂肪晶体结构不同,恒温（4 ℃）、恒温（25 ℃）、恒温（37 ℃）贮藏的乳液固体脂肪含量（solid fat content,SFC）值分别为28.31%、22.75%和17.21%;恒温（4 ℃）贮藏的乳液中β’晶型含量最高（97.68%）,脂肪晶体颗粒相对较小,而恒温（37 ℃）贮藏的乳液中β晶型含量最高（61.65%）,脂肪晶体颗粒最大。对于温度波动贮藏模式,温度波动（37 ℃~4 ℃）贮藏的乳液的SFC值与恒温（4 ℃）贮藏乳液的SFC值相同（28%）,但是脂肪结晶结构（脂肪晶体尺寸及β晶型含量）不同。恒温（25 ℃）贮藏乳液的表观粘度值最大、而温度波动（37 ℃~4 ℃）的表观粘度值最小。综上所述,对于相同贮藏时间,低温（4 ℃）贮藏易形成高SFC、脂肪晶体颗粒小的结晶乳液;高温（37 ℃）贮藏易形成低SFC、脂肪晶体颗粒大的结晶乳液。在恒温贮藏模式下,调节贮藏温度可以形成具有不同SFC及脂肪晶体结构的结晶乳液体系,采用恒温与温度波动贮藏模式结合可以形成具有相同SFC及不同脂肪晶体结构的结晶乳液体系。     

核桃油与棕榈硬脂复配体系在涂抹脂基料油中的应用

对棕榈硬脂与核桃油复配体系的相容性及结晶性质变化进行探究,考察复配体系在涂抹脂基料油中的应用。结果表明,当核桃油含量达到20%以上时,复配体系的固体脂肪含量(Solid Fat Content,SFC)变化趋势符合涂抹脂的最佳SFC曲线特征,适合用作涂抹脂基料油;在温度高于33.3℃时,核桃油与棕榈硬脂在复配比例(1∶9、2∶8、3∶7、4∶6)下可以完全相容;在核桃油比例达到3∶7以上时,复配体系的屈服值符合涂抹脂的最佳屈服值范围;在温度低于30℃时,棕榈硬脂及复配体系具有较强的晶体网络结构,能在运输和贮藏过程中维持稳定的形态,在接近体温时也能快速熔化,产生涂抹脂类似的口感,复配体系中晶体以β′晶型为主。该结果为棕榈硬脂及核桃油复配体系在涂抹脂中的应用奠定基础。     

棉籽油与棕榈硬脂化学酯交换法制备零反式脂肪酸起酥油的研究

通过研究甲醇钠催化棕榈硬脂和棉籽油酯交换反应,以酯交换产物在20℃条件下固体脂肪含量(SFC)为指标,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯交换反应的影响。确定的最佳酯交换条件为:反应温度90℃,催化剂用量0.5%,反应时间60 min。通过酯交换产物SFC与市售焙烤型起酥油全统酥油SFC比较以及晶型分析,得出棕榈硬脂与棉籽油质量比为1∶1的酯交换产物,其SFC与市售焙烤起酥油全统酥油相似,结晶形态为β'型,且不含反式脂肪酸,符合零反式脂肪酸起酥油性质要求,适宜用作焙烤起酥油。     

大豆油基凝胶油储藏过程中结晶结构及物理性能变化研究

以大豆油为原料,添加玉米蜡制备玉米蜡基凝胶油,研究储藏温度及时间对凝胶油微观结构及物理性能的影响。结果表明,储藏不会改变凝胶油晶型,凝胶油形成的结晶呈长纤维针状,在20℃下12周的储藏中结晶的生长呈现生长-聚集-生长的趋势,而4℃下结晶的生长趋势为重组-生长-聚集-生长;4℃下凝胶油SFC变化不显著,凝胶油质量分数为1%、3%时硬度和持油性(OBC)随时间延长逐渐减小,而凝胶油质量分数为7%、10%、15%时硬度变化呈现先增后减,OBC储藏中变化不显著(P0.05);20℃下凝胶油SFC储藏6周后出现下降趋势,而硬度与OBC变化与4℃时储藏相似;4℃下凝胶油的SFC、硬度与持油性均要高于20℃,5%的凝胶油在4、20℃储藏中表现出不同的变化趋势。     

