湿热地区商业步行街热环境实测模拟研究

随着消费型经济和电商经济的发展,街区式商业不仅为顾客提供体验性良好的购物环境,同时将大量的传统室内公共空间打开,为消费者提供了良好的"室内-室外-室内"的环境变化体验,并且通过敞开的室外、半室外空间与餐饮、娱乐、购物等多种功能空间进行有机联接,为顾客提供了更加丰富有趣、开放便捷的空间体系。商业步行街的性质特点不同于传统的集中大型商业综合体、居住区、办公建筑群等项目,顾客的人流动线大部分都集中在室外休闲区域以及步行交通区域,所以室外空间的热环境和顾客热舒适感受是影响商业步行街成功的关键因素。以广州白云万达广场商业步行街为例,通过Envi-met模拟和热环境的实测对比分析表明:①基于Envi-met的室外热环境模拟技术能够准确地反映商业步行街的实际热环境情况;②室外商业步行街的热环境改善关键因素是遮阳和通风。     

典型商业区室外热场时空分布耦合性研究

为了探究城市商业街区的室外空间热场耦合性,优化城市居民生活环境。文中利用了实测调研和模拟验证结合的方法,使用ENVI-met模拟两个典型商业街区的室外热场时空分布规律,用SPSS分析发现辐射总量决定温度分布,直射辐射决定温度变化,为商业街区热环境研究做出参考。     

天津原租界街区夏季室外热舒适研究

人口的增长和城市区域的逐渐扩大,导致城市夏季室外热环境逐渐变差。天津原九国租界多为天津的重要旅游景点,每年客流量大,其夏季热环境问题不容忽视。主要目的是探讨天津5个不同典型的原租界街区的热环境差异及其设计因子与夏季室外热舒适之间的关系。通过实地测量的方式,搜集5个原租界街区的热环境相关参数,并计算生理等效温度（PET）以对街区热舒适环境进行评价。通过分析发现,相比于气象站,植被覆盖率大的原英国租界街区的平均PET增值最小,仅1.20 ℃;植物覆盖率小的原奥匈帝国租界街区的平均PET增值最大,为8.50 ℃。此外,本研究从街区设计的规划指标、空间形态和细节设计三方面,量化分析设计因子与PET的关系。结果表明,绿化率、街道百分比、天空视域因子（SVF）和街巷高宽比会对PET产生不同程度的影响,同时街道朝向、植物种类及其形状、建筑遮阳构建和喷泉等因素也会影响原租界街区的夏季室外热环境。     

城市街区热舒适性与空间行为关联性研究

空间形态会影响热舒适性,同时也和环境行为有密切的关联。对于城市街区而言,室外热环境不仅受到区域大气候的影响,也会受到属地微气候的作用,而影响微气候的主要因素是街区形态~([1])。从另一方面看,街区形态包括主次街布局、道路密度、节点形态等特征,这些因素也会对个体的行为判断产生影响,所以,街区形态很大程度上决定了行为活动的分布~([2])。从人体热舒适性和空间行为的相互关联角度出发,结合街区式商业综合体这一典型的城市街区类型,通过"街区原型设计+计算机数值模拟"和"多元线性回归分析+空间叠图"的研究方法,评价室外空间热舒适性和空间行为的相关性。最后分析不同街区形态要素对关联度的影响,讨论如何改变特定形态要素来促进关联度,从而提升街区式商业综合体室外空间的环境绩效。     

基于室外风环境与热舒适度的城市设计改进策略——以北京西单商业街为例

城市室外风热环境对于城市生活品质起着不容忽视的作用,对于城市室外公共空间,如商业街,行人层高度风环境与热舒适度的优劣对其商业价值有着直接的影响.选取北京西单商业街为案例进行研究,基于北京夏季炎热高温冬季寒冷风强的地域气候特征,结合其数次城市设计环境改造,通过数值模拟手段,对北京西单商业街冬夏两季室外开放空间行人层风环境与热舒适度进行综合评价,针对现存导致室外风热环境恶化的城市设计问题提出改进措施,并总结提升城市户外风热环境品质的普适性城市设计策略.结果可从户外舒适度的角度提供同类型商业街区的城市设计参考,从而创造宜居的城市户外环境与空间.     