单甘酯对棉籽油和棕榈硬脂酯交换体系结晶性质的影响

研究不同油酸单甘酯添加量对棉籽油和棕榈硬脂(质量比50:50)酶催化酯交换产物结晶性质的影响。结果表明:添加2%和5%的油酸甘油酯,酯交换产物的固体脂肪含量(SFC)与熔点基本不发生变化,添加量增大到10%,体系的SFC与熔点略有下降;添加不同量的油酸甘油酯,均使酯交换产物结晶温度发生变化,其中低熔点组分对应的峰温度随添加量增加而增大,高熔点组分对应的峰温度随添加量增大而下降;添加2%的油酸单甘酯对酯交换产物的成核速率和结晶速率不存在影响;添加不同量的油酸单甘酯后,酯交换产物中β′晶形比例下降,下降程度与添加量成负相关。     

乳化剂对氢化棕榈仁油硬脂等热结晶行为影响研究

该文通过研究分别添加有1%(w/w)单甘油脂、磷脂、Span60的氢化棕榈仁油硬脂等热结晶行为,发现在30℃等热结晶条件下单甘油脂、磷脂、Span60均能促进氢化棕榈仁油硬脂结晶,等热结晶动力学分析表明:氢化棕榈仁油硬脂在三种乳化剂作用下存在不同结晶成核机制。     

不同乳化剂对小麦胚芽酥性饼干的品质影响研究

在酥性饼干基本配方基础上,添加小麦胚芽加强营养,并测试其对饼干品质的影响,以饼干的硬度、酥脆度为评价指标,结果表明,在添加量0~10%的范围内,随着小麦胚芽添加量的增加,饼干的硬度逐渐下降,酥脆度有所提升;为进一步改善小麦胚芽酥性饼干的品质,选取单脂肪酸甘油酯(GMS)、月桂酸单甘酯(GML)、蔗糖脂肪酸酯(SE)、硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)4种乳化剂,以饼干延展率、硬度和感官评价值为评价指标,优选出其中效果最好的乳化剂及其最适添加量,结果表明,GMS及SSL都能改善饼干的品质,SSL的作用更为显著,GMS最适添加量为0.4%,SSL最适添加量为0.5%。     

棕榈仁油干法分提工艺实践

为开发代可可脂系列产品,介绍了采用油盘冷房结晶-高压膜压滤机过滤的精炼棕榈仁油干法分提生产棕榈仁硬脂工艺。对该工艺操作控制要点进行了说明,并对生产中的一些问题进行了讨论,将该工艺制备的棕榈仁硬脂及其氢化硬脂与天然可可脂和商业氢化棕榈仁硬脂代可可脂产品质量进行了对比。原料油主要质量指标为酸值(KOH)≤0.3 mg/g、碘值(I)16～19 g/100 g、熔点25～28℃和固体脂肪含量(25℃)≥18%。适合的工艺条件为预冷温度29～30℃,预冷时间3 h,冷房温度17～19℃,冷房结晶时间6～8 h,油结晶温度25～27℃,过滤压力0～0.3 MPa、挤压压力1.6～1.8 MPa。产品主要质量指标为酸值(KOH)≤0.3 mg/g、碘值(I)5.6～7.5 g/100 g、熔点30～34℃、固体脂肪含量(30℃) 34%～44%。采用该工艺所得棕榈仁硬脂的熔点和固体脂肪含量与天然可可脂相当,氢化后产品在25～30℃的固体脂肪含量高于商业氢化棕榈仁硬脂代可可脂。     

Structured lipids obtained by chemical interesterification of olive oil and palm stearin

Interesterification of palm stearin (PS) with liquid vegetable oils could yield a good solid fat stock that may impart desirable physical properties, because PS is a useful source of vegetable hard fat, providing β′ stable solid fats. Dietary ingestion of olive oil (OO) has been reported to have physiological benefits such as lowering serum cholesterol levels. Fat blends, formulated by binary blends of palm stearin and olive oil in different ratios, were subjected to chemical interesterification with sodium methoxide. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, melting point, solid fat content (SFC) and consistency. Interesterification caused rearrangement of triacylglycerol species, reduction of trisaturated and triunsaturated triacylglycerols content and increase in diunsaturated-monosaturated triacylglycerols of all blends, resulting in lowering of melting point and solid fat content. The incorporation of OO to PS reduced consistency, producing more plastic blends. The mixture and chemical interesterification allowed obtaining fats with various degrees of plasticity, increasing the possibilities for the commercial use of palm stearin and olive oil.     