郊区步行商业街区空间序列的设计策略研究

本文所研究的郊区商业步行街区是适应大城市环城游憩（即郊区休闲）理念下产生的商业群体建筑模武。有别于城市商业步行街区受限于城市肌理的高密度布局,其空间序列的规划设计有更充裕的发挥空间,设计的主要矛盾也转向满足游客的休闲体验消费心理以及如何与郊区环境有机共存。文章阐述了基于郊区休闲行为需求的商业步行街区的特点、存在的问题．并以一些郊区步行商业街区为侧,对商业步行街区的空间序列设计提出自己的看法。希望通过本文的论述,能为商业步行街的发展提供一种新的思路。     

历史街区商业开发中的环境更新与整治——以武汉天地商业步行街为例

当前我国正处在一个高速现代化的建设时期,城市中的历史街区由于其独有的生存条件和潜在的巨大升值空间备受开发商的青睐。然而在商业开发过程中,对历史街区步行环境的更新与整治普遍存在着传统文化与城市原有特色的消失、风貌逐渐趋同走向"千街一面"的问题。如何营造商业历史街区独特的景观环境特色成为目前面临的主要困惑。该文以武汉天地商业步行街为例,通过对其步行环境构成元素的分析,分别从空间策略、文化策略、更新策略、人性化策略4个方面对提出了对商业型历史街区步行环境更新与整治的建议与展望。     

湿热地区街区式商业建筑空调负荷模拟研究

街区式商业是我国体验型消费经济发展中一种重要的商业开发模式,街区式商业能够为顾客提供丰富的空间环境变化的体验和更加开放便捷的空间体系。但空气渗透量的大幅增加,也成为空调能耗的关键因素。本文通过对空气渗透量的理论推导,并采用Energyplus能耗模拟软件对街区式商业模式和集中式商业模式的空调负荷进行模拟,分析对比在不同出租率的条件下,街区式商业和集中式商业建筑的空调负荷。通过分析对比表明:①街区式商业以其灵活的经营管理优势,在建筑整体负荷上相对于传统的集中式商业建筑有一定的优势,负荷降低幅度在10%以上;②街区式商业日常运营中,冷空气外渗造成的负荷比例较高,运营部门需控制好冷空气外渗负荷;③街区式商业室外公共区域的热环境对建筑能耗有较明显的影响。     

城市商业街区界面设计方法研究

商业街区的界面是商业街区建筑实体的内部空间与商业街区外部环境的接触面,是商业街区空间环境的重要组成部分。具有良好空间秩序感和美感的界面,是提高商业街区整体环境品质的关键。文章从优化商业街区的商业环境以及提升商业街区的整体空间环境质量入手,提出城市商业街区界面的设计原则和设计方法。     

适宜居民休闲步行的街区空间形态研究——以上海为例

大众健康意识的增强使越来越多的居民选择步行作为日常的休闲健身活动。本文以上海市21个生活街区为案例,探析街区空间形态对居民休闲步行的影响机理。研究发现,街区空间形态的关键性影响因素是宽阔的硬质场地、混合的土地使用、沿街商业店面密度、步行路网的渗透性和安全整洁的社区环境等。另外,不同收入人群对休闲步行的选择与环境偏好也有所差异。     

湿热地区传统骑楼街区夏季热环境研究

城市传统聚落蕴含丰富的地域气候回应策略,并对指导现代城市的气候设计有重要意义。通过对湿热地区中广泛分布的传统骑楼街区进行热环境实测与模拟,在人体热舒适评价的基础上,分析城市传统聚落的气候适应性特征。以厦门的开元路街区以及广州的恩宁路街区为例,比较不同城市形态以及不同街谷中的热环境分布情况。发现有机形态布局下的厦门街区可以在不同朝向的窄巷中实现较好的热环境,而规整条状布局的广州街区中的东西走向的窄巷则很难形成有效的建筑自遮阳;同时骑楼覆盖下的人行区内可以维持相对稳定的热环境,但其对热环境优化的效果与街谷朝向有较大关联性。     