Influence of SFC, microstructure and polymorphism on texture (hardness) of binary blends of fats involved in the preparation of industrial shortenings

Several binary blends of vegetable oils commonly used in industrial shortenings (i.e., palm oil (PO), hydrogenated palm oil (HPO), soybean oil (SO), hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO), low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (LERO), hydrogenated low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (HLERO)) were studied for their physical properties such as solid fat content (SFC) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and textural properties (hardness). Microstructure was also observed by microscopy in order to explain the variability in hardness for samples having the same SFC values. The blends studied by microscopy were the following: HSO, HPO and HLERO diluted in LERO. For these three blends which had the same SFC, the level of network structure was different. HSO diluted in LERO had more crystals, closer to each other and overlapped. This can explain that HSO has a higher hardness than HPO or HLERO, for a same SFC value, when diluted in LERO. Polymorphism was also observed by powder X-ray diffraction. The variability in hardness for samples having the same SFC is due to various crystal types and/or network structures that are formed upon crystallization of hard fats. This work demonstrates that for binary blends of studied oils, changes in the hardness are controlled mostly by the SFC, polymorphism and also by the material’s microstructure.     

Effects of chemical interesterification on solid fat content and slip melting point of fat/oil blends

Fat/oil blends, formulated by mixing fully hydrogenated palm oil stearin or palm oil stearin with vegetable oils (canola oil and cottonseed oil) in different ratios from 30:70 to 70:30 (w/w %), were subjected to chemical interesterification reactions on a laboratory scale. Fatty acid (FA) composition, iodine value, slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat content (SFC) of the starting blends were analysed and compared with those of the interesterified blends. SMPs of interesterified blends were decreased compared to starting blends because of extensive rearrangement of FAs among triacylglycerols. These changes in SMP were reflected in the SFCs of the blends after the interesterification. SFCs of the interesterified blends also decreased with respect to the starting blends, and the interesterified products were softer than starting blends. These interesterified blends can be used as an alternative to partial hydrogenation to produce a plastic fat phase that is suitable for the manufacture of margarines, shortenings and confectionary fats.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trans</Emphasis>-free margarine fat produced using enzymatic interesterification of rice bran oil and hard palm stearin

Trans-free interesterified fats were prepared from blends of hard palm stearin (hPS) and rice bran oil (RBO) at 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20 weight % using immobilized Mucor miehei lipase at 60°C for 6 h with a mixing speed of 300 rpm. Physical properties and crystallization and melting behaviors of interesterified blends were investigated and compared with commercial margarine fats. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification modified triacylglycerol compositions and physical and thermal properties of hPS:RBO blends. Slip melting point and solid fat contents (SFC) of all blends decreased after interesterification. Small, mostly β′ form, needle-shaped crystals, desirable for margarines were observed in interesterified fats. Interesterified blend 40:60 exhibited an SFC profile and crystallization and melting characteristics most similar to commercial margarine fats and also had small needle-like β′ crystals. Interesterified blend 40:60 was suitable for use as a transfree margarine fat.     

Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Attributes of Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols (MLCT)-Enriched Bakery Shortening

Six binary formulations of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) fat and palm stearin and four ternary formulations of MLCT fat, palm stearin, and palm olein were produced. MLCT fat and palm stearin were mixed in ranges of 40–90% with 10% increments (w/w), while for the ternary formulations, 10% and 20% palm olein were substituted to palm stearin in MS 46 and MS 55 formulations. The solid fat content (SFC) by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and heating profiles using differential scanning calorimeter of these formulations were determined. Results obtained from SFC and heating profiles found that all the formulations melted completely at 55 °C. The high complete melting temperature is due to the stearic acid content in MLCT fat. Generally, increasing % MLCT fat (40–90%) in the formulations lowers the SFC curves at the measured temperatures (0–60 °C). The binary samples of MS 73, MS 82, and MS 91 showed SFC between 15% and 25% at room temperature (25 °C), which indicated that these formulations were suitable for shortening production. As the production cost of MLCT fat is high (approximately USD 3/kg), an attempt to reduce the proportion of MLCT fat in the shortening formulations was done by developing the ternary formulations. Shortenings formulated with 40:40:20 (MSO 442), 50:40:10 (MSO 541), and 50:30:20 (MSO 532) of MLCT fat/palm stearin/palm olein formulations had similar SFC% at 25 °C, and they were subsequently chosen to produce shortening. Using multivariate analysis, taste attribute showed positively and highly correlated to the melting temperature and SFC at 25 °C of the MLCT-enriched shortenings. In acceptance test, high correlation (R ² = 0.98) was only found on cakes made from MSO 442 and MSO 541 shortenings. Both untrained and trained panelists rated the Madeira cakes made from MSO 532 shortening the highest for overall acceptability.     

Impact of fat types on the rheological and textural properties of gluten-free oat dough and cookie

This study investigated the effect of six fats (margarine, butter, lard-LAR, refined palm oil-RPO, refined palm oil with stearin-RPOS, hydrogenated palm oil-HPO) with different solid fat content (SFC) on gluten-free oat dough and cookie properties. RPOS and HPO had the highest SFC. RPO dough was the softest, whereas HPO was the hardest one. Dough hardness was correlated with SFC (r = 0.87). Dough stickiness was positively correlated with dough hardness (r = 0.92). Dough hardness influenced the breaking force of the cookies (r = 0.79). HPO were the hardest cookies. Oscillatory test revealed that HPO dough was the stiffest as well as presented a higher rigidity compared to the other samples as showed by the creep tests. LAR cookies were the darkest, while HPO were the lightest. SFC of fats is the most important composition parameter which influences thermal, textural and rheological properties of the oat dough.     

Effect of cooling rate on the structure and mechanical properties of milk fat and lard

The mechanical and thermal properties of a fat crystal network are determined by factors such as chemical composition, solid fat content (SFC), and crystal habit (polymorphism and microstructure). Processing conditions affect the crystallization of fats, thus having an effect on their functional properties. The effects of cooling rate on the macroscopic properties of a fat crystal network were studied by crystallizing anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and lard either rapidly (5 °C/min, Newtonian cooling) or slowly (0.1 °C/min, stepwise cooling). AMF crystallized rapidly was harder than AMF crystallized slowly and had a higher SFC. Moreover, its solid state was in a more metastable polymorphic form. Upon slow crystallization, AMF had a lower SFC and its solid state was in a more stable polymorphic form. AMF crystallized under fast cooling yielded a higher Avrami constant (k), and a lower Avrami exponent (n) than AMF crystallized under slow cooling. The microstructure was also different between the two treatments. When crystallized rapidly, crystallites were numerous and small, while a smaller number of larger crystallites were observed when crystallized slowly. Similar results were observed for lard crystallized under the same conditions. The mechanical properties of both AMF and lard, expressed as hardness, depend on a variety of factors, which include the SFC, polymorphism of the solid state as well as the microstructure of the fat crystal network.     

Effect of blending and emulsification on thermal behavior, solid fat content, and microstructure properties of palm oil-based margarine fats

The ability of palm oil (PO) to crystallize as beta prime polymorph has made it an attractive option for the production of margarine fat (MF). Palm stearin (PS) expresses similar crystallization behavior and is considered one of the best substitutes of hydrogenated oils due to its capability to impart the required level of plasticity and body to the finished product. Normally, PS is blended with PO to reduce the melting point at body temperature (37 °C). Lipid phase, formulated by PO and PS in different ratios were subjected to an emulsification process and the following analyses were done: triacylglycerols, solid fat content (SFC), and thermal behavior. In addition, the microstructure properties, including size and number of crystals, were determined for experimental MFs (EMFs) and commercial MFs (CMFs). Results showed that blending and emulsification at PS levels over 40 wt% significantly changed the physicochemical and microstructure properties of EMF as compared to CMF, resulting in a desirable dipalmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol content of less than 36.1%. SFC at 37 °C, crystal size, crystal number, crystallization, and melting enthalpies (ΔH) were 15%, 5.37 μm, 1425 crystal/μm(2), 17.25 J/g, and 57.69J/g, respectively. All data reported indicate that the formation of granular crystals in MFs was dominated by high-melting triacylglycerol namely dipalmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol, while the small dose of monoacylglycerol that is used as emulsifier slowed crystallization rate. Practical Application: Most of the past studies were focused on thermal behavior of edible oils and some blends of oils and fats. The crystallization of oils and fats are well documented but there is scarce information concerning some mechanism related to crystallization and emulsification. Therefore, this study will help to gather information on the behavior of emulsifier on crystallization regime; also the dominating TAG responsible for primary granular crystal formations, as well as to determine the best level of stearin to impart the required microstructure properties and body to the finished products.