教学组团夏季室外热环境特征与计算模型验证

对湿热地区典型教学组团的夏季室外热环境进行了33 h昼夜连续实测.根据气象参数,行人高度上温度、湿度、风速和湿球黑球温度（WBGT）分布以及典型地表温度等的测试结果,得到湿热地区教学组团夏季室外热环境的主要特征.测试结果表明,组团内的天井、架空、透水砖可有效降低夏季白天行人高度处的空气温度及WBGT,一些建筑设计手法对组团夏季白天室外热舒适的改善效果依次为：架空>天井>透水砖路面>不透水砖路面>混凝土路面.夜间,各测点的热舒适性基本一致.将测试结果对组团室外风速和WBGT现有计算模型进行验证研究.研究表明,数学公式计算值的相对误差均不超过6%,与实测统计值相吻合.     

Evaluation of effects of windows installed with near-infrared rays retro-reflective film on thermal environment in outdoor spaces using CFD analysis coupled with radiant computation

Recently, windows with low-e double-glazing or heat-shading films often have been installed to the exterior surfaces of buildings to reduce the cooling load of the buildings. These windows specularly reflect solar radiation into pedestrian spaces. It has been pointed out that the increase in the incident solar radiation reflected at the windows degrades the thermal comfort levels of pedestrians. The installation of near-infrared rays retro-reflective film to window surfaces may both reduce the cooling load of the building and reduce the impacts on the thermal environment in outdoor spaces. Hence, it is expected that the installation of this film will counteract this problem and have positive effects. To assess the feasibility of installing retro-reflective materials to the exterior surfaces of the building walls and ground forming part of a city block, for improving the thermal environment in outdoor spaces, computational methods could serve as a powerful tool for analyzing the radiant environment in urban and building spaces. In this paper, a computational method is outlined for considering the directional reflections from the exterior surfaces of building walls and windows. The method is used to estimate the effects on the outdoor thermal comfort of pedestrians in the summer season.     

销品茂与城市商业步行街

销品茂与城市商业步行街作为商业步行街的室内外两种形态,都是从传统城镇商业街的原型发展而来。文章首先简要地讨论了销品茂和城市商业步行街发展的历史,介绍了从上世纪70年代至90年代大规模混合使用开发中步行环境和城市公共空间设计的改善,城镇中心和都市村的开发概念,同时阐述了营建一个成功城市商业步行街的要点,城市步行商业街商业内容的改变和混合娱乐内容的重要性。对于在国内近几年来城市商业步行街实践中常见的一些问题和内容,如步行街的形态,人车分时通行,商业策划步行街的设计和形象等也进行了探讨。     

Study on outdoor thermal environment of apartment block in Shenzhen,China with coupled simulation of convection,radiation and conduction

Shenzhen City in China is developing rapidly now. Correspondingly, deterioration of the outdoor environment in phenomena such as heat island has become a serious problem. This aggravation of the thermal environment has spoiled urban sustainability. In this paper, (1) in order to predict the outdoors thermal environment in summer in an apartment block, unsteady coupled simulation of convection, radiation, and conduction is developed and used. The velocity, temperature, humidity, and MRT in the urban area are obtained from the simulation. In order to estimate the pedestrian level of thermal comfort in the outdoor thermal environment, the spatial distributions of New Standard Effective Temperature (SET¹) is calculated using the above results. (2) The actual situation of the outdoors thermal environment in summer in an apartment block in Shenzhen City is investigated by field measurements. (3) The effect of schemes to improve the outdoor thermal environment in this apartment block, such as changing building shapes, planting arrangements, etc. are examined using this prediction method.     

Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities: A review of research in the past decade

Outdoor spaces are important to sustainable cities because they accommodate pedestrian traffic and outdoor activities, and contribute greatly to urban livability and vitality. In the global context of climate change, outdoor spaces that provide a pleasurable thermal comfort experience for pedestrians effectively improve the quality of urban living. The influence of thermal comfort on outdoor activities is a complex issue comprising both climatic and behavioral aspects; however, current investigations lack a general framework for assessment. This paper presents a review of research over the past decade on the behavioral aspects of outdoor thermal comfort. The article focuses on perceptions of outdoor thermal comfort and the use of outdoor space in the context of urban planning. We further discuss a general framework for assessing outdoor thermal comfort based on behavioral aspects and the need for predicting tools in the design and planning of outdoor thermal comfort.     

面向城市高密度街区舒适风环境的设计策略研究——以北京三条商业街的实地数据分析为例

城市建筑布局与城市外部风资源的相互作用决定了城市建成环境内部风环境的特征,对城市热岛效应、建筑能耗、建筑室内外的热舒适、空气质量以及居民健康都具有一定的影响作用。本研究试图避免复杂且高成本的计算机模拟,而基于常年大量现场测试的物理环境指标,采用数据统计分析的方法,通过相对简单的城市建成环境的形态参数和外部城市风环境获取步行街区行人高度下的微环境风速,而同时又保证风环境关键信息的可接受精度和准确性。研究数据的获取主要基于北京王府井步行街、前门大街、大栅栏商业街三处街区环境,并同步采集了城市外部的风向与风速数据。提出并建立的城市行人尺度下的风环境模型能够更加有效地应用于高密度城市区域规划与设计实践的初步设计阶段。     

Impact of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort and air quality from field measurements in Curitiba,Brazil

Urban climate can have severe impacts on people who use outdoor spaces within a city. In its essence, urban climate is directly linked to the configuration of street axes, building heights and their attributes. Thus, the role of urban planners can be crucial for guaranteeing outdoor thermal comfort and air quality in open spaces. This paper presents observed and estimated relations between urban morphology and changes in microclimate and air quality within a city center. Two approaches are presented, showing results of field measurements and urban climate simulations using the ENVI-met software suite. From measured microclimatic data and comfort surveys, carried out in downtown Curitiba, Brazil, the impact of street geometry on ambient temperatures and on daytime pedestrian comfort levels was evaluated, using the sky-view factor (SVF) as indicator of the complexity of the urban geometry. The impact of street orientation relative to prevailing winds and the resulting effects of ventilation (air speed and spatial distribution) on the dispersion of traffic-generated air pollutants were additionally analyzed by means of computer simulations. Results show the impact of urban geometry on human thermal comfort in pedestrian streets and on the outcomes of pollutant dispersion scenarios.     

Seasonal effects of urban street shading on long-term outdoor thermal comfort

As shading, an important factor in urban environments, affects thermal environments and long-term thermal comfort, this study conducted several field experiments to analyze the outdoor thermal conditions on urban streets in central Taiwan. The RayMan model was utilized for predicting long-term thermal comfort using meteorological data for a 10-year period. Analytical results indicate that slightly shaded areas typically have highly frequent hot conditions during summer, particularly at noon. However, highly shaded locations generally have a low physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) during winter. Correlation analysis reveals that thermal comfort is best when a location is shaded during spring, summer, and autumn. During winter, low-shade conditions may contribute to the increase in solar radiation; thus, thermal comfort is improved when a location has little shade in winter. We suggest that a certain shading level is best for urban streets, and trees or shade devices should be used to improve the original thermal environment.     

大连沈阳夏季室内热湿环境状况的实测调查

通过对大连市和沈阳市8套住宅夏季室内温湿度的实测调查，分析了室外气候条件、住宅形式、人员活动及空调设备使用情况对室内热湿环境的影响，为了解目前北方地区现有住宅夏季室内热湿环境状况提供了参考。